ngu phap tieng anh

* Thì Simple Present được dùng để chỉ một hành động diễn ra trong thời gian nóichung, không nhất thiết phải là thời gian ở hiện tại.. * Thì Present perfect Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành được dùng

thườønøøng (ordinary verb).

độänääng từøøø

đặëcëëcbiệätäät (special verb) và độäääng từøøø

(1) Độänääng từøøø đặëcëëc biệätäät gồm có:

* Độänääng từøøø trợïïï (auxiliary verb) : be (dùng để chia các thì tiếp diễn, thể thụ động), have (dùng để chia các thì hoàn thành), do (dùng để chia các thể phủ định và nghi

vấn)

- He is working hard this month (thì hiện tại tiếp diễn)

- The house was built five years ago (thể thụ động)

- He has learned English for two years (thì hiện tại hoàn thành)

- Do you like tea ? (thể nghi vấn)

- She does not like coffee (thể phủ định)

* Độänääng từøøø khiếámáám khuyếátáát (modal verb) : cần phải có động theo sau

- We must study hard.

- He can play the piano.

Đặëcëëc điểåmååm chung củûảûa cáùcùùc độänääng từøøø đặëcëëc biệätäät là khi đổi sang thể phủ định ta chỉ cần thêm NOT vào sau các động từ đó và khi đổi sang thể nghi vấn ta đưa các động từ đó

ra đầu câu

- He is not working hard this month.

- Is he working hard this month ?

- He has not found his book.

- Have you seen her yet ?

- She cannot swim.

- Should we go there ?

(2) Độänääng từøøø thườønøøng gồm có :

* Độänääng từøøø cóùùù qui tắécééc (regular verb) : là động từ khi thành lập thì quá khứ đơn

(simple past) hay quá khứ phân từ (past paticiple) ta chỉ cần thêm –ED vào sau động từ đó

- I opened the door this morning (simple past )

- I have opened the door (past participle)

* Độänääng từøøø bấátáát qui tắécééc (irregular verb) : là động từ có hình thức quá khứ (xem cột

2 của bảng động từ bất qui tắc) và quá khứ phân từ (xem cột 3) riêng

- He went to the cinema last night (simple past )

- He has gone out (past participle)

Độänääng từøøø thườøøøng cóùùù chung đặëcëëc điểåååm là khi đổi sang thể phủ định và nghi vấn ta phảidùng động từ trợ “to do” Ta thêm NOT vào sau các động từ trợ ở thể phủ định và đưa độngtừ trợ ra đầu câu nếu ở thể nghi vấn

- He did not go to the pub last night.

- Did he go to the cinema last night ?

- I do not like tea.

- Do you enjoy classical music ?

- She does not know the answer.

- Does he understand the lesson ?

* Động từ “to do” vừa là động từ thường vừa là động từ trợ

- He does his homework (động từ thường)

- He does not understand the lesson (động từ trợ)

a ø ø ø ø i 1 : CÁÙÙÙCH DÙØØØNG CÁÙÙÙC THÌ

(THE USE OF TENSES)

Thì biểu thị thời gian và trạng thái của hành động được diễn đạt bằng động từ.Có 12 thì ở dạng chủ động của động từ tiếng Anh Để hiểu được hình thái của các thì,

ta có thể nghiên cứu cách chia động từ TO WORK trong bảng dưới đây :

- You (We / They) are working

- I (You / We / They) have worked

- He (She / It) has worked

- I (You / We / They) have been working

- He ( She / It) has been working Past - I (You / He /

- I (You / He / She /

It / We / They) had been working

Future - I (We) shall

- You (He / She / It / They) will be working

- I (We) shall have worked

- You (He / She / it /

worked

- I (We) shall have been working

- You (He / She / It /

been working

* 1 SO SÁÙNÙÙNH THÌ SIMPLE PRESENT

VÀØØØ THÌ PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Tiếng Anh có hai thì hiện tại mà đa số các em học sinh hay lẫn lộn cách sử dụng.Đó là thì hiện tại đơn (Simple Present) và thì hiện tại tiếp diễn (Present Continuous)

