VOCABULARY atmosphere /ˈætməsfɪər/ n khí quyển awareness /əˈweənəs/ n sự nhận thức, hiểu biết, quan tâm capture /ˈkæptʃər/ v lưu lại, giam giữ lại carbon footprint /ˌkɑːbən ˈfʊtprɪnt/ n
Trang 1Unit 6 GLOBAL WARMING
PART 1: VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR REVIEW
A VOCABULARY
atmosphere /ˈætməsfɪə(r)/ (n) khí quyển
awareness /əˈweənəs/ (n) sự nhận thức, hiểu biết, quan tâm
capture /ˈkæptʃə(r)/ (v) lưu lại, giam giữ lại
carbon footprint /ˌkɑːbən ˈfʊtprɪnt/ (n) lượng khí CO, thải ra hằng ngày của một
cá nhân hoặc nhà
máy
catastrophic /ˌkætəˈstrɒfɪk/ (adj) thảm họa
clean-up /ˈkliːn ʌp/ (n) sự dọn dẹp, làm sạch, tổng vệ sinh climate change /ˈklaɪmət tʃeɪndʒ/ (n) biến đổi khí hậu
diversity /daɪˈvɜːsəti/ (n) sự đa dạng
ecological /ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ (adj) thuộc về sinh thái
ecosystem /ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm/ (n) hệ sinh thái
emission /iˈmɪʃn/ (n) (danh từ không đếm được) sự phát (sáng), tỏa (nhiệt), xả
(khí)
greenhouse gas /ˌɡriːnhaʊs 'gæs/ (n) chất khí gây hiệu ứng nhà kính
heat-related /hiːt - rɪˈleɪtɪd / (adj) có liên quan tới nhiệt
infectious /ɪnˈfekʃəs/ (adj) lây nhiễm, lan truyền
oil spill /ˈɔɪl - spɪl/ (n.p) tràn dầu
B GRAMMAR REVIEW
* PHÂN TỪ: 2 LOẠI
Present participle (phân từ hiện tại): + Ving (dùng cho active): đơn
+ Having PII: hoàn thành
Past participle (phân từ quả khử): + PII (Passive)
+ Having been PII
1 Một chủ ngữ thực hiện hai hay nhiều hoạt động đồng thời
S+ V1 , Ving
(thực thể)
Ex: - He walked along the street, singing massively
- My neighbor fell off the ladder, breaking three teeth
2 Kết hợp 2 câu đơn
S1 + V1 … , S2 + V2
→ Ving / Having PII , S1 + V2
→ PII / having been PII , S1 + V2
Ex: Susan felt tired She went to bed early
→ Feeling tired, Susan went to bed early
Ex: He was punished by the teacher He was sad
→ Punished by the teacher, he was sad
Ex: They have lived here for a long time They know about it clearly
Trang 2→ Having lived here for a long time, they know about it clearly
3 Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ:
S(N) + Ving + + be/V
S(N) + PII (chia thì) + be/V
S + be/ V + O(N) │ + Ving
(chia thì) │ + PII
Ex: The man who lives next to me is a doctor
→ The man living next to me is a doctor
Ex: Many things considered impossible in the past have come in reality now
PART 2: EXERCISES
A PHONETICS
I Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined
1 A dinner B disappear C discover D dinosaur
3 A constant B modern C obvious D robot
4 A continue B finish C likely D instant
5 A annual B basic C average D capacity
II Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others
1 A importance B happiness C employment D relation
2 A possible B cultural C confident D supportive
4 A difficult B popular C effective D national
B VOCABUALRY AND GRAMMAR
1 Choose the correct word in the bracket to complete the sentences
absorb
infectious
1 Global warming has proved truly for the environment
2 Having measured the company's carbon _, they realised that the amount of carbon dioxide (CO) it produced was great
3 Rainforests have the highest species on the earth
4 We need to the diversity of wildlife because each species has an important role to play
5 Scientists have warned about the relationship between climate change and the spread of diseases
6 The alarming rate of results in damage to the quality of the land
7 The increase in the earth's temperature can cause _ illnesses which can be dangerous to people
8 A large amount of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels
Trang 39 Many species are threatened with _ due to deforestation and loss of habit
10 More trees should be planted as they _ carbon dioxide and give off oxygen
IL Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form the word that fits in the gap in the same line
1 Global warming may lead to _ weather events, including heat waves, floods, and powerful storms, which could affect people's lives (EXTREMELY)
2 Every one of us can help to protect and sustain our environment by
_ our consumption habits (CHANGE)
3 Even slight increase in the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can cause a
_ rise in temperature (SIGNIFICANCE)
4 There is a _ between the recent droughts and climate change (CONNECT)
5 Farming contributes more than 30 percent of the total greenhouse gas
_ (EMIT)
