Giáo dục và các vấn đề lí luận phần 1

phu hdp vdi nhutng chuan mUe chinh t r i , dao dile, phap luat, tham mi, van hoa cua mot xa hoi nhat dinh, lam phat trien nhan each hoe sinh theo muc dich giao due cua xa hoi.. viec xay

P H A N T H A N H L O N GzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA ( Ch u b i en )

I TR A N Q U A N G CA N - N GUYI N V A N D I EN

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LI LUAN GIAO DUG

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MUC LU C

CHl/ONG 1 QUA TRINH GIAO DUC ^

1 Khai niem qua trinh giao due 7

2 Ban chat va dac diem cua qua trinh giao due 18

3 Quy luat cua qua trinh giao due 36

4 Dong li/c va cac khau cua qua trinh giao due 40

5 Tir giao due va giao due lai 48

CHl/ONG 2 NGUYEN TAG GIAO DUG 55

1 Khai niem ehung ve nguyen tac giao due 55

2 He thong cac nguyen tac giao due 61

GHUONG 3 NOI DUNG GIAO DUG 92

1 Nhurng ed sd xay di/ng noi dung giao due 92

2 Nhurng noi dung giao due cd ban 94

3 Mot so noi dung giao due khac trong nha trUdng hien nay 136

GHUONG 4 PHl/ONG PHAP GIAO DUG 171

1 Khai niem phu'dng phap giao due 172

2 He thong cac phu'dng phap giao due 178

3 Van de lya chon va phoi hdp cac phu'dng phap giao due 199

GHUONG 5 NGUdi GIAO VIEN CHU NHIEM LCJP 203

1 Cac chLfe nang cua ngUdi giao vien chu nhiem Idp 203

2 Nhiem vu, noi dung eong tac chu nhiem I6p 209

3 Cac phu'dng phap tac dong giao due cua ngUdi giao vien chu nhiem 222

4 NhUng pham chat va nang lUe sU pham cua ngUdi giao vien chu nhiem Idp 229 Bai tap van dung

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L i l u a n giao due ( L L G D ) n h a n each con n g U d i la m o t chuyen n g a n h eua Giao due hoe Chuyen n g a n h nay de cap den n h i i n g v a n de h' l u a n r a t ed b a n t r o n g giao due nh&m

h i n h t h a n h va p h a t t r i e n n h i i n g p h a m chat n h a n each eua con ngiidi m d i xa h o i c h u n g h i a V i e t N a m Hoc p h a n L i l u a n giao due I ' " t r i n h bay m o t each he t h o n g n h i i n g t r i thiie ve qua t r i n h giao due, b a n chat, t i n h quy l u a t va cac nguyen t&c ehi dao thue h i e n eo h i e u qua qua t r i n h giao due n o i ehung

va cac qua t r i n h giao due bo p h a n n o i r i e n g C u t h e t r o n g ph^n nay se n g h i e n c i i u n h i i n g v a n de ve cau t r u e , dac d i e m , ban chat, quy l u a t , cac k h a u eiia qua t r i n h giao due, ve

n h i i n g n o i dung, y e u cau giao due con ngiidi m d i t r o n g svf nghiep xay d U n g va p h a t t r i e n d a t niide t a h i e n nay, ve cac

p h i i d n g phap, con d U d n g giao due t h e he t r e t r o n g va ngoai nha t r U d n g v.v N g h i e n c i i u , tiep can va n a m b a t diidc

n h i i n g t r i thiie khoa hoe l i l u a n giao due h i e n d a i se giiip cho cac n h a giao due to chiic, t h i i c h i e n eo h i e u qua qua t r i n h giao due hoc s i n h - mot v a n de r a t quan t r o n g ve m a t l i l u a n giao due hoc va dac biet quan t r o n g t r o n g thvfc t i e n giao due Chiia bao gid n h i i t h d i k i h i e n nay, eong tac giao due the he tre t r e n toan t h e gidi v a dac biet la ci cac nifdc dang p h a t

t r i e n n h i i niidc t a l a i p h a i dufdng d a u v d i n h i e u t h a c h t h i i c Idn lao n h i i vay M o t t r o n g n h i i n g thach t h i i c do l a v a n de

p h a t t r i e n l i l u a n giao due h i e n d a i nhif t h e nao de c6 t h e van dung vao t h i i c t i e n giao due xa h o i n o i ehung va n h a

t r i i d n g n o i r i e n g m o t each c6 h i e u qua D i e u dac biet p h a i

ChUdng t r i n h dao tao ciia c h u y e n khoa Tarn If - Giao due hoc T r U d n g

D a i hoc S u p h a m H a N o i Phftn L i l u a n giao due bao gom L i l u a n giao due I v a L i l u a n giao due I I

cho eong ta c n g h i e n c iiu , g ia n g d a y v a h oc ta p c u a c a n b o va

s i n h vie n cac tr U d n g S i i p h a m T u y n h i e n n h i i n g gia o t r i n h n a y

ca n p h a i d ie u c h i n h , ca p n h a t eho phOi h d p v d i x u th e p h a t

t r i e n cu a th d i d a i, n h a t l a l i n h viic 11 l u a n gia o du e

C h i n h v i va y, m o t so' th a y c6 gia o t r o n g b o m o n , da e b iet l a

n h o m ta c g ia d a q u yet t a m b ie n s ca n cu oh s a ch n a y v6 i m o n g

m u o n d a p ijfng diide p h a n n a o s ii d oi h o i ciia th iic ti e n x a h o i va

sU m o n g d d i eiia cac b a n s i n h vi e n cac tr i f d n g s ii p h a m , n h a t l a

s i n h vien , h oc vie n ca o h oc va n g h i e n eiiu s i n h c h u ye n k h o a

T a m l i - G ia o du e M a e d u ta p th e ta c g ia d a h e t siie eo'gd n g de

euo'n s a ch k h o n g eo s a i s ot, n h i i n g ehSc chin l a k h o n g th e

k h o n g CO n h i i n g k h i e m k h u y e t n h a t d i n h m a c h u n g to i eh iia

n h a n r a T a p th e ta c g ia r a t b iet d n va m o n g n h a n diiOe y kie'n

d on g gop cu a cae th a y eo gia o, cae b a n d on g n g h iep va a n h , c h i

Qua trinh giao due la qua trinh tac dong c6 muc dich, c6

to chi2c cua nha giao due den doi ticang giao due nham thoa man nhu cau phat trien nhan each rieng cua moi hoe sinh vd ddp i2ng yeu cau ddo tao nguon nhan liCe cua xa hoi

Qua t r i n h tac dong cua nha giao due nham hinh thanh

cho do'i tUdng giao due quan diem, niem t i n , gia t r i , dong cd,

thai do, hanh v i thoi quen phu hdp vdi nhutng chuan mUe

chinh t r i , dao dile, phap luat, tham mi, van hoa cua mot xa

hoi nhat dinh, lam phat trien nhan each hoe sinh theo muc

dich giao due cua xa hoi Do'i v6i xa hoi ta, qua t r i n h giao due

phai hu6ng t6i viee xay dvfng nhvJng nhan each xa hoi chu

nghia, nhang con ngiidi m6i vufa c6 t r i thiic hien dai, vifa c6

tinh earn, tarn hon phong phu, vtfa c6 siie khoe de xay dUng

va bao ve To quoe Do la nhiJng con ngUdi nang dong va sang

tao, nhiJng eon ngUdi dam nghi, dam lam va dam chiu trach

nhiem v i sU phat trien cua ca nhan va cong dong Dong

thdi, qua t r i n h giao due cung phai hudng vao sU phat trien

nhiJng cai doc dao rieng eua m6i ca nhan, thoa man nhu cau

phat trien va difa lai hanh phue cho ho

Qua t r i n h giao due la qua t r i n h tac dong qua lai mot

each bien chiing giiJa nha giao due va doi tUdng giao due chii

khong phai la qua t r i n h tac dong mot chieu tH nha giao due

den doi tUdng giao due Trong qua t r i n h tac dong nay nha

giao due giii vai tro chii dao, do'i tUdng giao due giii vai tro t\i

giae, tieh cue va chii dong Giao due eon ngiTdi lazyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA SLf thong

nhat hUu cd giGa ba qua trinh: giao due, t\i giao due va giao

due lai Tuoi cang nho, vai tro ciia giao due cang quan trong

Gang phat trien vai tro cua t u giao due cang chie'm Mu the

Giao due lai la qua t r i n h nhkm uon nSn nhiJng sai sot, lech

lac ciia hai qua t r i n h tren

Qua t r i n h giao due bao gid ciing xuat phat t i l nhiJng yeu

cau eiia xa hoi ve con ngUdi M6i xa hoi deu c6 mot m l u

ngUdi l i tudng dac triJng cho xa hoi cua minh Qua t r i n h giao

due phai can ciJ vao hinh m l u con ngUdi do xa hoi de ra do

de dao tao Chinh vi vay, trong qua t r i n h giao due, nha giao due phai nSm viJng cac yeu cau cua xa hoi de tac dong giao due nhan each hoc sinh