* Thì Simple Present được dùng để chỉ một hành động diễn ra trong thời gian nóichung, không nhất thiết phải là thời gian ở hiện tại Thời gian nói chung là thời gian

mà sự việc diễn ra mỗi ngày (every day), mỗi tuần (every week), mỗi tháng (every month), mỗi năm (every year), mỗi mùa (every spring / summer / autumn / winter)…

- He goes to school every day.

- Mrs Brown travels every summer

* Thì Present Continuous được dùng để chỉ một hành động đang xảy ra (a current

activity) hay một sự việc chúng ta đang làm bây giờ (now/ at present/ at this moment), hôm nay (today), tuần này (this week), năm nay (this year)…

- We are learning English now

- Mary is playing the piano at the moment

H

a õ õ y õ õ y s o s a ù ù n ù ù n h : - I work in a bakery every day

- I’m working in a bakery this week

* C HU Ù Ù Ù Ù Y Ù Ù Ù Ù :

(1) + Thì Simple Present thường được dùng với các độänääng từøøø chỉ tri giáùcùùc (verbs ofperception) như : feel, see, hear… và các độänääng từøøø chỉ trạïnïïng tháùiùùi như : know,understand, mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need, want, remember, recognize, believe…+ Ngoài ra chúng ta còn dùng thì Simple Present với động từ : be, appear,belong, have to…

+ Thì Simple Present còn được dùng với các trạïnïïng từøøø chỉ tầànààn suấátáát lậäpääp đi lậäpääplạïiïïi (adverbs of frequency) như : always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom,generally, rarely, never…

- That child needs care

- This book belongs to me

- He never comes late

+ Chúng ta cũng dùng thì Simple Present để chỉ mộätäät châââân lýùùù hay mộääät sựïïï thậäääthiểånåån nhiêânâân (a general truth)

- The sun rises in the east

- Nothing is more precious than independence and freedom

(2) Thì Present Continuous còn được dùng để chỉ hàøøønh độänääng ởûûû mộääät tương lai gầànààn (anear future action) và thường đi với các trạng từ chỉ tương lai như : tomorrow, nextweek, next month, next year, next summer…

E

xe r c i s e I : Put the verbs in brackets in the present simple or the present continuous tense.

1/ I (have) coffee for breakfast every day

2/ My brother (work) in a shoe store this summer

3/ The student (look) up that new word now

4/ She (go) to school every day

5/ We (do) this exercise at the moment

6/ Miss Helen (read) a newspaper now.

7/ It (rain) very much in the summer It (rain) now.8/ Bad students never (work) hard

9/ He generally (sing) in English, but today he (sing)

in Spanish

10/ We seldom (eat) before 6.30

11/ She sometimes (buy) vegetables at his market

12/ Be quiet The baby (sleep)

13/ We always (do) our exercises carefully

14/ Look A man (run) _ after the train He (want) to catch it

15/ It (be) very cold now

16/ John (travel) to England tomorrow

17/ I (need) some money for my textbooks

18/ Tom (like) to go to the museums

19/ Mary (love) ice-cream

20/ My mother (cook) _ some food in the kitchen at present She always (cook) in the mornings

21/ I often (leave) the city at weekends

22/ The guests (watch) the TV programmes now

23/ I (see) you (wear) _ your best clothes

24/ The sun (set) in the west.

25/ My friend (study) English for an hour every night

26/ Listen I (hear) someone knocking at the front door

27/ I (do) an exercise on the present tense at the moment and I (think) that I (know) how to use it now

28/ Honesty (be) the best policy

29/ The earth (goes) round the sun

30/ Two and two (make) four

* 2 SO SÁÙNÙÙNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT

VÀØØØ THÌ SIMPLE PAST

* Thì Present perfect (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành) được dùng để chỉ một quá khứ không rõ thời điểm còn liên lạc với hiện tại.