6 The overuse of chemical _ is a serious threat to the environment (FERTILIZE)
7 Global warming is the increase in the earth's average surface temperature due to the
warming _ of greenhouse gases (EFFECTIVE)
8 The main cause of _ warming is the burning of fossil fuels, such
as natural gas, oil, and coal (GLOBE)
9 The _ of the earth's atmosphere causes sea-level rise (WARM)
10 Many animal species are in danger of extinction due to the loss of their habitat and inability to _ to climate change (ADAPTION)
III Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences
1 Developed countries are responsible for 80% of the carbon dioxide that is already in the atmosphere
A man-made B men-made C man-making D man-mades
2 The government must take to cut vehicle emissions
3 They didn't forget a short vacation in Cuc Phuong National Park last year
A being spent B having been spent C to spend D having spent
4 The effects of climate change on humans and nature are
A catastrophic B temperature C global D risk
5 A layer of greenhouse gases – primarily water vapor, and carbon dioxide - acts as a blanket for the Earth, absorbing heat and warming the surface
6 We admired the Japanese the city of Fukushima after the disaster
A to being rebuilt B for having rebuilt C to rebuild D of having rebuilt
7 We need to preserve the of wildlife because each species has an important role to play
A diversity B various C population D type
8 Most climate scientists agree the main cause of the current global warming trend is human expansion of the greenhouse
Trang 49 trees around the house on the south and west sides, they can save up to about $250 a year on cooling and heating
A Having planted B Being planted C To plant D To have planted
10 The increase in the earth's temperature can cause illness which can be dangerous to people
A heat-related B heat-relate C heat-relating D heated-relate
11 Certain in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, block heat from escaping
12 Having developed green technologies with low-carbon emissions, intends to get rid
of coal
A that country B the communities C the effort D the possibility
13 Carbon dioxide is one of the primary gases that cause global warming
14 Carbon dioxide is released through processes such as respiration and volcano eruptions and through activities such as deforestation, land use change, and burning fossil fuels
A man-made B ordinary-man-made C human natural D natural-human
15 Vietnam has been named among the 12 countries most for climate change by the World Bank
A at danger B in risk C at risk D ready
C READING
I Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage Use only one word in each space
Vietnam Likely to Face Extreme Weather Conditions by 2050
Vietnam is likely to continue facing extreme weather (1) _ such as higher (2) , lower summer rainfalls, stronger storms, and rising sea levels from now to 2050 Temperature in northern Vietnam will rise by between 0.83 degrees Celsius by 2050 and continue its uptrend during the late 21st century Summer (3)
will decline in most areas Meanwhile, storms may become rarer but fiercer, causing possible flash floods and (4) _ in flood-prone areas of northern mountains, central and central highland provinces The forecasts suggest sea level rise of 100mm-400mm along the entire Vietnamese coast by the end of the 21st century, affecting marine (5) _ and coastal communities The experts
emphasize the unpredictability of climate change and its potential (6)
_ to create a variety of dangerous extreme weather events in the future
To raise the public awareness of climate change impacts, the Vietnamese government urges concerned (7) to work together on devising worst-case scenario models and responses by 2020 and calls on international experts to further (8)
Vietnam in climate change adaptation Climate change is a real threat to Viet Nam's socio-(9) development If sea levels rose one meter, five percent of the country's land, eleven percent of its population and percent of its (10) would be affects
Trang 5II Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage
Consequences of Global Warming on Wildlife
Increasing global temperatures are expected to (1) ecosystems, pushing extinction to those species that cannot adapt The first comprehensive assessment of the extinction risk (2) global warming found that more than 1 million species could be extinctive by 2050 if the current rate continues