Qua t r i n h giao due ci day dUde hieu theo nghia hep, la mot qua t r i n h bo phan hiiu cd cua qua t r i n h giao due tong the (qua t r i n h siJ pham tong the) bao gom:

- Qua t r i n h day hoc v6i chiic nang troi la truyen thu t r i

thile (ve tU nhien, ve xa hoi va ve t\i duy) va cac k i nang, k i xao tiJdng \ing cho hoc sinh N6i mot each cu the, chiJe nang

troi eua day hoe la "day chiJ" va eac k i nang, k i xao tUdng ling Tuy vay, day hoe la con dUdng quan trong nhat de giao due nhan each hoc sinh Trong nha triJdng, ngUdi ta thong qua "day ehiJ" de "day ngUdi"

- Qua t r i n h giao due theo nghia hep v6i chiie nang troi

la lam cho hoc sinh c6 nhan thute dung din ve cae yeu cau,

ehuan mUc xa hoi, c6 niem t i n , thai do phu hdp, c6 hanh v i , thoi quen hanh dong dap ttng dUdc yeu eau, doi hoi cua xa hoi Noi each khac chiie nang troi eua giao due theo nghia hep la hinh thanh eae pham ehat dao diic, niem t i n , t h a i do cho hoc sinh

GiiJa hai qua t r i n h nay eo moi quan he khang k b i t v6i nhau bo sung cho nhau de phat trien toan dien va hai hoa nhan each cho the he tre

Moi quan he giiia qua t r i n h giao due tong the va hai qua ••

t r i n h giao due bo phan c6 the difdc d i i n dat theo sd do sau:

Qua trinh giao due long the

Qua trinh day hoc Qua trinh giao duo

Qua trinh day hoc Qua trinh giao duo

+ Qua t r i n h giao due tong the bao gom h a i qua t r i n h

giao due bo phan (qua t r i n h day hoe va qua t r i n h giao due

theo nghia hep)

+ Qua t r i n h day hoe dUde xem la mot eon dUdng, phu'dng

t i e n hufu hieu n h a t de thiie hien qua t r i n h giao due: t r e n ed

sci tiep t h u difdc he thong t r i thile khoa hoe vezyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA tvi n h i e n , xa

hoi va t\l duy de h i n h t h a n h d hoe s i n h the gidi quan khoa

hoc, quan diem t u tiicing, ehinh t r i , dao dile, t i n h cam va

hanh vi d u n g dan ,zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA ,- , , w v , f l M , , p

+ Qua t r i n h day hoc phai d i n den qua t r i n h giao due, la

mot t r o n g n h i i n g k e t qua, muc dich quan t r o n g n h a t cua

hoat dong giao due t r o n g nha t r i i d n g Muc dich cuoi cung cua

day hoc cung n h ^m vao giao due n h a n each con ngUdi Do la

ket qua ciia qua t r i n h thong qua "day ehi3" de "day ngUdi"

1.2 Cac thanh to cua qua trinh giao due

Qua t r i n h giao due tong the (qua t r i n h s i i pham tong

the) cung n h u cac qua t r i n h giao due bo phan Cqua t r i n h giao

due dao diie, t h a m m i , lao dong - k i t h u a t , qua t r i n h day

hoe, giao due the chat) deu bao gom eac t h a n h to'cu the Cac

t h a n h to' t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due quan he m a t t h i e t v6i

nhau, tifdng tac l l n nhau, tho'ng n h a t vdi n h a u cung v a n

dong va phat t r i e n Su van dong va phat t r i e n cua cac t h a n h

to tao ra sii van dong va phat t r i e n ciia qua t r i n h giao due

Sau day chting ta se xem xet eu the t i f n g t h a n h to cua qua

t r i n h giao due , ^ ,

1.2.1 Muc dich giao due

Muc dich giao due cua nha t r i i d n g la m o t mo h i n h d\l

k i e n ve n h a n each hoc sinh do xa h o i quy d i n h Muc dich giao due cua nha trUdng chung ta la dao tao n h i i n g ngiidi lao dong k i e u mdi xa hoi chu nghia c6 n h i i n g pham chat va nang lUc n h a t d i n h de dap l i n g difdc cac yeu eau khach quan cua

xa hoi, cua d a t nifdc t r o n g cac giai doan phat t r i e n lieh sii

De thiie h i e n diidc muc dich do, n h i e m v u giao due cua n h a trUdng la p h a i l a m h i n h t h a n h va phat t r i e n cac m a t t\i

tiicing, c h i n h t r i , t i n h cam, t h a i do, h a n h v i dao diic, phap

l u a t , t r i tue, t h e chat, lao dong - k i t h u a t - nghe gop p h a n phat t r i e n toan dien va h a i hoa n h a n each hoc sinh M u c dich giao due diidc the h i e n c! cac t a n g bae khae n h a u , cap do khac n h a u D o i vdi toan xa hoi, giao due n h a m muc dich nang cao d a n t r i , dao tao n h a n Itte va boi dUdng n h a n t a i Muc dich giao due eon diidc the h i e n eu t h e d t i i n g nganh hoe, bac hoe, cap hoe, 16p hoe, mon hoe, tiing loai h i n h hoat dong eu t h e

Co t h e noi: M u c dich giao due t r o n g b a t k i n h a t r i i d n g nao cung la t h a n h to hang dau, la pham t r i i ed ban n h a t cua Giao due hoe No c6 v a i t r d d i n h hudng, quy d i n h sU v a n dong va phat t r i e n cua cac t h a n h to' khac cua qua t r i n h giao due (noi dung, phUdng phap, phiidng thiic to chiic, k i e m t r a , danh gia, k e t qua giao d u e ) va toan bo phUdng hiidng hoat dong giao due cua n h a t r i i d n g Muc dich giao due dUde xem

n h i i la "ddn dat hang ciia xa h o i " ve m l u ngUdi ma qua t r i n h giao due p h a i tao r a Muc dich giao due la mo h i n h ve k e t

v a i t r o c h i i d a o t r o n g q u a t r i n h g ia o d u e.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Vai tro do dvCac the

hien cu the nhiC sau:

1.2.3 Hoc sinh va tap the hoc sinh vdi tu each vita la khach the

vuci la chu the cua qua trinh giao due < ; r; >

h i e n v a i t r o t i i gia e, t i c h ciie, c h u d o n g va s a n g ta o cu a m i n h Tiic la h o p h a i y t h i i e dU de n g h i a v u va t r a e h n h i e m eu a

d a o eu a g ia o v i e n va s ii e h ii d o n g t\i g ia c, t i c h cxlc, s a n g ta o ciia hoe s i n h Q u a t r i n h g ia o d u e p h a i " L a y hoe s i n h l a m

t r i i d n g , dan so, phap l u a t v.v Giao due la lam eho hoc s m h

eo nhan thiic, t h a i do, quan diem, niem t i n , hanh v i , dung zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

din t r o n g eac l i n h vUe cua ddi song xa hoi, t r o n g quan he

giao tiep, l i n g xii vdi the gidi t\i n h i e n , vdi xa hoi, v6i ngUdi

khae va v6i ban t h a n m i n h N o i torn l a i , noi d u n g giao due la

toan bo he thong k i n h nghiem l i c h sii xa hoi ciia loai ngddi

dUdc cac nha sU pham liia chon, che bien de to chiic cho doi

tqdng giao due hoat dong chiem l i n h no, bien no t h a n h cai

r i e n g cua moi ngiidi, nhSm thutc hien cac muc t i e u giao due

cua xa hoi

Noi d u n g giao due chiu stf quy d i n h , chi phoi, d i n h

hqdng cua muc dich giao due va diide the hien cu the t r o n g

cac chUdng t r i n h , ke hoach giao due - dao tao va cac hoat

dong giao due ci t r o n g va ngoai nha trUdng vdi cac mue t i e u

giao due khae n h a u N o i d u n g giao due luon dUdc thay doi,

cai each cho p h i i hdp vdi cac yeu eau khach quan cua sii phat

t r i e n cua xa hoi, p h i i hdp vdi ttfng t h d i k i l i c h sii N o i d u n g

giao due eo n h i e u t h a n h phan ehung eho ea nhan loai n h q n g zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