* Thì Simple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) được dùng để chỉ một quá khứ có thời điểm rõ rệtcắt đứt với hiện tại

+

C HU Ù Ù Ù Ù Y Ù Ù Ù Ù :

(1) Thì Present Perfect thường đi với những từ như : up to now, up to the present,

so far (cho tới nay), not … yet (vẫn chưa), for, since, ever (đã từng), never,several times (nhiều lần), just (vừa), recently (vừa mới), lately (mới đây)

- Have you ever seen a tiger ?

- The train has not arrived yet

- We have lived here for 6 years

- The bell has just rung

(2) * Thì Simple Past thường đi với những tiếng chỉ thời gian quá khứ xác địnhnhư : yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last month, last year, lastsummer, ago

- We came here a month ago

- He went to the cinema yesterday

* Thì Simple Past còn được dùng để chỉ một chuỗi các hành động kế tiếp xảy

ra trong quá khứ

- He closed all the windows, locked the doors and then went out

E

xe r c i s e I I : Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the simple past tense.

1/ We (never watch) that TV programme

2/ We (wacth) a good programme on TV last night

3/ He (read) _ that novel many times before

4/ He (read) _ that novel again during my last vacation

5/ I (have) a little trouble with my car last week

6/ However, I (have) no trouble with my car since then

7/ I (not see)

weeks ago

John for a long time I (see) _ him 3

girl

8/ The school bell (ring) We must go now

9/ I (meet) Mary last night She (become) a very big

10/ He is very thirsty He (not drink) _ since this morning

11/ It is very hot Summer (come)

12/ They (study) at this school for 7 years now

13/ They (begin) to study at this school 7 years ago.

14/ Since when (you know) her ?

15/ How long ago (he start) to learn French ?

16/ She (lose) her handbag on the train yesterday morning

17/ My mother (be) in hospital for a long time and she cannot go home yet

18/ His dog (just run) out of the garden

19/ Mr Brown (travel) _ by air several times in the past

20/ He (travel) to Mexico by air last summer

* 3 SO SÁÙNÙÙNH THÌ PRESENT

THÌ PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Present perfect (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành) được dùng để chỉ kết quả của một

tình trạng ở hiện tại (the result of the present state), một việc xảy ra trong quá khứ không

rõ thời điểm, lập đi lập lại nhiều lần và kéo dài đến hiện tại

+ Thì Present Perfect Continuous (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) được dùng để

chỉ sự tiếp diễn của một hành động (the continuity of an action) cho tới hiện tại.

- I have been waiting f or two hours, but she has not come yet

- He has been living here s in c e 1975

- We have been working in the garden a ll morning

+ Thì Present Perfect Continuous còn được dùng với các động từ như : lie, wait, sit,stand, study, learn, live, rest, stay…

- They have been learning English since 1995

- The chair has been lying in the store window for ages

5/ Although John (study) at the University for 5 years, he (not get) his degree yet.

on the table for weeks You (not read)

9/ He (not be) here since Christmas; I wonder where he (live) since then

10/ He (lose) his books He (look) for them all afternoon, but they (not turn up) yet

11/ She (work)

time to go to the cinema

so hard this week that she (not have)

it yet

12/ Your hair is wet (You swim) for a long time ?

13/ Bill is still a bad driver although he (drive) cars for six years.14/ You look very tired (You work) very hard ?

15/ The phone (ring) for 2 minutes, but I (not answer)

E

xe r c i s e I V : Put the verbs in brackets in the present tenses.