A recent study of (3) 2,000 species of plants and animals discovered movement toward the poles at an average rate 3.8 miles per decade
The latest climate change report found that approximately 20 to 30 percent of plant and animal species assessed so far are likely to be at (4) risk of extinction if global average temperature increases by more than 2.7 to 4.5 degree Fahrenheit
(5) polar bears are drowning because they have to swim longer distances to reach ice floes The U.S Geological Survey has predicted that (6) of the world's polar bear populations will be extinct by the mid-century due to melting of the Arctic ice cap
The ocean will continue to become more acidic due to carbon dioxide emissions (7) this acidification, species with hard calcium carbonate shells are vulnerable, as are coral reefs, (8)
are vital to ocean ecosystems Scientists predict that a 3.6 degree Fahrenheit increase (9) temperature would (10) out 97 percent of the world's coral feels
3 A nearly B near C relatively D wealthy
4 A declined B born C presented D increased
6 A two-third B two-thirds C two-three D two-thirdth
III Read the passage and choose the best answer
The world's oceans have warmed 50 percent faster over the last 40 years than previously thought due to climate change, Australian and US climate researchers reported Wednesday Higher ocean temperatures expand the volume of water, contributing to a rise in sea levels that is submerging small island nations and threatening to wreak havoc in low-lying, densely populated delta regions around the globe
The study, published in the British journal Nature, adds to a growing scientific chorus of warnings about the pace and consequences rising oceans It also serves as a corrective to a massive report issued last year by the Nobel-winning UN Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC), according to the authors
Rising sea levels are driven by two things: the thermal expansion of sea water, and additional water from melting sources of ice Both processes are caused by global warming The ice sheet that sits atop Greenland, for example, contains enough water to raise world ocean levels
by seven metres (23 feet), which would bury sea-level cities from Dhaka to Shanghai
Trying to figure out how much each of these factors contributes to rising sea levels is
critically important to understanding climate change, and forecasting future temperature rises,
Trang 6scientists say But up to now, there has been a perplexing gap between the projections of computer-based climate models, and the observations of scientists gathering data from the oceans
The new study, led by Catia Domingues of the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, is the first to reconcile the models with observed data Using new techniques to assess ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 metres (2,300 feet) from 1961 to 2003, it shows that thermal warming contributed to a 0.53 millimetre-per-year rise in sea levels rather than the 0.32 mm rise reported by the IPCC
1 Ultimately, the new study should help scientists to
A lower water levels
B better predict climate change
C bury sea-level cities like Dhaka and Shanghai
2 The rise in water levels is especially dangerous for small island nations and
A low-lying urban areas
B all coastal cities
C people who live on the beach
3 What happens when the ocean's temperature rises?
A It causes sea levels to rise
B It causes sea levels to remain constant
C It causes sea levels to decrease
4 What was the main finding of the study?
A not enough is being done about global warming
B ocean waters have warmed faster than scientists had previously thought
C the warming of the world's oceans is not a threat
5 The new study
A shows that thermal warming contributed to a 0.32 millimeter-per-year rise in sea levels
B did not reveal anything that scientists didn't already know
C used new techniques to assess ocean temperatures
D WRITING
I Rewrite the sentences, using perfect gerunds
1 Nam won a scholarship We are excited about that fact
→ We are
_
2 Entering the room, I was surprised at what I saw
→ When
3 The volunteers couldn't mow the old lady's lawns because of the rain
→ The rain prevented
4 Since we have become too dependent on the use of electricity, we have to find alternative sources of energy before fossil fuels run out
→ Having