CO nhieu t h a n h phan dae t r i i n g eho t i i n g dan toe, tufng dat

nude, no b i chi phoi bcii cac yeu to c h i n h t r i , ton giao, phong

tuc tap quan, t r u y e n thong van hoa K h i noi dung giao due

thay doi t h i phqdng phap, phadng t i e n giao due cung p h a i c6

su thay doi tqdng ufng N o i d u n g giao due con quy d i n h noi

dung hoat dong ciia nha giao due va doi tifdng giao due

1.2.5 Phuang phap, phwang tien giao due

PhUdng phap, phiidng tien giao due la nhiJng t h a n h to'

quy d i n h he thong nhiJng each thiic, bien phap, phudng t i e n

de to chiic cho tre em t u m i n h chiem l i n h cac yeu cau, noi

dung giao due, lam h i n h t h a n h va phat t r i e n d cac em nhiJng

p h a m chat va h a n h v i t h o i quen dao diic p h i i hdp vdi cac

chuanzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA mxic da dUde xa hoi quy d i n h viia thoa m a n n h u cau phat t r i e n nhi3ng cai r i e n g doc dao cua moi ea n h a n PhUdng phap, p h i i d n g tien giao due cang khoa hoc, hien dai, t i e n t i e n

t h i cang tao dieu k i e n t h u a n Idi eho qua t r i n h giao due dat ket qua cao Phiidng phap giao due quy d i n h phiidng phap

t i e n h a n h hoat dong ehung cua nha giao due va do'i t i i d n g giao due Phildng phap giao due c h i u sU quy d i n h ciia n h i e u yeu to'khae n h i i muc dich, noi dung, nha giao due, doi t i i d n g giao due va cac dieu k i e n , hoan canh n h a t d i n h T u y vay, phiidng phap giao due cving c6 t i n h doe lap tifdng doi cua no

va CO tac d u n g chi phoi ngUde l a i doi vdi cac t h a n h to khae

1.2.6 Ket qua giao due

K e t qua qua t r i n h giao due la t h a n h to bieu h i e n tap

t r u n g siJ v a n dong va phat t r i e n ciia qua t r i n h giao due noi ehung va sii v a n dong, tac dong, a n h huSng qua l a i l l n n h a u giiia cac t h a n h to ciia qua t r i n h giao due noi rieng Ket qua giao due dUdc the hien t r o n g sU h i n h t h a n h va phat t r i e n

n h a n thiie, t i n h cam, t h a i do, h a n h v i , t h d i quen d hoe s m h theo muc dich, n h i e m v u , muc t i e u giao due ciia nha trUdng

N e u muc dich giao due la d i i k i e n mo h i n h ket qua giao due dao tao mong muon t h i ket qua giao due la cai da dat diidc,

-la san p h a m thUc te cua qua t r i n h giao due GiiJa muc dich giao due (M) va ket qua giao due (Kq) se c6 cac moi t i i d n g quan sau:

K q M ; K q =^ M ; K q < M

K q M : Ket qua giao due hoan toan p h i i hdp vdi muc dich giao due da de ra

Kq « M : Ket qua g iao due g an p h u hd p v 6i muc d ic h

Kq < M : Ket qua t r a i (lech ho ac ngUdc) v 6i muc d ic h

N eu ket qua giao due p h u hd p ho an to an v 6i muc d ic h

giao due da de ra t h i qua t r i n h g iao due dUdc d anh g ia d at

hieu qua to'izyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA \iu. Ke t qua cang g an v 6i muc d ic h t h i qua t r i n h

g iao due cang h ie u q ua N e u ke t qua d at dUdc kh o n g gio 'ng

v 6i muc d ic h de ra t h i qua t r i n h g iao due ho ac la kh o n g h ie u

qua ho ac d at d iid c ke t qua ng o ai d\i ki e n , ket qua kh o n g ng d

( tu y n h i e n mue d ic h g iao due bao g id c u ng la h i n h anh l i

tUd ng , rat i t k h i ket qua g iao due l ai v Ud t qua k i v o ng eua

muc d ic h de ra)

Cae th an h to ciia qua t r i n h g iao due neu tre n lie n q u an

m at th i e t, tho ng n h at b ien c hiing v a tae d o ng qua l ai , tUd ng

ho Ian n h au M a t khac c hu ng lai c6 q u an he v a b i c hi pho 'i

bcii mo i trUd ng c h i n h t r i - k i n h te - v an ho a - kho a hoc k i

th u at v a q u an he san x u at xa h o i San p ham eua qua t r i n h

giao due la n h an each hoc sinh dUde p hat tri e n d m o t t r i n h

do nhat d i n h tu y theo muc ti e u cua m 6i g iai d o an g iao d ue

San p h am do p h ai tho a m an d iid c hai ti e u c hi cd b an:

- M o t la p h u hd p v 6i cae ehuan mxlc da dUde xa ho i q u y

d i n h m ang ti n h ben v iJng, p ho b ien

• •• - H a i la p h ai d ap i l n g p huc v u k i p th d i cac y eu cau to n

tai, p hat tri e n kh o n g ng if ng cua xa ho i v a m 6i ca nhan, tao

ra sU th i c h i i n g eao g iiia ca n h an v a sU b ien d o i n h an h cho ng

tro n g th\ic te ciia m o i tri i d n g k i n h te c h i n h t r i kho a hoc

-k i th u at - v an ho a - xa ho i

Ttf sii p h an ti c h cac m o i q u an he b ien c hiing giiJa cac

th an h to ' cua qua t r i n h g iao d ue, ta c6 the th i e t lap sd do ve

mo'i q u an he do nhif sau:

s n ' i v j - f l i l i l f j f i : xa hoi

Moi trirdng kinh te, chinh trj, van hoa, xa hoi

M : M u c d ic h g iao due C: C hu the g iao due (giao v ien) '

H : Ca n h an v a tap the hoc sinh

N : N o i d u ng , n h i e m v u giao due P: Phif d ng p hap g iao due

Pt: Phiid ng ti e n g iao due

H TTC : H i n h th i i c to chiic g iao due

Kq : Ke t qua g iao due K: Kh ac h the g iao due (hoc sinh)

i i i ; : i- " '

C hu ng ta c6 the h ie u sd do tre n n h i i sau:

Giao v i e n can c ii vao muc d ic h g iao due (do la cac y eu cau ve t h i tri i d n g lao d o ng xa ho i) de liia ehd n no i d u ng ,

p hUd ng p hap , p h i i d n g ti e n v a h i n h thiic to chiic g iao due tac

d o ng vao ca n h an v a tap the hoc sin h Q ua t r i n h tac d o ng do

se cho ra m o t ket qua n h at d i n h , ke t qua la m o t t r i n h do

p h at tr i e n n h an each m 6i eua_hoc_smh._T^^l^^^^ qua g iao due

t h uzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA dxiOc, n h a giao due so s a n hzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA v 6 i muc dich giao due de dieu

c h i n h noi d u n g , phifdng p h a p tiep tuc t a c dong d e n hoc

s i n h t h e o hiidng muc dich Dong thdi ngifdi hoc s i n h ciing

canzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA CLf vao ke't q u a ( n h a n xet, d a n h gia cua giao vien, cua

t a p t h e ) de til dieu c h i n h sU p h a t t r i e n cua m i n h cho p h u

hdp Q u a t r i n h giao due bao gid ciing difdc dien r a t r o n g mot

moi trUdng k i n h te, c h i n h tri, v a n hoa xa hoi n h a t d i n h (moi

trUdng VI mo)

2 BAN CHAT VA D A C DIEM CUA QUA TRINH GIAO DUG

2.1 Ban chaft cua qua trinh giao due ^

2.1.1 Casafxac dmh ban chat qua trinh giao due

a Qua trinh xa hoi hinh thanh va phat triSn ca nhan con ngi/di (qua

trinh xa hoi hoa ca nhan con nguai)