1/ I (be) sorry I (forget) _ that fellow’s name already.2/ Jack (look) forward to his vacation next June

3/ I (have) no trouble with my english lessons up to now

4/ Mr and Mrs Brown (be) in New York for 2 months

5/ Michael (work) 38 hours a week

6/ At present, that author (write) a novel

7/ George (do) good work in this class so far

8/ The weather( generally, get) hot in July

9/ You must wake her up She (sleep) soundly for 10 hours

door

10/ Listen! I (think) someone (knock) at the front

11/ How long (you learn) English?

12/ That student (know) all the new words very well now

13/ Alice (lose) her Vienamese-English dictionary

14/ Fred (just, graduate) from Oxford University.

15/ The earth (circle) the sun once every 365 days

16/ That grandfather clock (stand) _ there for as long as I can remember

17/ That brown briefcase (belong) to Dr.Rice

18/ Jim (work) on his report this year

19/ Robert (wait) for you since noon

20/ That museum (stand) here for ceturies

21/ The sun (get) very hot during the afternoon

22/ Tom (buy) a new car next week

23/ The boys and girls (go) home after this lesson

24/ Davis (play) football every afternoon

25/ Up to the present, we (write) almost every lesson in this book

* 4 SO SÁÙNÙÙNH THÌ SIMPLE PAST

VÀØØØ THÌ PAST CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Simple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) được dùng để chỉ một hành động ngắn (thình lình) xảy ra trong quá khứ

- I met him in the street yesterday

+ Thì Past Continuous (Quá Khứ Tiếp Diễn) được dùng để chỉ một hành động kéo dài trong quá khứ tương ứng với một hành động khác cũng trong quá khứ

- I met him while he was crossing the street

- She was going home when she saw an accident

+ Thì Past Continuous còn diễn tả một hành động kéo dài tại điểm thời gian xác định ở quá khứ hoặc hai hành động liên tiếp song song với nhau

- My father was watching TV at 8 o’clock last night

- I was doing my homework while my father was watching TV

E

xe r c i s e V : Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past continuous tense.

1/ He (sit) in a bar when I (see) him

2/ When I (go) out, the sun (shine)

3/ The light (go) out while I (have) tea

4/ When it (rain) , she(carry) an umbrella

5/ We (walk) to the station when it (begin) to rain

6/ He (teach) English for 2 months when he (live) in Germany and(work) as a journalist.

7/ The house (burn) fast, so we (break) the window to get out

8/ He (eat) three sandwiches while you (talk) to him.9/ The servant (drop) _ two cups while she (wash up) last night; neither of them (break)

10/ While I (write) a letter, the telephone (ring) ; as

he (go) to answer it, he (hear) _ a knock on the door; thetelephone (still, ring) while he (walk) to the door, but just as he (open)

it, it (stop)

* 5 SO SÁÙNÙÙNH THÌ SIMPLE PAST

VÀØØØ THÌ PAST PERFECT

+ Thì Past Perfect (Quá Khứ Hoàn Thành) dùng để chỉ một hành động xảy ra trước một hành động khác cũng trong quá khứ (past action)

- When he had finished his work, he went home

- By the time I arrived at the station, the train had gone

+ Thì Past Perfect còn diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trước một điểm thời gian xác định ở quá khứ

- By 10 o’clock last night, I had gone to bed

E

xe r c i s e V I : Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect tense.

1/ They (go) _ home after they (finish) their work.2/ He (do) nothing before he (see) _ me

3/ He (thank) me for what I (do) for him

4/ I (be) sorry that I (hurt) him

5/ After they (go) _

, I (sit) down and (rest)

6/ When I (arrive), the dinner (already, begin) _

7/ My friend (not see)

last week

me for many years when I (meet)

8/ He (learn) _ English before he (leave) for England.9/ In England, he soon (remember) all he (learn) _.10/ They (tell) him they (not meet) him before

11/ He (ask) why we (come) so early.