5 Tonya had dumped a lot of rubbish on the beach She was strongly criticised for that
→ Tonya was
6 In the Tree Planting Competition, the students in Group 11G planted the most trees in the schoolyard They were praised for that
Trang 7→ The students in _
7 After she replaced all the light bulbs in her house with LED lights, she same a lot of money
on her electricity bills
→ Having
8 Sam had not worked hard enough in his previous job He regretted it
→ Sam regretted
9 Someone had cut down the oldest tree in the park The police suspected Mike of doing it
→ The police suspected
_
10 Since the farmers used too much chemical fertiliser on their farm, they now have to drink polluted water
→ Having
_
11 Denis had taken an active part in the Green Summer activities He was rewarded for that
→ Denis was _
12 After the students had learnt about the benefits of recycling and reusing, they started collecting waste paper, bottles, and cans to recycle and reuse
→ Having
Unit 7 FURTHER EDUCATION
PART 1: VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR REVIEW
A VOCABULARY
abroad /əˈbrɔːd/ (adv) ở nước ngoài
academic /ˌækəˈdemɪk/ (adj) thuộc về hoặc liên quan đến giáo dục, việc học tập, mang tính học
thuật
accommodation /əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃn/ (n) tiện nghi ăn ở, chỗ ăn ở
achieve /əˈtʃiːv/ (v) đạt được
admission /ədˈmɪʃn/ (n) sự vào hoặc được nhận vào một trường học analytical /ˌænəˈlɪtɪkl/ (adj) (thuộc) phân tích
baccalaureate /ˌbækəˈlɔːriət/ (n) kì thi tú tài
bachelor /ˈbætʃələ(r)/ (n) người có bằng cử nhân
broaden /ˈbrɔːdn/ (n) mở rộng, nới rộng
campus /ˈkæmpəs/ (n) khu trường sở, sân bãi (của các trường trung học, đại học)
collaboration /kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃn/ (n) cộng tác
college /ˈkɒlɪdʒ/ (n) trường cao đẳng hoặc trường chuyên nghiệp consult /kənˈsʌlt/ (v) hỏi ý kiến, tra cứu, tham khảo
coordinator /kəʊˈɔːdɪneɪtə(r)/ (n) người điều phối, điều phối viên
course /kɔːs/ (n) khóa học, chương trình học
critical /ˈkrɪtɪkl/ (adj) thuộc bình phẩm, phê bình
CV /ˌsiːˈviː/ (n) viết tắt của curriculum vitae, bản tóm tắt quá trình hoạt động của
một người (thường nộp theo đơn xin việc); bản lí lịch
Trang 8dean /diːn/ (n) chủ nhiệm khoa (một trường đại học)
degree /dɪˈɡriː/ (n) học vị, bằng cấp
diploma /dɪˈpləʊmə/ (n) bằng cấp, văn bằng
doctorate /ˈdɒktərət/ (n) học vị tiến sĩ
eligible /ˈelɪdʒəbl/ (adj) đủ tư cách, thích hợp
enter /ˈentə(r)/ (v) gia nhập, theo học một trường
faculty /ˈfæklti/ (n) khoa (của một trường đại học)
institution /ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃn/ (n) viện, trường đại học
internship /ˈɪntɜːnʃɪp/ (n) giai đoạn thực tập
kindergarten /ˈkɪndəɡɑːtn/ (n) trường mẫu giáo ( cho trẻ 4 - 6 tuổi)
major /ˈmeɪdʒə(r)/ (n) môn học chính của sinh viên, chuyên ngành mandatory /ˈmændətəri/ (a) có tính bắt buộc
Master /ˈmɑːstə(r)/ (n) thạc sĩ
passion /ˈpæʃn/ (n) sự say mê, niềm say mê
potential /pəˈtenʃl/ (n) khả năng, tiềm lực
profession /prəˈfeʃn/ (n) nghề, nghề nghiệp
qualification /ˌkwɒlɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ (n) văn bằng, học vị, chứng chỉ
scholarship /ˈskɒləʃɪp/ (n) học bổng
talent /ˈtælənt/ (n) tài năng, năng lực, nhân tài
training /ˈtreɪnɪŋ/ (n) rèn luyện, đào tạo
transcript /ˈtrænskrɪpt/ (n) học bạ, phiếu điểm
tuition /tjuˈɪʃn/ (n) tiền học, học phí
tutor /ˈtjuːtə(r)/ (n) thầy giáo dạy kèm
undergraduate /ˌʌndəˈɡrædʒuət/ (n) sinh viên đang học đại học hoặc cao đẳng, chưa tốt nghiệp
university /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti/ (n) trường đại học
vocational /vəʊˈkeɪʃənl/ (adj) thuộc về hoặc liên quan đến học nghề, hướng nghiệp
B GRAMMAR REVIEW
1 PRESENT PERFECT (Hiện tại hoàn thành)
a Form (Cấu trúc):
(+) S + have/ has + Vp2/ ed + O
(-) S + have/ has + not + Vp2/ ed + O
(?) Have/ has (not) + S + Vp2/ ed + O?
b Uses (Cách sử dụng)
- Diễn tả 1 sự việc vừa mới xảy ra
Ex: I have just finished the financial report (Tôi vừa hoàn thành xong bản báo cáo tài chính.)
- Diễn tả 1 sự việc đã xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng còn liên quan đến hiện tại
Ex: My husband has worked for this company for 2 years (Chồng tôi đã làm cho công ty này được 2 năm - Nghĩa là: cách đây 2 năm đã bắt đầu làm, hiện tại vẫn có thể đang làm cho công
ty này hoặc không)
- Diễn tả 1 sự việc đã xảy ra ở một thời điểm không xác định trong quá khứ
Ex: She has been in China for a long time (Đã có một thời gian dài cô ấy ở Trung Quốc.)
