Chuyên đề và bài tập về liên từ

Liên từ kết hợp được dùng để nối những các từ, cụm từ, nhóm từ cùng loại hoặc những mệnh đề cùng chức năng: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.. Liên từ phụ thuộc được dùng để nối kết các n

CHỦ ĐỀ 8: LIÊN TỪ

A LÝ THUYẾT.

Liên từ là từ vựng sử dụng để liên kết 2 từ, cụm từ, mệnh đề hoặc câu lại với nhau Trong tiếng Anh có 3 loại liên từ: Coordinating

Conjunctions (liên từ kết hợp), Correlative Conjunctions (liên từ tư ơng quan) và Subording Conjunctions (liên từ phụ thuộc)

Liên từ kết hợp được dùng để nối những các từ, cụm từ, nhóm từ cùng loại hoặc những mệnh đề cùng chức năng: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

for Đưa ra lí do (đứng ở giữa câu): vì,

bởi vì, tại vì

I do moring exercise every day, for I want

to keep fit

and Thêm, bổ sung thông tin: và, với I do moring exercise

every day, for I want

to keep fit

nor Bổ sung một ý phủ định vào ý phủ

định đã được nêu trước đó: cũng không

I don’t like listening

to music nor playing sports

but Diễn tả sự đối lập, ngược nghĩa:

nhưng, nhưng mà He works quickly bt accurately

or Nêu thêm lựa chọn khác: hoặc (là),

hay (là) You can play games or watch TV yet Đưa ra một ý ngược lại so với ý

trước đó: vậy mà, thế mà

I took a book with

me on my holiday, yet I didn’t read a single page

so Nêu kết quả, ảnh hưởng của hành

động, sự việc đã được nhắc đến: vì vậy

It was raining, so we did not go out

Liên từ tương quan thường được sử dụng theo cặp đẻ lien kết các cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề có chức năng tương đương nhau về mặt ngữ pháp

either …

or Chỉ sự lựa chọn: (hoặc) … hoặc … I want either the pizza or the sandwich neither …

nor

Chỉ sự phủ định kép: không

…(cũng) không…

I want neither the pizza nor the sandwich

both … and

Chỉ sự lựa chọn kép: cả … và

…; cả … lẫn …, vừa … vừa

…

- He was both tired and hungry

- She speaks both

STUDY TIP

* Mẹo giúp nhớ các liên từ

kết hợp: FANBOYS (F –

for, A – add, N – nor, B –

but, O – or, Y – yet, S – so)

* Khi dùng liên từ kết hợp

để nối hai mệnh đề, chúng

ta thêm dấu phẩy sau mệnh

đề thứ nhất trước liên từ

Ex: Tom wants to study at

Oxford, but he há had

trouble meeting the

academic requirements

French and English not only

… but also

Diễn tả lựa chọn kép: không những … mà còn

I’ll eat them both: not only the pizza but also the sandwich

rather than Diễn tả lựa chọn: hơn là I’ll have a cold drink

rather than coffee

whether

… or

Diễn tả sự thay thế: hay (là) I asked him whether he

had done the work or he had got help

as … as So sánh ngang bằng: bằng,

như (là), đúng như

Bowling isn’t as fun as skeet shooting

so … as So sánh không ngang bằng:

không … bằng, không … như (là)

Mark is not so tall as his brother

- barely

… when

- hardly

… when

- scarcely

… when

- no sooner

than

Diễn tả quan hệ thời gian:

ngay khi … (thì) …, ngay lúc

… (thì) …, vừa mới … (thì) …

He had barely come when

he decided to leave

- such … that

- so … that

Diễn tả mối quan hệ nhân -

quả: … đến mức…, …đến nỗi…

- She was so angry that she couldn’t speak

- It was such a difficult exercise that no one could solve it

Liên từ phụ thuộc được dùng để nối kết các nhóm từ, cụm tù hoặc mệnh

đề có chức năng khác nhau – nối mệnh đề phụ với mệnh đề chính trong câu

1 Chỉ thời gian Liên

từ

after Diễn tả một hành động xảy

ra sau một hành động khác:

sau khi

After the train left, we went home

as Diễn tả hai hành động cùng

xảy ra: (trong) khi

- I saw him hand In hand with a beautiful girl as I was walking downtown

- We watched as the plane took off

STUDY TIP

Với cấu trúc neither … nor,

either … or, not only … but

also động từ chua theo chủ

ngữ gần nhất Với cấu trúc

với both … and động từ

chia ở dạng số nhiều

Ex: - Neither my mother

nor I am going to attend his

party

- Both my mother and I

are going to attend his

party

STUDY TIP

Liên từ phụ thuộc đứng

trước mệnh đề phụ

soon

as

Chỉ một hành động xảy ra

liền ngay sau một hành

động khác: ngay khi (mà)