12/ She (say) that she (already, see) Dr Rice

13/ By the time Bill (get) there, the meeting (start) 14/ When we (arrive) _ at our place, we (find) that a burglar (break) in

15/ Almost everybody (leave)

for home by the time we (arrive)

* 6 SO SÁÙNÙÙNH THÌ PAST

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Past Perfect Continuous (Quá Khứ Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) dùng để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục của hành động trước khi một hành động quá khứ khác xảy ra Hãy

so sánh :

- She had been studying English before she came here for classes

(Hành động had been studying xảy ra liên tục cho tới khi hành động came for classes xảy ra).

- She had studied English before she came for classes

(Hành động had studied chấm dứt trước hành động came for classes)

Và hãy so sánh :

- It had been raining when I got up this morning (Mưa đã dứt khi tôi thức dậy.)

- It was raining when I got up this morning (Mưa vẫn còn khi tôi thức dậy.)E

xe r c i s e V I I : Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect continuous tense.

1/ I (ask) him what he (do)

2/ Tom (be) tired He (run) for an hour

3/ Although he (go)

any better

to the doctor for 6 months, he (not, feel)

4/ The telephone (ring) for 5 minutes before it (be) answered

war

5/ They (tell) me you (live) in London before the6/ The poor man (wait) for 6 hours before he (be) brought into the room

7/ By noon that day, we (drive) for 5 hours.

8/ The robber who (watch) him running to the tree (sit) down under its branches and (begin) to attack him.

9/ I (ask) her what she (do) since she (arrive) inEngland

10/ She (tell) me that she (study) English literature

* 7 SO SÁÙNÙÙNH THÌ SIMPLE FUTURE

VÀØØØ THÌ FUTURE CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Simple Future (Tương Lai Đơn) diễn tả một hành động sẽ xảy ra (có hoặc khôngcó thời gian xác định ở tương lai); còn thì Future Continuous (Tương Lai Tiếp Diễn) diễntả một hành động liên tiến tại điểm thời gian xác định ở tương lai

- He will go to the stadium next Sunday

- We will / shall have the final test

- I shall not go until I see him

- If he comes tomorrow, he will do it

1/ We (go) out when the rain (stop)

2/ I (stay) here until he (answer) me

3/ Wait until I (catch) you

4/ I (be) ready before you (count) _ ten

5/ John must eat his breakfast before he (go) out

6/ Miss Helen (help) you as soon as she (finish) that

7/ He (tell) you when you (get) there

8/ She (not come) until you (be) ready

9/ He (tell) you when you (ask) him

10/ I (come) and (see) you before I (leave) forEngland.

* 8 SO SÁÙNÙÙNH THÌ FUTURE PERFECT VÀØØØ

THÌ

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Future Perfect (Tương Lai Hoàn Thành) được dùng để chỉ một hành động sẽ hoàn thành trước một hành động khác trong tương lai hay một điểm thời gian ở tươnglai

- The taxi will have arrived by the time you finish dressing

- By next Christmas, he will have lived in Dalat for 5 years

+ Để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục của hành động, chúng ta dùng thì Future PerfectContinuous (Tương Lai Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn)

- By the time you receive this letter, we shall have been travelling throughRussia

- By next June, they will have been working in this factory for 12 years

2/ When you (come) _ back, he (already buy) a new

3/ Don’t come until I (finish) lunch

4/ I (hope) it (stop) raining by 5 o’clock this afternoon.5/ The river (not begin) to rise until some rain (fall) .6/ I (stay) here until you (finish) your work

7/ By next month, I (leave) for India

8/ He (finish) _ his work before you (leave)

9/ Before you (go) , they (leave) the country

10/ The meeting (finish) by the time we (get) there.E

xe r c i s e X : Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present, simple future, future continuous or future perfect tense.

1/ We (send) you a telegram as soon as we (arrive) inLondon

2/ When George (come) this afternoon, he (bring) his friends

3/ I (speak) to you about that matter after the meeting tonight.