Q u a t r i n h giao due la q u a t r i n h h i n h t h a n h mot k i e u

n h a n each t r o n g xa hoi Su p h a t t r i e n ca n h a n con ngifdi

dUdc quy d i n h bcii t a c dong q u a lai cua cac n h a n to xa hoi va

n h a n to' s i n h hoc, t r o n g dozyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA s\i \iu t i e n h a n g d a u t h u o c ve cac

n h a n to' xa hoi Ca n h a n con ngUdi dUdc p h a t t r i e n dxidi a n h

hUdng cua chiidng t r i n h c6 t i n h c h a t xa hoi va eiia svt ke

thiia CO t i n h c h a t xa hoi Q u a t r i n h xa hoi hoa ca n h a n con

ngUdi la q u a t r i n h bien mot con ngUdi v 6 i t u c h a t t u n h i e n ,

s i n h hoc t h a n h mot t h a n h vien cua xa hoi (utng v d i c a c giai

doan p h a t t r i e n lich sxi cu t h e cua xa hoi) c6 day du cac gia

t r i xa hoi de t h a m gia vao cac b o a t dong cua xa hoi Do do

muo'n xac d i n h dUdc b a n c h a t ciia q u a t r i n h giao due p h a i

x u a t p h a t tuf cd che c6 t i n h xa hoi ciia no la sU t r u y e n d a t va

linh hoi cac k i n h n g h i e m lich sii - xa hoi cua cac t h e he t r u d c

t r o n g cac linh vUc b o a t dong ciia ddi so'ng xa hoi, nhd do ca

n h a n chiem linh dUdc cac gia tr i v a n hoa cua loai ngUdi, bien

no t h a n h n h a n each, i J v ; ; r ; a u H U ! , , , • ,

b Quan he supham isuo r ; r ; ; ^ f i j /

Q u a t r i n h giao due luon c6 mo'i q u a n he giQa n h a giao due va ngiidi diidc giao due (hoac t a p the) goi la q u a n he sif

p h a m - mot loai q u a n he xa hoi Q u a n he sif p h a m n a y luon luon c h i u sU chi phoi ciia cac q u a n he c h i n h tri, tU tUdng,

v a n hoa, xa hoi, k i n h te, k h o a hoc - ki t h u a t dac biet la

n h i 3 n g q u a n he c h i n h tr i - xa hoi Q u a n he sU p h a m la cd sci

de xac d i n h b a n c h a t ciia q u a t r i n h giao due la p h a i t h o n g

n h a t giQa h a i m a t (tac dong giao due ciia n h a giao due va svt

tU giac, tich c\lc t i e p n h a n , tU dieu c h i n h eiia ngUdi difdc giao

due) ciia q u a t r i n h giao due Q u a t r i n h giao due p h a i t h i e t lap dUdc mo'i q u a n he sif p h a m giiia n h a giao due v 6 i ngiidi diidc giao due (giiia ngiidi day va ngiidi hoc) mdi thUc b i e n diide q u a n h e giiia ngiidi hoe v 6 i t h e gidi b i e n thiic, ngUdi hoc mdi c h i e m l i n h diidc nhiJng gia t r i cua n e n v a n hoa n h a n loai bien no t h a n h nhijtng gia tr i ( p h a m c h a t , n a n g liic) ciia moi

ca n h a n con ngiidi C h u n g ta p h a i x u a t p h a t tii h a i m a t q u a n

he, t a c dong q u a lai bien chiing n a y de xem xet b a n c h a t ciia

q u a t r i n h giao due

2.1.2 Ban chat cua qua trinh giao due

a Qua trinh giao due - mot qua trinh xa hoi hinh thanh con nguai

Q u a t r i n h giao due n h S m h i n h t h a n h va p h a t t r i e n ca

n h a n con ngiidi trc) t h a n h n h i i n g t h a n h vien xa hoi Nhufng

t h a n h vien do p h a i thoa m a n difdc h a i m a t : viia p h u hdp (thich ling) vdi cac yeu cau cua xa hoi d moi giai doan p h a t

t r i e n viia c6 k h a n a n g tac dong cai tao xay diing xa hoi l a m

cho no ton t a i va phat t r i e n Nhijfng net ban chat cua ca

n h a n con ngiJcii c h i n h la do cac mo'i quan he xa hoi hdp

t h a n h Qua t r i n h giao due la qua t r i n h l a m cho ngifcii dUde

giao due (hoc sinh) y thiiczyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA dxiOc cac quan he xa hoi va cac gia

t r i ciia no de r o i biet van dung vao cac l i n h vUe cua ddi song

xa hoi: k i n h te, van hoa - xa hoi, dao diic, ton giao, phap

l u a t , gia d i n h , i l n g xii nham thoa m a n n h u cau eua ca

n h a n va yeu cau cua xa h o i , ,

J, Net ban chat r a t cd ban cua qua t r i n h giao due n h i i n g

pham chat nhan each xa hoi chu nghia la lam cho hoc sinh c6

y thufc dung d^n, day d u ve cae quan he xa hoi (trong do quan

trong la cac quan he ehinh t r i - tif tUdng, k i n h te, phap luat,

dao dufc), ve cac noi dung chuan mile, y nghia xa hoi eua no va

biet van dung dung ddn cac yeu cau, cae quy dinh eua xa hoi

trong cac l i n h viJc boat dong va ddi song xa hoi Qua t r i n h van

dung, t r a i nghiem eac quan he xa hoi do se giup hoc sinh

(ngifdi dUde giao due) tieh luy difdc k i n h nghiem xa hoi (thdc

t i i n ) , C O n h u cau, va biet the hien dung din eac quan he xa

hoi trong boat dong, ddi song cua ea nhan va vao viec cai tao

xa hoi C h i n h t r o n g qua t r i n h t h a m gia vao cac quan he xa

hoi nh\i vay se giup cho hoe sinh khSng d i n h nhiJng quan he

xa hoi mdi xa hoi ehu nghia trong moi l i n h v\ic cua cuoc song

va biet loai bo k h o i ban than nhiJng quan niem, nhuthg bieu

hien tieu c\lc, lac hau, tan dxi cua kieu nhan each eii khong

eon p h u hdp vdi xa hoi dUdng thdi Qua t r i n h do lai tao ra sti

phat t r i e n cho m6i ca nhan va ca xa hoi ,

b Qua trinh giao due la qua trinh to chifc cuoc song, hoat dong va

giao luu cua hoc sinh

Qua t r i n h giao due la qua t r i n h l a m h i n h t h a n h cai ban

chat ngiidi - ban chat xa h o i t r o n g moi ca n h a n mot each c6 y thiie, la qua t r i n h to chiic de moi ea n h a n chiem l i n h dUdc cac lUc liidng ban chat xa hoi cua con ngUdi diidc bieu h i e n d toan bo cae quan he xa hoi cua ho (ca n h a n hoa cac loai quan

he xa hoi) T r i e t hoc mac-xit da k h a n g d i n h : Ban chat xa hoi cua con ngddi chi eo dildc k h i no t h a m gia vao ddi song xa

hoi dich thUe t h o n g qua boat dong va giao \\iu d mot moi

trUdng van hoa (van hoa vat chat va t i n h t h i n ) Do do viec tiep can v6i ban chat qua t r i n h giao due buoc chung ta p h a i xem xet qua t r i n h to chile ddi song, hoat dong va giao l i i u cua doi t i i d n g giao due nhU the nao Qua t r i n h giao due luon

gan l i e n v d i qua t r i n h song, hoat dong cua eon ngiidi d ba

dang thiic sau:zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA f zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBAJ

- N h a giao due va eac Idc liidng giao due to chiic, thiJc

h i e n qua t r i n h giao due doi v d i tap the va ea n h a n tre em

- Qua t r i n h song, boat dong va giao l i l u ciia moi ea n h a n giup ho t i i t i c h l i i y diide cac gia t r i , v a n hoa, xa hoi