As soon as the teacher arrived, they started their lesson

before Diễn tả thời gian, một hành

động xảy ra trước một hành

động khác: trước khi

Come and vist me before you leave

just as Diễn tả hai hành động gần

như xảy ra cùng thời điểm:

vừa lúc, (ngay) khi

The clock struck six just as I arrived

once Nói về một thời điểm mà ở

đó một hành động đã xảy ra

hoặc sẽ xảy ra: một khi

- Once you learn the basic rules, it’s easy to play

- Once you’ve tried it, you can’t stop

since Diễn tả mối liên hệ thời gian

giữa hiện tại và quá khứ: từ

(khi)

I have been here since the sun rose

until/

till

Chiir hành động (không)

xảy ra cho đến thời điểm ở

quá khứ, tương lai: cho đến

khi

- We stayed up talking till the sun came up

- I won’t syop shouting until you let me go

when Liên kết hai hành động có

mối quan hệ về thời gian:

khi

- When she cries, I just can’t think

- I was reading a book when

he came in

while Chỉ các hành động diễn ra

cùng một lúc: trong khi - I was washing the dishes while my sister waas

leaning the floor

- While it was snowing, we played cards

2 Chỉ lí do

as/ since Khi người nghe, người đọc

đã biết lí do của sự việc

(thường ở đầu câu): bởi vì

- As he is my friend, I will help him

- Since you are here, you can help me

because Diễn tả mối quan hệ nguyên

nhân, kết quả: bởi vì Because we arrived too early, we had to wait

in that Giải thích và giới hạn lý do:

vì (là), lý do là

He was nice in that he helped me with the report now that Diễn tả mối quan hệ nhân quả

theo thời gian: vì (giờ đây,

bây giờ)

Baby, now that I’ve found you, I won’t let you go

seeing

that

Đưa ra nguyên nhân của một

sự việc: vì, vì vậy

Seeing that he is ill, he is unlikely to come

so Nêu ra kết quả cảu một hành I hadn’t done my

động (trong các tình huống

thân mật): vì thế, (cho) nên homework, so I didn’t understand the lesson

-therefore

- thus

Nêu kết quả của một hành

động I hadn’t done my homework Therefore, I

didn’t understand the lesson

3 Chỉ mục đích

- so that

- in order

that

Nêu mục đích hoặc kết quả của

hành động có dự tính: để

We left early so that

we wouldn’t be caught

in the traffic jam

so Nêu mục đích (trong các tình

huống thân mật): để I am saving money so I can buy a bicycle for fear

that Chỉ mục đích phủ định: e rằng, sợrằng We spoke in whispers for fear that we might

wake the baby

lest Nêu mục đích phủ định, theo sau

nó là trợ động từ “should”: vì sợ

rằng

He ran away lest he should be seen

4 Chỉ sự tương phản

- although

- though

- even

though

Biểu thị hai hành động trái

ngược nhau: mặc dù

Although she was tired, she couldn’t sleep

as Nêu ra sự trái ngược: vậy mà,

mặc dù

Talented as he is, he is not yet ready to turn professional

however Diễn tả hai ý đối lập nhau trong

một câu

- I don’t like him However, I agree that he’s a goood manager

- It’s a bit late;

however, I’d like to

go out

- He told the truth The police, however, didn’t believe him

- He told the truth The police did not believe him,

- while

- whereas

Nói sự ngược nghĩa giữa hai

mệnh đề: trong khi

- The rich may be lonely while the poor can be happy

- He is rich, whereas his friend is poor while Biểu thị hai hành động trái

ngược nhau về mặt logic: mặc dù

While I am not an expert, I will do my best

5 Chỉ điều kiện

- as long as

- so long as Diễn tả điều kiện: với điều kiện là, miễn là As long as we cooperate, we can

finish the work easily even if Diễn tả một sự việc có khả

năng xảy ra (nhấn mạnh hơn

“it”): kể cả khi

- Even if the sky is falling down, you’ll be my only

- We’ll have a great time even if it rains

if Nêu lên một giả thiết về một

sự việc có thể (không) xảy ra:

nếu

If she is here, we will tell the truth

inless Dùng để thay thế cho “If…

not” trong mệnh đề phụ: trừ khi, nếu không

Unless he helps us,

we cannot succeed

- providing

(that)

- provided

(that)

Dùng với thì hiện tại để diễn tả

ý tương lai: miễn là, với điều kiện là

Providing you are carefull, all will be well

- or else

- otherwise Thay thế cho “If…not” Tuy vậy nó lại đứng trước mệnh đề

chính: nếu không thì

- Please be carful,

or else you may have an accident

- He got a good salary; otherwise

he wouldn’t work longer

in the event

that

Diễn tả giả định về một hành động có thể xảy ra trong tương

lai: trong trường hợp, phòng khi

Sue will inherit the money in the event that her parents die

(just) in case Diễn tả giả định về một hành

động có thể xảy ra trong tương

lai: trong trường hợp, phòng

In case it rains, take

an umbrella

khi, nếu như, nhớ ra

- suppose

- supposing (that)

Dùng để thay thế cho “If”

trong mệnh đề phụ: giả sử

Supposing it rains, what will you do?