4/ By the time you (receive) this letter, we (cross) theAtlantic Ocean

5/ By this time next week, you (meet) my boyfriend, Ali

6/ I (wait) for you right here when you (come) out of the building

7/ She (wait) _ for you at 5 o’clock this afternoon

8/ I (give) it back as soon as he (want) it

9/ I (not move) from here until you (get) back

10/ They (not come)

everything

home until they (see)

E

xe r c i s e X I : Supply the correct tense.

1/ They (just decide) that they (undertake) the job.2/ We (go) _ to the theatre last night

3/ He usually (write) in green ink

4/ She (play) the piano when our guests (arrive) lastnight

5/ We (do) an English exercise at the moment

6/ She (just come) in and (see) you in 5 minutes.7/ I (come) as soon as my work is finished (You be) ready ?

8/ Where (you go) for your holiday last year ?

9/ I (not leave)

years ago

Paris since we (go) to Dieppe three

10/ My mother (come) _ to stay with us next weekend

11/ We (meet) only yesterday and (already decide)

to get married

12/ I (never see) snow

13/ Violets (bloom) in spring

14/ We (not live) in England for the last two months

15/ I (lose) _ my keys; I cannot remember where I last (see) them

16/ He (not arrive) when I (write) my last letter toyou

17/ Whenever you (go) to town nowadays, you (spend)

a lot of money

18/ I (never forget) what you (just tell) me

19/ They (prepare) the Christmas dinner today

20/ When I last (stay) in Cairo, I (ride) to thePyramids on a camel that my friend (borrow) the day before.

21/ I (finish) the book before my next birthday

22/ “Hello! (You make) a cake ?

sorry he (give) me so much

2/ I am sorry that I (not know) you (leave) your pipe when you (come) to see me last Thursday

3/ He (be) so good to me when I was a boy that to this day I (not forget) his kindness, and I hope that I (never forget)

4/ He (sleep) and (not understand) what you (say)

to him He (wake) if you (speak) louder

5/ Some animals (not eat)

out in spring during the winter and only (come)

6/ After leaving school he (study) French in Paris for two years and then (move) to America, where he now (live) He (visit) England once or twice and (know) English well; but (nothave) yet the opportunity of visiting European countries

7/ I (know) him for a very long time

8/ When my friend Tom grows a beard, even his closest friends (not recognize) him

9/ When I (meet) him in the street, he (go)

pictures

10/ I (study) English for six years now

to the

a visa.

11/ I expect he (leave) for France as soon as he (get)

12/ He (visit)

out

his friend yesterday and (find) that he (be)

13/ They (sell) all the dresses before we (get) there.14/ After she (work) _ at the hospital for two years, she (decide)

to give up the job

15/ He will come at once because I (tell) him by phone that you(need) him urgently I’m sure he (find) his way easilyalthough he (never visit) this house before

16/ By the time you get back, I (finish) all my correspondence and then I (can help) you with yours

17/ In a few minutes’ time, when the clock (strike) six, I (wait) here for an hour

18/ He (know)

married to her

her a long time before he finally (get) _

19/ I hope it (not rain) when the bride (leave) the church

20/ I (tell) a lie if I said that I (like) you

21/ They (intend) to go there next week; but now they (find) they (not have) enough money

22/ When he grew old he often (think) of all the things he (do) when he (be) young

23/ When we (go) to see them last night, they (play) cards; they (say) they (play) since six o’clock

24/ This is the second time you (break) a cup; you (break) one yesterday My last servant (never break)

and you (break) nearly half the things in the house anything,

25/ I always (tell)

what I (say)

you to comb your hair, but you never (do)

E

X E RC I S E X I I I : Use the correct tense of the verbs in brackets.