- T u ren l u y e n , txl giao due de k h i n g d i n h , cai tao ban

l a m cho ea n h a n biet song p h i i hdp v6i cae quan he xa hoi

Do c h i n h la sU t h i c h l i n g , t h i c h n g h i ciia ca n h a n vdi xa hoi

do qua t r i n h giao due tao nen

H o a t dong va giao \\iu la h a i mat ed ban, thong nhat

t r o n g cuoc song cua eon ngiidi va cung la dieu k i e n t a t yeu eua sU h i n h t h a n h va phat t r i e n n h a n each ciia ea n h a n

k h a c , d i i a t r e m d i s i n h r a y t h i i c , n h a n ea ch c u a n o c h i i a c6

g i ca Q u a t r i n h d i i a t r e 16n l e n t r o n g m o i t r i i d n g v a n m i n h

cua xa hoi loai ngUdi, t h a m t h a u nhijfng n h i i n g gia t r i van

hoa cua loai ngUdi de tao ra n h a n each eua c h i n h m i n h - qua

t r i n h do la qua t r i n h xa hoi hoa con ngUdi Giao due la qua

t r i n h xa hoi hoa con ngUdi mot each eo muc dich, eo y thiie,

la con dUdng xa hoi hoa con ngUdi cd ban va quan t r o n g

n h a t Do la qua t r i n h giup t r e bien n h i i n g yeu eau khaeh

quan eua xa hoi t h a n h y thile, t h a n h niem t i n va t h a i do,

t h a n h nhiJng thuoe ti'nh, nhiJng p h a m chat n h a n each cua ea

n h a n V i d u , yeu To quo'e la mot ehuan mifc cua xa hoi von

ton t a i ben ngoai dila t r e , giao due lazyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA nhkm bien ehuan mvtc

nay t h a n h mot p h a m chat, mot thuoc t i n h n h a n each cua

dijfa t r e , l a m cho dila t r e c6 long yeu To quoe Con ngUdi

dUde giao due t o t t r o n g xa hoi la con ngUdi c6 cac pham chat,

nang liic p h i i hdp vdi cac ehuan m\ic, cac quy tic eua xa hoi

^' De giup tre bien cae yeu eau khaeh quan eua xa hoi

t h a n h yeu eau ehu quan eua ea n h a n , nha giao due p h a i

thong qua qua t r i n h to chile cuoe song, to chile boat dong va

giao l u u cho cac em theo mot nguyen t^c nhat d i n h , do xa

hoi quy d i n h Ch§ng ban doi v6i xa hoi chung ta, viee to

ehile cuoe song, to chile boat dong va giao l i i u cho t r e phai

theo nguyen tkc xa hoi chu nghia, thong qua do de dao tao

eon ngUdi mdi xa hoi chu nghia Thilc chat giao due la qua

t r i n h nha giao due thong qua to ehilc cac hoat dong de d i n h

hu6ng cac gia t r i xa hoi cho t r e

2.2 Dac diem qua trinh giao due

Qua t r i n h giao due dien ra v6i nhieu dac diem dac t r i l n g

khac nhau Viec hieu biet cac dac diem nay se giup cho nha giao

due tien hanh giao due c6 hieu qua cao hdn Sau day chung ta se

xem xet mot so' dac diem cd ban cua qua t r i n h giao due

2.2.1 Giao due la mot qua trinh cd tinh lau dai

Qua t r i n h giao due n h ^ m h i n h t h a n h n h i i n g pham chat,

n h i i n g net t i n h each eiia ea n h a n , nen no doi hoi mot t h d i gian l a u dai mdi dat dUde ket qua T i n h chat lau dai cua qua

t r i n h giao due difdc xem xet ci cac goe do sau:

- Qua t r i n h giao due diide thilc b i e n t r o n g suot ea cuoe ddi con ngUdi, t i l luc s i n h ra eho den k h i kh ong eon song n i l a

- giao due suot ddi (T ham chi ngay nay ngUdi ta con noi den

v a n de thai gido,'t\ic la giao due ngay t i f t r o n g t h a i n h i Co

n h i e u t h i n g h i e m c h i l n g to ngay t i l t r o n g t h a i n h i dila t r e da

CO n h i i n g tiep n h a n n h i i n g k i c h t h i c h t i f ben ngoai)

- Ngay ea viec h i n h t h a n h mot p h a m chat n h a n each

Cling cAn c6 t h d i g i a n l a u dai Viee h i n h t h a n h va trci nen ben

v i i n g , on d i n h cua mot h a n h v i , t h o i quen eila ca n h a n doi hoi mot t h d i g i a n l a u dai di t i l n h a n thiic den niem t i n , t h a i

do den h a n h v i , t h o i quen Cong viec do kh o ng the mot sdm, mot ehieu ma eo ngay diide Giao due - dao tao s6m, l i e n tue, keo dai va eo phUdng phap, phUdng t i e n khoa hoe p h u hdp cho mot boat dong t h i se t h a n h eong

- Qua t r i n h h i n h t h a n h mot pham chat n h a n each doi hoi mot t h d i gian l a u dai , viee siia doi, cai tao mot net n h a n each l a i doi hoi l a u dai hdn Viee sila chiia, t h a y doi n h i i n g nep n g h i ; t h o i quen cii, lac hau, khon g dung, n h a t la nhutng thoi quen - h a n h v i xau da bi t i e m n h i i m t i l l a u thifdng d i i n

ra dai d i n g , trci d i trci l a i m a i t r o n g y t h i l c , h a n h v i cua moi ngUdi nen cang k h o k h a n va l a u dai (vi du cai nghien ma

t u y doi v6i t h a n h t h i e u n i e n la v6 cung kho k h a n , philc tap

va p h a izyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA CO t h d i gian) •

- N h i i n g p h a m chat m6i ciia n h a n each (nhan t h i l c niem

t i n , dong cd dung, t i n h cam mdi ) chi c6 dUdc va t r d nen

vijtng chac k h i ngiidi dildc giao due tiep n h a n va t r a i qua mot

t h d i gian tap lu yen , the nghiem va the h i e n , dau t r a n h ban

t h a n (dau t r a n h dong cd) t r o n g cuoc song thUc de trci t h a n h

k i n h nghiem song ciia c h i n h m i n h cang doi hoi mot t h d i gian

l a u dai Do la t h d i g i a n de t r a i nghiem va r u t ra b ai hoc, de

bien n h a n thiic t r d t h a n h niem t i n

- K e t qua tac dong, giao due, n h a t la cac tac dongzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA nhkm

h i n h t h a n h n h a n thiic m 6 i , niem t i n t h i i d n g kho n h a n t h a y

ngay (kho d a n h gia, lUdng hoa mot each cu the) va c6 k h i k e t

qua do l a i b i bien doi hoac m a t d i Do do cong tac giao due

p h a i diJdc t i e n h a n h ben b i , l i e n tuc theo mot ke hoach on

d i n h , l a u dai dong t h d i t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due i a i p h a i

phat huy dUdc cao do t i n h tiJ giac, no l\ic t i i giao due keo dai,

l i e n tuc " k h o n g c6 g i a i lao" cua ngUdi dUdc giao due (hoc

sinh) t h i mdi dat diidc h i e u qua giao due K i n h nghiem t h i i c

t i e n giao due - cai tao da c h i l n g to dieu do

C h i n h qua t r i n h giao due doi hoi p h a i c6 t h d i gian l a u

dai nen t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due, nha giao due k hong difde

non nong voi vang dot chay g i a i doan N h a giao due can

p h a izyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA C O dufc t i n h k i e n t r i , ben b i , c6 t i n h tU k i e m che cao

Can p h a i c6 qua t r i n h l a u d a i mdi d a n h gia difdc h i e u

qua giao due Dac biet p h a i t h a n t r o n g k h i n h i n n h a n d a n h

gia eon ngiidi M o t ngUdi dang to't t h i kh on g the xau ngay

diidc Ngifdc l a i , mot ngifdi dang xau t h i ciing k hong hy vong

tot ngay difdc Giao due bao gid ciing c6 t i n h quan t i n h cua

no, tiic la p h a i c6 t h d i gian hdp l i m d i c6 sii t h a y doi n h a t

d i n h Su l a u dai cua giao due la do t i n h quan t i n h cua n6 va

t i n h phiic tap cila cac dieu k i e n khach quan va chu quan

khac nhau tac dong den doi tuldng giao due

2.2.2 Giao due la mot qua trinh cd tint) ptiut tap

H o a t dong giao due - dao tao con ngUdi t i f d n g l a i cho xa hoi la mot boat dong d l y kho k h a n va phiic tap - -