Trang 9- Nhấn mạnh đến trải nghiệm bản thân (the first/second/third/last… time), nhấn mạnh kết quả:
Ex: + I have seen that film three times (Tôi đã từng xem bộ phim này 3 lần)
+ This is the first time that he has been in the USA (Đây là lần đầu tiên anh ấy đến Mỹ)
c Advs (Trạng ngữ nhận biết)
- just, recently, lately: gần đây, vừa mới
- before : trước đây
- already: rồi
- ever: từng
- never: không bao giờ, chưa bao giờ
- yet: chưa
- since: kể từ khi
- for: khoảng
- so far = until now = up to now = up to the present: cho đến bây giờ
d Một số lưu ý đối với thì hiện tại hoàn thành
- Phân biệt “Since” và “For”:
since + mốc thời gian
for + khoảng thời gian
Ex: - I've known Anna since October
- I've known Anna for two months
- Phân biệt “yet” và “already”:
yet : dùng trong câu phủ định và câu nghi vấn
already : dùng trong câu khẳng định
Ex: - He hasn't come yet
- I've already posted the letters
- Thường dùng “ever”, “never” với Hiện tại hoàn thành:
Ex: - He has never been there
- Have you ever eaten snake meat?
- Phân biệt “Have/ has been” khác với “have/ has gone”:
Ex: (a) Mr Smith is not here at the moment He has gone to a meeting in London
(b) Amada has been to the travel agent She has your tickets for Hong Kong
Trong 2 ví dụ trên, ví dụ (a) có thể hiểu là Mr Smith vẫn đang ở buổi họp trong khi đó ở ví
dụ (b) Amada đã đi đến đó và trở về rồi
- Một số lưu ý khác:
Trong các mệnh để diễn tả sự so sánh hơn nhất, số thứ tự, sự duy nhất hay số lần thực hiện hành động
→ Động từ chia ở Hiện tại hoàn thành
Ex: - This is the most interesting story I have heard
- This is the only foreigner I have ever known
(1) It's the first / second / time + HTHT
(2) This is the first / second time + HTHT
Ex: - It's the first time I have driven a car
- This is the first time she has lived in New York
Its + khoảng thời gian + since + sb last did sth: Đó là khoảng thời gian kể từ khi ai đó làm
gì
Ex: I haven't seen her for 3 days → It's 3 days since I last saw her
Trang 102 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn)
a Form (Cấu trúc)
(+) S + have/ has + been + Ving
(-) S + have/ has + not + been + Ving
(?) Have/ Has (not) + S + been + Ving?
b Uses (Cách sử dụng): Diễn tả sự việc đã xảy ra trong quá khứ, kéo dài đến hiện tại và có
thể tiếp tục xảy ra trong tương lai (Nhấn mạnh tính liên tục của hành động)
Ex: I have been teaching English since I was a second-year student
(Tôi đã dạy tiếng Anh kể từ khi tôi là sinh viên năm thứ 2, đã bắt đầu dạy trong quá khứ, hiện tại vẫn
đang tiếp tục dạy và có thể trong tương lai vẫn dạy)
c Advs (Trạng ngữ nhận biết)
- For + time + now, và giống các trạng ngữ của thì hiện tại hoàn thành (Thường sẽ có 1 vế giải thích ở hiện tại tiếp diễn)
PART 2: EXERCISES
A PHONETICS
I Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined
2 A language B article C partly D hardly
5 A lecture B medium C inventor D president
II Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others
1 A definition B politician C situation D production
2 A image B purchase C mislead D deadline
3 A extinction B endangered C business D intention
B VOCABUALRY AND GRAMMAR
I Put the verbs in the present perfect or the present perfect continuous tense.
1 I (try) _ to learn French for years, but I (not succeed)
_ yet
2 She (read) all the works of Dickens How many (you read) _?
3 I (wait) here nearly half an hour for my girlfriend; do you think she (forget) to come?
4 Mary (rest) in the garden all day because she (be)
_ ill
5 Although John (study) at the University for 5 years, he (not get)
his degree yet
6 Jack (go) to Switzerland for a holiday He (never, be)
_ there
7 We (live) here for the last six months, and (just, decide)
to move