This chapter’s objectives are to: Illustrate the importance of critical thinking for today’s managers, demonstrate the significance of critical thinking skills in a job interview, explore the consequences of critical thinking backgrounds,...
Trang 1SECOND EDITION
Chapter 3 Critical Thinking for
Managers
Trang 2§ Illustrate the importance of critical thinking for
today’s managers
§ Demonstrate the significance of critical thinking
skills in a job interview
§ Explore the consequences of critical thinking
backgrounds
§ Explain how managers use a systems approach to
critical thinking to achieve results
Learning Objectives
Trang 3§ Critical thinking is the ability to diagnose
situations and predict patterns of behaviors
§ Critical thinking subscribes to the learning
domains of Bloom’s Taxonomy
§ Critical thinking is fundamental to managers
when it comes to making good, quick,
decisions
How Managers Apply Critical Thinking to Make a Difference
Trang 4§ Critical Thinking Questions asked during
Real Interviews
• “If you were to win £1m what would you do with
the money?”
• “What do you think is the most useful function in
Excel?”
• “What makes you happy about work on a Friday
evening?”
Demonstrate the significance of critical thinking skills within a job interview
Trang 5§ Critical thinking can be learned and can help you become a better
• Analyzer
• Problemsolver
• Interpreter
• Decisionmaker
Demonstrate the significance of critical thinking skills within a job interview
Trang 6§ Figuring out how you feel about critical
thinking before you practice it is a good way
of building:
• Awareness of level of curiosity
• Awareness of openmindedness
• Willingness to consider your views
• Ability to face your own biases
Trang 7§ Practice Critical Thinking skills by:
• Thinking about your thoughts
• Analyzing challenging issues
• Identify and free your mind from irrational fears
• Understand real versus imagined constraints
Critical Thinking Breakdowns
Trang 8§ The Halpern Critical Thinking Assessment (HCTA) model:
• encourages students to acquire critical thinking skills and understand the structure of an argument or problem, and it promotes an awareness of how we use reasoning to reach
outcomes.
• comprised of 25 everyday scenarios; students are asked to respond to both openended
and forced choice questions
• questions are designed to test decisionmaking and problemsolving skills, the ability to spot faulty thinking, the capacity to find differences between conclusions and
assumptions, and the ability to understand how language used in everyday life influences thinking
Critical Thinking Breakdowns
Trang 9§ Systems Approach
• allows managers to fully visualize the
“interconnected set of elements that is coherently organized in a way that achieves something
• involves using the elements of critical thinking
such as analyzing, explaining, evaluating,
interpreting etc. to see the bigger picture
How managers use a systems approach to critical thinking to achieve results
Trang 10§ Systems Thinking
Peter Senge’s seminal text The Fifth Discipline
a set of interrelated elements rather than a number of
separate parts, managers are better able to understand the
underlying structure and apply the principles of systems
theory to address existing issues and prevent those issues
from reoccurring in the future
How managers use a systems approach to critical thinking to achieve results
Trang 11• a reactionary force that attempts to move a current state to a desired state through some level of action
• a reactionary force, where an action produces a
result that causes more of the same action,
resulting in either a condition of growth or decline
The eight most common systems archetypes that managers can expect to encounter
Trang 12§ Senge’s Eight Archetypes
• Senge classifies these complex problems into eight predictable patterns or models called systems
archetypes
The eight most common systems archetypes that managers can expect to encounter
Trang 13Common Systems Patterns (p. 68)
• Common patterns of complex problems that
managers encounter
• An internal or external force restricts the ability to expand a service or product offering
• Growth process comes up against a balancing
process
Trang 14• Managers use shortterm fixes that over the longterm worsen the situation due to unwanted side effects
• Underlying problem seems too timeconsuming,
difficult, or costly to address fully
• Similar to “Fixes that Fail”
Trang 15Common Systems Patterns (cont.)
• A shifting the burden concept where a shortterm solution is put in place, leading to the erosion of a longterm goal
• Accept goalslipping process and allow
performance standards to lower
• Corrective action is not taken
Trang 16• Competing interests eventually take irrational
actions against one another, resulting in a loselose situation
• Aggressive competition leads to “oneupmanship”
• Can be avoided if managers look for ways for both parties to achieve their goals
Trang 17Common Systems Patterns (cont.)
• Two activities compete for the same resources
• One activity becomes more successful, depriving
the other of support and resources
• Key is to strike a balance between the two activities
Trang 18• Use of a common limited resource purely for one’s own gain without concern for the resource’s
availability
• Multiple efforts compete for the same resources,
where selfinterest overrides a collective solution
• Limited common resources eventually are diminished
or eradicated altogether
Trang 19Common Systems Patterns (cont.)
• Reliance on a “quick fix” solves problem in the
short term, but does not solve the problem over the long term
• Longerlasting effects derived from solutions
focused on the long term
Trang 20• Conserving resources can lead to underinvestment with consequent slide in performance
• Companies that under invest remain in their
current state, leading to stagnation and unfulfilled goals
• Underinvestment is just as risky as overinvestment