- T i n h phijtc tap cua qua t r i n h giao due trUde het nam d doi tiJdng cua no Doi tiJdng cua qua t r i n h giao due la con ngUdi, ma thuc chat la t a m hon con ngUdi, cai n g i i d i khae

k h o n g trvfc tiep n h i n t h a y dUdc ( T r i n h a n , t r i dien, bat t r i

t a m ) Con do'i t i i d n g cua cac qua t r i n h hoat dong khac ed the

n h i n t h a y mot each t r i i e quan, cd the t r i giac trUe ti ep Qua

t r i n h giao due tao r a s\i chuyen bien t r o n g t a m hon moi con

ngiidi ciing k h o n g the danh gia ngay diidc, kho d i n h t i n h

d i n h l i i d n g diidc mot each ro r a n g M o i ca n h a n con ngUdi la mot the gidi day b i an va het siie phvic tap, doi h o i p h a i cd

t h d i gian va dieu k i e n mdi cd the n h a n thiic diidc

- T h i i h a i , ket qua qua t r i n h giao due c h i u sii tac dong ciia r a t n h i e u n h a n t o ' k h a c h quan, chu quan, ben t r o n g , ben ngoai khac n h a u

Cac n h a n to' k h a c h quan l a ; cae sii k i e n , quan he k i n h

te, c h i n h t r i , xa h o i , t i i t i i d n g - v a n hda, phong tuc, tap quan , cac hoat dong giao due d t r o n g va ngoai nha t r i i d n g , cac no i d u n g t h o n g t i n - van hda - nghe t h u a t t u y e n t r u y e n qua cac p h i i d n g t i e n va cac kenh thong t i n khac n h a u Cac yeu to' k h a c h quan nay tac dong den qua t r i n h giao due vdi

n h i e u miie do khac n h a u va deu ed tac dong giao due den hoc

s i n h N d ed the t h o n g n h a t ho t r d cho qua t r i n h giao due ciia nha t r i i d n g dat h i e u qua cao ciing cd the cd m a u t h u i n , l a m

h a n che, suy gia m , t h a m chi l a m v6 h i e u hda ket qua ciia qua t r i n h giao due cua nha t r i i d n g V i d u , cac quan he to't

^dep t r o n g xa h o i m d i tao t h u a n Idi cho qua t r i n h giao due eae

g ia t r i n h a n v a n , If tU cfng cao ca ch o hoc s i n h N gU d c l a i , cac

- Cong tac giao due p h a i t i n h den nhiJng dae diem cua

tCfng loai doi t i i d n g cu the: dae diem tarn h' liia t u o i , dieu

k i e n hoan eanh song, nhiJng dign bien phiie t a p , eo le ciia

t i i n g t i n h huong eu the de nha giao due eo the n h i n t h a y

hoae d u doan n h i i n g nguyen n h a n (sau xa va trU6e mSt) eua

cae bieu hien (tot, xau) cua t h a i do, h a n h v i , t h o i quen zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA tH

do mdizyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA CO bien phap p h u hdp - h i i u hieu giong n h u phae do

- Qua t r i n h giao due luon p h a i g i a i quyet cae m a u t h u f i n

x u n g dot cu the gifla yeu cau, n h i e m v u giao due va p h a m

chat nang lue, tarn h' ehu quan ciia ngiidi dUdc giao due M a u

t h u a n t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due t h i f d n g nay s i n h k h i hoe s i n h

p h a i g i a i quyet mot n h i e m v u giao due mdi nhUng t r i n h do

dulde giao due hien c6 lai chua d t i

- Qua t r i n h giao due p h a i dae biet ehu y r e n l u y e n ,

l u y e n tap phUdng thiie, thao tac, k i nang the h i e n cae yeu

cau, noi dung, ehuan mUe xa hoi ve n h i e u m a t , n h i e u I m h

vUe t r o n g ddi song cua ca n h a n , bien nhiJng yeu cau do t\i

ben ngoai t h a n h net t i n h each rieng, doe dao cua m6i eon

ngifdi Do cung c h i n h la ket qua p h a i dat dUdc cua qua t r i n h

giao due

- Qua t r i n h giao due diide dien ra t r o n g t h d i gian, t h d i

diem, k h o n g gian vcti n h i i n g dieu k i e n , hoan eanh cu the

- Ket qua giao due eiing mang t i n h cu the do'i vdi t i f n g

loai doi t i f d n g giao due doi vdi t i f n g mat tu:ng yeu cau giao

due hoae tong quat t r o n ven ciia mot qua t r i n h giao due cho

n h i i n g doi tUdng cu the V i du, qua t r i n h giao due nang cao

giae ngo xa hoi chii nghia cho tre em k h o n g the giong n h i i

do'i vdi ngiJdi Idn difde

V i giao due mang t i n h ca biet, cu the, tiic la giao due

p h a i p h u hdp vdi tvfng ca n h a n eu the, t i i n g dieu k i e n hoan eanh cu the mdi c6 h i e u qua nen t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due,

nha giao due p h a i thUe s\i t h i i d n g yeu hoc s i n h , quan tarn

sau sat hoc s i n h de h i e u tUdng t a n ve cae em De h i e u biet ve hoe s i n h , giao v i e n eo the thong qua n h i e u each t h i i c khae

n h a u n h u thong qua ho sd hoe s i n h , thong qua H o i cha me hoc s i n h , t h o n g qua c h i n h quyen dia phUdng, cd quan cha me hoc s i n h Co h i e u hoc s i n h mdi eo the ea biet hoa giao due,

mdi CO each t h i i c tac dong p h i i hdp vdi t i i n g doi tUdng

2.2.4 Qua trinh giao due luon ptiai giai quyet rat nhieu mau thuan

Giao due la mot qua t r i n h r a t phiic tap va kho k h a n v i

no l u o n dien ra vdi n h i e u m a u t h u a n

- M a u t h u l n giiia yeu cau, quy ehuan ehung cua xa h o i vdi nguyen vong, n h u cau ciia ca n h a n

Qua t r i n h giao due la qua t r i n h l a m cho moi ca n h a n y

thiic, ehuyen t a i cae yeu eau giao due t\i ben ngoai (yeu cau

ciia xa hoi t h a n h yeu cau ben t r o n g , t h a n h n h a n thiie, n i e m

t i n , dong cd, xu hudng ) cua ea n h a n Hoe s i n h , t r e em noi

chung CO the tiep n h a n cae yeu cau giao due cua nha trUdng,

gia d i n h vdi cac miic do khac n h a u : t h i c h t h u hit buoc,

nghia v u , k h o n g muon thiie h i e n hoae chong do'i l a i v.v

T r o n g thvfc te giao due e6 n h i i n g viee hoe s i n h k h o n g t h i e h

n h i f n g v i n buoc p h a i l a m ; hoae ngUde l a i c6 n h i i n g cai,

n h i i n g viee hoe s i n h mong muo'n nhUng l a i b i ngan cam , i\i

do nay s i n h loai m a u t h u i n r a t pho bien t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due la m a u t h u I n g i i i a yeu cau chung cua xa hoi vdi nguyen vong, n h u cau eua ea n h a n V i nhU giao due dao dile

xa hoi yeu cau moi ca n h a n p h a i tieh eUc t h a m gia dong gop

cong siic vao cac cong tac xa hoi, tap the; nhiJng cd che xa hoi

hien nay l a i c6 qua n h i e u ngUdi chi t i c h cUc hoat dong v i Idi

ich ciia ca n h a n m i n h , con t i n h t i c h cUc xa hoi t h i l a i h i giam zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

S l i t t h a m chi "dong bang" T r o n g giao due k h o n g phai bao

gid, bat k i luc nao cai chung, cai yeu cau p h a i thuc h i e n

cung l u o n p h u hdp, dap i l n g dUdc nguyen vong ciia ca n h a n

Rat n h i e u yeu cau, quy d i n h ciia xa hoi bat buoc moi ngUdi

p h a i thxic h i e n la v i Idi ich chung, v i quyen Idi cua xa hoi,

ciia mot g i a i cap dang t h o n g t r i N h U n g v i ca n h a n k h o n g

dUdc giao due, k h o n g y t h i l c dUdc t i n h t a t yeu ciia cac yeu

cau do nen hoac la ho bang quang, hoac k h o n g thUc h i e n ,

cho'ng doi V a n de dat ra la chi k h i nao n h f l n g yeu cau cua

xa hoi (yeu cau giao due) m a n g t i n h k h a c h q u a n , t i e n bo,

thue SLf v i moi ngUdi t h i se diidc ca n h a n tiep n h a n mot

each t u giac t i c h cUe hdn

- M a u t h u l n giufa n h u cau va k h a nangzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA thuc hien cua

moi ca n h a n

Ca n h a n con ngUdi nao eiing luon luon c6 n h i e u mong

muon, n h u cau nguyen vong G i i i a cai mong muon va k h a

nang c6 the dat dxiOc luon eo nhiJng mau t h u i n Thong

thUdng t h i eo k i e u m a u t h u ^ n "lUe bat tong t a m " (muon l a m

dieu gi do n h i i n g site liie dieu k i e n k h o n g c6 hoac khong theo

k i p , khong tifdng ling) T r o n g giao due do c h i n h la mau

t h u a n giiia mot ben la yeu cau giao due dang dat ra m a u

t h u a n v6i t r i n h do dUde giao due hien eo ciia ca n h a n M a u

t h u i n nay thUdng bieu hien nay s i n h k h i :