1/ Mrs Reed (turn) on the radio in her car while she (drive) home yesterday She (listen) to some music when she suddenly (hear)

a siren She (look) in her mirror and (see) anambulance behind her She immediately (pull) her car to the side of theroad and (wait) for the ambulance (pass)

2/ My mother (call) _ me around 5 o’clock My husband (come)

home a little after that When he (come)

3/ Next month I (have) a week’s vacation I (plan) to take a trip First I (go) to Madison, Wisconsin to visit my brother After I (leave) Madion, I (go) Chicago to see a friend who (study)

at a university there She (live) in Chicago for three years, so she (know) her way around the city She (promise) to take me to many interesting places I (never, be) in Chicago, so I (look) forward

to going there

4/ Yesterday John (eat) breakfast at 8:00 He (already, eat) breakfast when he (leave) for class at 8:45 He (always, eat) breakfast before he (go) to class I (usually, not eat) breakfast before I (go) to class But I (usually, get) hungry about midmorning Tomorrow before I (go) to class, I (eat) breakfast

5/ Last year, I (go) mountain climbing for the first time It was excitingand terrifying at the same time We (move) slowly and carefully, and it(take) three days to get to the top When we climbed onto the summit,

we (find) another group of climbers They (arrive) severalhours ahead of us They (have) dinner and listening to Beethoven We(laugh) and they (invite) us to join them The climb (be) , to say the least, an unforgettable experience

6/ The weather (be) terrible lately It (rain) _ off and onfor two days, and the temperature (drop) at least twenty degrees It (be)

in the low 40s right now Just three days ago, the sun (shine) and the weather was pleasant The weather certainly (change) quickly here I never know what to expect Who knows ? When I (wake)

up tomorrow morning, maybe it (snow)

7/ A taxi driver (drive) along a street when he suddenly (black out) and lost control of his vehicle The taxi (plunge) into anearby river A hawker, who (see) the accident, rushed from hiscoffee stall and (dive) _ into the water He (have) to swimtwenty five metres before he could get to the taxi The taxi driver (try)

to wind down the window The hawker reached into the taxi for thesafety-belt After he (release) the safety-belt, he pulled the driver outthrough the partially open window At the hospital, the driver (say)that the black out might (cause) by his high blood pressure condition

8/ Marie Curie, the Polish-born chemist, was a courageous and determined woman.She (leave) her home for Paris to pursue her interest in science Living

in poverty, she still (manage) to graduate at the top of her class She(meet) Pierre Curie shortly after graduation and (marry) him a year later

Together, Pierre and Marie (form) the most famous wife partnership in science history They (discover) the radioactiveelements, Polonium and Radium They (award)

a ø ø ø ø i 2 : CÂÂÂÂU ĐIỀÀÀÀU KIỆÄÄÄN

(Conditional Sentence)Một câu điều kiện có hai mệnh đề : mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện (tức mệnh đề phụ) còn đượcgọi là mệnh đề có if (If-clause) và mệnh đề chỉ kết quả còn được gọi là mệnh đề chính (mainclause)

- I f he w o r k s hard e r, he w il l s u c c ee d i n h i s e x a m i na ti on .

Chúng ta cũng có thể đặt mệnh đề chính ở đầu câu :

- He will succeed in his examination if he works harder.

Trong tiếng Anh có 3 loại câu điều kiện chính :

* T ype I : Đ I E À À U À À U K I E Ä Ä N Ä Ä N C O Ù Ù Ù Ù T H E Å Å Å Å X A Û Û Y Û Û Y R A ĐƯƠ Ï Ï C Ï Ï C (probable condition)

1/

Y Ù Ù Ù Ù ng h ĩ a : Loại điều kiện này dùng để diễn tả một sự việc có thể xảy ra hoặckhông thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai; nhưng chúng ta có nhiều hy vọng nó xảy ra.2/ Thì c ủûảûa độänääng từø øø :

(shall / will + verb)

- If the rain stops, we shall go for a walk.

- He will come if you call him.

* Ngoài ra chúng ta còn có thể dùng các khiếm khuyết động từ như : CAN, MUST, MAY … để thay cho shall hoặc will ở mệnh đề chính

- If you ask me, I can help you.