6 Chỉ cách thức

as Đứng trước một mệnh đề để diễn

tả hành động xảy ra theo một

cách nào đó: như (là)

- Do this as I do

- Why didn’t you take the bus as I told you

- as if

- as though

Đứng trước một mệnh đề chỉ:

- 1 điều có thật, có thể xảy ra trong hiện tại hoặc tương lai:

S + V + as if/ as though + S + V(s/es)/ will + V

- 1 điều không có thật hoặc trái với thực tế:

S + V + as if/ as though +

S + PPI/were.

- 1 điều trái thực tế trong quá khứ:

S + PPI + as if/ as though + S + had + PII

- She talks as if she knows everything

- It looks as though there will be a storm

- He looks as if he knew the answers

- She felt as if all her worries had gone

7 Chỉ sự so sánh

as Diễn tả sự so sánh:

như (là), đúng như He looks as ill as he sounded on the phone than Diễn tả sự so sánh

hơn và kém: hơn

- He is taller than you are

- I received less money than the others did

IV TRẠNG TỪ LIÊN KẾT

as a result Do đó, do

vậy, vì thế (mà)

Bill had not been working very hard during the course As a result, he failed the exams

besides Ngoài ra We aren’t friends Besides, I don’t feel

STUDY TIP

Thường có dấu chấm hoặc

dấu phẩy đứng trước và dấu

phẩy đứng sau trạng từ nối

it’s my place to set him straight.

consequently Do đó, do

vậy

Marion needed to be home early

Consequently, she left work at 3 p.m finally Cuối cùng Finally I would like to say how thankful

I am for your help

- for example

- for instance

Ví dụ (như), chẳng hạn (như)

There are many interesting places to visit in the city, for example, the botanical garden or the art museum furthermore Hơn nữa He is old and unpopular Furthermore,

he has only two years of political life hance Vì vậy, do

vậy

He defeated the champion, hence he is awarded the cup

however Tuy nhiên We wanted to arrive on time; however,

we were delayed by traffic

in addition Bên cạnh,

ngoài ra In addtion, I would like to point out that my neighbor is disturbing me late at

night

indeed Thực sự,

quả thật

I don’t mind Indeed, I am delighted to help

in fact Thật ra,

thực tế là It may sound easy, but in fact it’s very complicated instead Thay vì,

thay vào đó David didn’t go to Paris Instead, he went to New York meanwhile Trong khi

(đó)

Amy practiced the piano; meanwhile, her brother practiced the violin

moreover Hơn nữa

(nêu thêm thông tin)

This bike is very beautiful; moreover, it wasn’t expensive

on the

contrary

Trái lại It doesn’t seem ugly to me; on the

contrary, I think it’s beautiful

on the other

hand

Mặt khác She says she feels fine, in the other

hand, her face is pale and she doesn’t look healthy

nevertheless Tuy nhiên I had been living in the village for years

Nevertheless, the villages still considered me a stranger

otherwise Nếu không You must do your homework; otherwise,

you might get a bad grade

still Mặc dù,

thậm chí, tuy nhiên

You aren’t rich; still, you could do something to help him

therefore Vì vậy I was nervous; therefore, I could not do

my best

thus Do đó, vì

vậy

He passed the exam woth honours Thus, he was given a reward

B BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG.

I Câu hỏi tinh túy (từ các đề thi của Bộ GD – ĐT).