+ Phai thiJc hien mot yeu cau n h i e m vu giao due m6i,

n h u n g t r i n h do diide giao due ( k i n h nghiem) da eo chua

tUdng l i n g ehUa the giai quyet dudc

MizyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA J ix

+ Co n h u cau muon thiie hien nhiem v u do nha giao due

de r a nhUng t n thiic, k i nang, thao tac chUa vUng vang, hoac

chiJa CO nen l a m kho n g dUde, khong diing, sai so vdi yeu cau

+ T r i n h do dUde giao due triidc do k h o n g phvi hdp vdi yeu zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

chu giao due m d i , nen l a m theo k i n h nghiem da c6 (tiic la thoi quen ca) d i n den k e t qua lech chualn miic m6i

4- M a u t h u I n giiia l i t h u y e t va thiic h a n h thUe te

- M a u t h u I n giii a cac t h a n h to va sii v a n h a n h cua no

t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due

Loai m a u t h u I n nay n^m ben t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due

va t h i i d n g t h a y k h i t h i l c h i e n mot qua t r i n h giao due n h a t

d i n h V i du t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due luon luon x u a t h i e n cac mau t h u ^ n sau: Muc dich, yeu cau giao due dat ra t h i cao mau t h u i n vdi dieu k i e n , phutdng t i e n con t h a p , lac h a u Phiidng phap giao due mdi m a u t h u I n v6i t r i n h do nghiep v u

sU p h a m eiia t h a y con lac h a u , viee sii dung cac t r a n g t h i e t

b i k i t h u a t h i e n dai con n h i e u h a n che d i n den t i i tiicing ngai doi m6i p h i i d n g phap hoac neu c6 doi m6i t h i cung k e m h i g u qua, h i n h t h i i c ehii nghia N o i d u n g giao due da doi m6i, hien dai mau t h u I n vdi phUdng phap, phUdng t i e n cii k i , lac h a u

M a u t h u I n nay t h u d n g d i n den sil han che h i e u qua qua

t r i n h giao due va p h a t t r i e n t i n h tvf giac t i c h cUc, chii dong

va sang tao ciia ngiJrii hoc s i n h

- M a u t h u I n giua cai cii va cai m6i

Qua t r i n h giao due h i n h t h a n h , phat t r i e n n h a n each m6i xa hoi c h i i nghia d niidc ta d i i n r a t r o n g t h d i k i qua do

t i i xa hoi phong k i e n , thUe dan sang mot xa hoi mdi luon

d i i n ra viec p h a i xoa bo cai cu lac h a u , loi thdi va xay dUng cai mdi t i e n t i e n h i e n dai t r o n g moi l i n h vuc ciia ddi song xa

h o i P h a m c h a t dao dutc, n h a n e a c h t r o n g m o i ca n h a n con

t h e he s a u dUde T r o n g t h d i d a i n g a y n a y g i a o due eon c^n

p h a i g i a i q u y e t m a u t h u i n g i i i a e a i m 6 i tuf cac quo'e g i a , t h e

2.2.5 Hoc sinh (ngif&i duac giao due - doi twffng giao due) vifa

la kfiaeh ttievLfa la cfiu the cua qua trinh giao due

T r o n g q u a t r i n h g i a o d u e , hoc s m h l u o n n h a n cac tac

d o n g g i a o due t\l p h i a n h a g i a o due v a cac Ivfc l U d n g g i a o d u e

K h i do, hoe s i n h la k h a c h t h e eua q u a t r i n h g i a o d u e N h U n g

k h i t i e p n h a n cac t a c d o n g g i a o due do, n g U d i hoc k h o n g

g i a o due hoe, cac tac g i a t h i i d n g n e u v a p h a n t i c h n h i e u dac

d i e m k h a c n i i a c i i a q u a t r i n h giao due C u t h e n h i i , qua t r i n h

g i a o due l a q u a t r i n h m a n g t i n h d o n g t a m , q u a t r i n h giao due

- T r a n T h i T u y e t Oanh (chu bien),zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Giao due hoc, T,,

N X B D H S P 2005, t r l 5 - t r l 8

3 Q U Y L U A T C U A QUA TRINH GlAO DUG

"Quy l u a t la phan a n h cai ban chat t r o n g sii van dong

cua v u t r u " , "quy l u a t la mot quan he ban chat"'" Nhut vay

ta CO the h i e u quy l u a t (hoac t i n h quy l u a t ) la sU phan a n h

nhutng mo'i l i e n he, quan he t a t yeu, ben v i i n g giiJa cac hien

tifdng, cac qua t r i n h Qua t r i n h giao due la mot qua t r i n h xa

hoi dac biet c6 n h i i n g moi l i e n he t a t yeu va c6 sU v a n dong

p h a t t r i e n k h o n g n g i i n g cua n h i e u h i e n tUdng, n h i e u yeu to'

Quy l u a t cua qua t r i n h giao due cung phan a n h n h i i n g mo'i

lien he t a t yeu, chu yeu cua qua t r i n h giao due v6i cac h i e n

tUdng khae cung n h u mo'i quan he gifla cac t h a n h to'cua no,

p h a n anh cai ban chat t r o n g sU v a n dong ciia chung Sau day

la mot so'quy l u a t cua qua t r i n h giao due

3.1 Qua trinh giao due bj chi phoi bcfi cae qua trinh xa hoi, cae

quan he xa hoi

Qua t r i n h giao due la qua t r i n h h i n h t h a n h ban chat con

ngUdi - ban chat xa hoi cua eon ngUdi V i vay qua t r i n h giad

due p h u thudc vao toan bo eac yeu to' khach quan cua moi

trUdng xa hoi, t i f t i f d n g c h i n h t r i , quan diem dudc h i n h

t h a n h d moi ca n h a n do qua t r i n h giao due dem l a i hoan toan

p h u thuoc vao t i n h chat, the che, dudng l o i , quan diem c h i n h

t r i cua nha nxidc, cua xa h o i difdng t h d i V i d u giad due t r d n g

xa hdi phong kie'n yeu cau moi ngUdi p h a i t h a m n h u a n , thxic

hien t r i e t de ba k i eUdng ( t a m cifdng: quan - sU - phu) No

V I L e n i n But ki triet hoc N x b Su t h a t , H a N o i , 1963, t r l 6 9

da t r d t h a n h dao l i nong cot t r o n g xa hoi luc do Qua t r i n h giao due nhijfng k i cUdng do t r o n g nha trUdng la sU the h i e n

y c h i t\i tUdng cua giai cap thong t r i phong k i e n : bat ngUdi dan p h a i t u y e t do'i phue t u n g , t h i i c chat la de duy t r i t r a t t u

xa h o i de t a p t r u n g quyen \\lc t r o n g t a y g i a i cap tho'ng t r i

phong kie'n difdng t h d i Dd c h i n h la t i n h chat g i a i cap cua giad due t r o n g xa hoi c6 g i a i cap Qua v i du nay da cho t a

t h a y : qua t r i n h c h i n h t r i - xa h o i da c h i p h o i qua t r i n h giao due xa h o i noi c h u n g va cae t h a n h to eua qua t r i n h giao due

t r o n g nha t r U d n g noi r i e n g ( n h i i muc d i c h , n o i d u n g , phifdng t h i l c , k e t qua giao due) K h i n h i i n g dieu k i e n xa h o i

t h a y doi t h i giao due c i i n g p h a i t h a y doi theo, dae b i e t la

k h i t h a y doi the che c h i n h t r i , g i a i cap t h o n g t r i xa h o i Ngay ca cac qua t r i n h nhU khoa hoc, v a n hoa, nghe t h u a t , ton giao, phong tue tap q u a n c i i n g tac dong m a n h me den giao due, c h i pho'i giao due