- You must study harder if you want to pass the coming exam.

* Mệnh đề chính có thể là một mệnh lệnh hoặc thỉnh cầu :

- Come to me if you need help.

- If you have time, perfect your English.

* T ype I I : Đ I E À À U À À U K I E Ä Ä N Ä Ä N KHO Â Â N Â Â N G C O Ù Ù Ù Ù T H A Ä Ä T Ä Ä T Ơ Û Û Û Û H I E Ä Ä N Ä Ä N T A Ï Ï ÏÏ I (Present- unreal Con)

(Quá khứ giả định) ( Should / would + verb)

- If I had a lot of free time, I would go swimming.

(= I haven’t got free time, so I won’t go swimming)

- If Tom were here, he would know the answer.

(= Tom isn’t here, so he doesn’t know the answer.)

- I would call him if I knew his number.

(= I don’t know his number, so I won’t call him)

* Quá khứ giả định là hình thức quá khứ đơn của các động từ ngoại trừ động từ “to be” chỉ có một hình thức WERE cho tất cả các ngôi

* COULD, MIGHT… có thể được dùng để thay thế cho should hay would

- If John worked hard, he could pass his exam.

* T ype I I I : Đ I E À À U À À U K I E Ä Ä N Ä Ä N KHO Â Â N Â Â N G C O Ù Ù Ù Ù T H A Ä Ä T Ä Ä T Ơ Û Û Û Û QU A Ù Ù Ù Ù KHƯ ÙÙÙÙ (Past-unreal

(Should/ would have + past participle)

- If he had had a lot of money, he would have bought a bigger house.

- I would have taken you to the movie if you had come to see me yesterday.

* “If” có thể được lược bỏ đi nếu có sự đảo ngữ (thường được dùng trong hình thức nhấnmạnh)

- Were I rich, I would help you.

(= If I were rich, I would help you.)

- Had he known the truth, he would have been very angry.

(= If he had known the truth, he would have been very angry)

* Ngoài liên từ “if” ra, câu điều kiện còn được bắt đầu bằng các liên từ khác như :suppose, supposing that (giả sử như), on the condition that (với điều kiện là), as long

as, so long as, provided that (miễn là), in case (trong trường hợp) , even if ( ngay cholà)

- As long as you return the book by Saturday, I will lend it to you with pleasure.

* Hai tiếng có nghĩa phủ định : unless (trừ phi), but for (nếu không)

- He won’t come unless you call him.

(= He won’t come if you don’t call him.)

- But for the storm, he would have arrived much earlier.

E

X E RC I S E I : Rewrite the sentences , using conditional clauses.

1/ I (do) if I (have) time

- I will do it if I have time (type 1)

- I would do it if I had time (type 2)

- I would have done it if I had had time (type 3)

2/ If she (not try), she (not succeed)

X E RC I S E I I : Put the verbs in brackets in correct tenses.

1/ If I (have) a typewriter, I could type it myself

2/ If I had known that you were in hospital , I (visit) you

3/ You could make much progress if you (attend) class regularly.4/ If I (know) his telephone number, I would give it to you

5/ If you (arrive) ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat.6/ If he (study) _ harder, he can pass an exam

7/ She may be late if she (not hurry)

8/ Tell him to ring me if you (see) him

9/ If you (speak) more slowly,he might have understood you

10/ What (you do) if you got fat ?

E

xe r c i s e I I I : Supply the correct verb tense.

1/ If you are kind to me, I (be) good to you

2/ He (come) if you waited

3/ If you (ring) the bell, the servant would come

4/ If I had known that the baby was hungry, I (feed)

5/ If it (not, rain) _ a lot, the rice crop wouln’t grow

him

6/ If today (be) Sunday, we wouldn’t have to work

7/ If she had had your address, she (write) to you

8/ We lost the match If you (play) for us, we (win)