1. My brother tried to learn Japanese at a

night school, he gave up after 2

months

A but B until

C when D therefore

2. John Kennedy was elected president, he

was the youngest American President

ever

A. While

B. Before

C. When

D. As long as

3. The price fruit has increase recnetly, the

price of vegetables has gone down

A. whereas

B. whether

C. when

D. otherwise

4. I hadn’t realize she was English _ she

spoke

A. unitil

B. when

C. only after

D. in case

5. The robbers attacked the owner of the

house _

A. so that they would appear with the

expensive painting

B. and disappeared with the expensive

painting

C. but they appeared with the expensive

painting

D. so they disappeared with the

expensive painting

6. some English words have the same

pronounciation _

A. or they spell differently

B. unless spelled differently

C. though they are spelled differently

D. because of their difference in spelling

7. He has been to the school library many

times

A. if the semester has started

B. while the semester is starting

C. since the semester started

D. after the semester starts

8. Crazianan is a big country Unfortunately,

it has never received respect from its neighbours

A. Crazianan has never received respect from its neighbours because it is a big city

B. Crazianan is such a big country that it has never received respect from its neighbours

C. It is Crazianan, a big country that has never received respect from its neighbours

D. Though Crazianan is a big country, it has never received respect from its neighbours

9. Mike joined the ranks of the unemployed because he graduated with a goood degree

A. Mike graduated with a goood degree However, he joined the ranks of the unemployed

B. If Mike graduated with a goood degree However, he would joined the ranks of the unemployed

C. Although Mike graduated with a goood degree, he joined the ranks of the unemployed

D. That Mike graduated with a goood degree, he joined the ranks of the unemployed

10.Weathy as they were, they were far from happy

A. They were as wealthy as they were happy

B. They were not happy as thay were wealthy

C. Even if they were wealthy, they were not unhappy

D. Although they were wealthy, they

were not happy

II Bài tập.

Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.

EXERCISE 1.

1. It was a terrible journey _, we got

there safety in the end

C Although D In that

2. She turned off the record player _ she

could concentrate in her study

A In case B but

C so that D even if

3. _ I get your call, I’ll leave

A. By the time

B. As soon as

C. While

D. Until

4. Cable TV revolutionized communications;

_, the very existence of that service is

now threatened by satelites

A consequently B nevertheless

C moreover D for example

5. _ the country joined the WTO, it has

made big economic achievements

A After B Since

C When D As soon as

6. Study harder _ the exam

A. if you will pass

B. and you pass

C. unless you pass

D. or you won’t pass

7. He never works, _ he gains all the

prizes

A furthermore B and

8. You can come here either on Monday

_ on Friday

D and

9. We have bought extra food our

friends stay to dinner

10.Everyone thought she would accept the offer _, she turned it down

EXERCISE 2.

1. He had to act immediately; _ he would have been too late

A. consequently

B. nevertheless

C. still

D. otherwise

2. They said both he _ I were to come

A and B but C or D so

3. Bob is very tall Bill is very short

A. as long as

B. so that

C. whereas

D. as if

4. Jane is beautiful and intelligent; she’s very kind

A. moreover

B. however

C. for

D. on the other hand

5. Susie phoned wrote afete she left home

A. either - nor

B. neither - nor

C. while - and

D. or - and

6. She had an unpleasant experience _ she was in Thailand

7. You can come to the meeting _ you

don’t say anything

A. in case

B. as long as

C. while

D. until

8. She could not find the book she wanted

she borrowed a magazine instead

9. I’m not leaving _ I get an apology from you

A so that B while

C until D as if

10.People can use differenr forms of communication; _ verbal and non-verbal forms

A in fact B in addition

C rather than D for example

EXERCISE 3: Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the underlined part that needs

correction

1. They had a discussion about training not only the new employees but also giving tham some challenges

2. All root vegetables grow underground, and not all vegetables that grow underground are roots

3. Whether you win this race and lose it doesn’t matter as long as you do your best

4. He talked as if he did all the work himself, but in fact Tom and I did most of it

5. I do think I will do a course in applied linguistics than lexicology

6. Tom’s very goood at science when his brother is absolutely hopeless

7. I’m not inviting Tim I don’t like him Beside, he didn’t invite me to his party

8. My parents always say to us “When in Rome do like the Roman do”

9. A strike by air traffic controllers has begun However, many flights have been cancelled

10.John plays baseketball well, and his favorite sport is badminton

EXERCISE 4:Choose the correct sentence among A, B, V or D that has the same meaning as the given one.

1. Sam speaks Chinese well and his Japanese

is good, too

A. Sam is good at either Chinese orr

Japanese

B. Not only Chinese but also Japanese

Sam is good at

C. Not only does Sam speak Chinese but

also Japanese

D. Sam not only speaks Chinese well but

also is good at Japanese

2. You may get cold on the way, so take the

coat

A. To take the coat you will get cold on

the way

B. In case you get cold on the way, you should take the coat

C. If you didn’t take a coat, you’d get cold on the way

D. Only if you get cold can you take the coat

3. Though he tried hard, he didn’t succeed

A. However hard he tried, he didn’t succeed

B. However hard he tried, he didn’t succeed

C. However he didn’t succeed, he tried hard

D. However he tried hard, but he didn’t succeed