Noi tom l a i , giao due luon luon chiu sU quy d i n h va che lictc eua xa hoi, h i cac qua t r i n h xa hoi, cae quan he xa hoi chi pho'i Tuy nhien, giao due ciing tae dong tieh ciJc ngUde l a i do'i v6i sii phat t r i e n xa hoi, den eac qua t r i n h va quan he xa hoi the hien qua cac ehiic nang ed ban eua no doi v6i xa hoi n h i i chiie nang

k i n h te, ehiic nang chinh t r i , chile nang v a n hoa

3.2 IVloi lien he c 6 tinh quy luat giijfa c a c yeu to cua qua trinh giao due

3.2.1. H i e u qua, chat liJdng eua qua t r i n h giao due p h u thuoc triidc het vao viee xac d i n h d u n g mue dich giao due (muc dich doi v6i toan xa hoi, muc dich doi v6i the he tre) va muc t i e u giao due cu the (muc t i e u giao due cua cap hoc, cua

loaizyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA trUdng, 16p, cua tufng do'i tUdng giao due, tiing hoat dong

giao due, t i i n g mon hoc, nganh

hoc )-Muc dich giao due la n h a n to' c6 t i n h chat quyet d i n h

toan bo qua t r i n h giao due No d i n h hiidng cho viec lUa chon

noi dung, phUdng phap, h i n h thiic to chile, t i e u ehuan danh

gia ciia toan bo cac hoat dong giao due ciia nha trUdng

3.2.2. Ket qua qua t r i n h giao due t i i y thuoc vao viec n h a n

thiie va van d u n g d u n g dSn mo'i l i e n he mang t i n h quy l u a t

giiia noi d u n g va phudng phap, h i n h thiic to ehiie cac hoat

dong giao due Qua t r i n h to ehiic cac hoat dong giao due l a i

p h a i t i n h den cac dieu k i e n , phUdng t i e n can t h i e t de thUe

hien c6 hieu qua noi d u n g giao due

3.2.3. N o i d u n g giao due quy d i n h phUdng phap giao due

va tao ra noi d u n g hoat dong ciia nha giao due va doi tUdng

giao due Tuy n h i e n phUdng phap giao due eiing eo t i n h doe

lap tUdng do'i cua no va c6 tac dung ngiidc trci l a i do'i v6i muc

dieh va noi d u n g

Noi torn l a i , trong qua t r i n h van dong va phat t r i e n cua

qua t r i n h giao due, cac thanh to' ciia ehiing eo moi quan he qua

lai khang k b i t v6i nhau, tac dong l l n nhau, phu thuoc vao

nhau, trong do m6i ye'u to' deu c6 chile nang, vai tro dac trufng

rieng cua no Sii phu thuoc va chi phoi l l n nhau giiia cac ye'u

ciia qua t r i n h giao due mang t i n h quy luat nhat dinh

3 3 Q uy lua t tho ng nha t b ie n c hurng giCra va i tro c hu d a o c u a nha

g ia o d ue v a va i tro ty g ia c , tic h e y e , c hu d o ng c u a d o i tud ng

-H i e u qua ciia qua t r i n h giao due p h u thuoc vao siJ tho'ng

nhat, anb hiJdng qua l a i giiia tac dong sii pham ciia nha giao

due (gi^f v a i tro chu dao) va boat dong t u giac, t i c h ciJc ciia ngiJcii dUdc giao due (giiJ v a i t r o chu dong, t i c h cUe) Quy l u a t thong n h a t bien chiing giiia h a i m a t nay ciia qua t r i n h giao due bao dam sU ehuyen bien cac tac dong giao due t i l ben

ngoai ( t i l phia nha giao due) t h a n h n h uzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA chu ben t r o n g ciia ngUdi dildc giao due va l a m cho ho t u giac thue hien Su

tho'ng n h a t bien chiing the h i e n d sil tac dong qua l a i giiia nha giao due va doi t i i d n g giao due T r o n g sil tac dong qua

l a i nay v i l a eo sU tho'ng n h a t v6i n h a u viia eo sil m a u thu§n

Viec g i a i quyet cac m a u t h u i n se tao ra dong lilc ciia sil van dong va phat t r i e n

3 4 NhO rng d a c triTng m a ng tinh c h a t q uy lua t c u a q ua trinh g ia o

d ue nha n e a c h ^, ,

Qua t r i n h giao due h i n h t h a n h n h a n each m d i xa hoi chil

nghia cho the he tre d niide ta dang dign ra t r o n g t h d i k i qua

do t i l xa hoi eii d i len xa hoi m6i v6i n h i i n g yeu eau va dieu

k i e n xa hoi lieh sil m6i V i vay qua t r i n h giao due hien nay can p h a i chu y den n h i i n g dac t r i i n g mang t i n h quy l u a t sau:

3.4.1 Q ua trinh xay dung nhung pham c hat nhan e ac h m di c ho

ho e sinh die n ra the o st/ c hg c Ig e , dan xe n

+ V i l a tiep t h u cai m6i, vila p h a i khong n g i l n g dau t r a n h chong l a i , x6a bo n h i i n g net, n h i i n g hieu hien lac h a u , loi

t h d i cua k i e u n h a n each cii (phong k i e n , t i l san)

+ Ke t h i l a c6 chon loc n h i i n g gia t r i van hoa - t i n h t h a n ,

n h i i n g t i n h cam, quan he, h a n h v i dao dile, nep song t r u y e n thong to't dep ciia dan toe ' • + N h i i n g pham chat n h a n each m6i xa hoi chii nghia dang t i i n g bii6c d i l d n g h i n h t h a n h , ehua on d i n h , nen qua

i r i n h giao due phai dUdc t i e n hanh thUdng xuyen, lien tuczyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA d

moi ndi, moi luc Co n h u vay mdi lam cho nhQng yeu cau, noi

dung, chuan mUc t u tUdng, dao diie m6i xa hoi ehii nghia

dUdc on d i n h vQng ehac t r o n g the he tre va biet the hien

dung dan t r o n g eae l i n h vue cua ddi song

3.4.2. X u hudng md eiia, hoi nhap mang t i n h toan eau

Cac quoc gia, dan toe t r e n the gidi dang md rong quan he

t r e n t a t ca cac l i n h vUe Qua t r i n h giao due p h a i h i n h t h a n h ,

phat t r i e n n h f l n g pham chat nhan each mdi cho t h a n h thieu

nien hoe sinh vifa mang t i n h quoc gia, dan toe, vvia mang t i n h

quoc te, k h u viic Dong thdi trong qua t r i n h giao due l a i phai

luon de phong, chong l a i svf xam nhap cua nhfing tU tifcing, loi

song, van hoa phan dong, suy doi, be tac vao dat nu6c ta Do

t r i n h do hieu biet, nhan thiic cua Idp tre con nhieu han che,

nen rat d i bi tiem nhidm nhuEng "doc h a i " cua sU "xam liidc"

ve van hoa nay, lam cho the' he tre kho biet liia ehqn gia t r i

cho m i n h , de bi mat goc, lai eang ve nhan each

A

4 DONG zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Lire VA C A C KHAU CUA QUA TRINH GlAO DUG ,

4 1 Dong lire cua qua trinh giao due

Theo quan diem t r i e t hoc mae-xit, m o i sU vat, hien tUdng

deu l u o n luon van dong va phat t r i e n Nguyen n h a n eua sU

van dong va phat t r i e n la qua t r i n h giai quyet cac m a u

t h u a n cd ban, noi t a i cua chiing Co hai loai mau t h u i n la

mau t h u i n ben t r o n g va mau t h u l i n ben ngoai M a u thuSn

ben t r o n g la m a u t h u i n giuta cac t h a n h t o ' t r o n g cung mot sU

vat hien tUdng v6i nhau, hoac mau t h u i n gifla cac t h a n h

phkn t r o n g mot t h a n h to' Giai quyet mau t h u I n ben t r o n g se

tao ra dong lUc thuc day sU vat, hien tUdng van dong va phat

t r i e n Trong eae mau t h u i n ben trong c6 mot mau t h u i n ton

t a i xuyen suot sU ton t a i cua sU vat, hien tiJdng va c6 tac dung chi pho'i tat ca eae mau t h u i n khac dUdc goi la mau t h u i n cd ban Giai quyet mau t h u i n cd ban se tao ra dong \\ic chu yeu

thuc day sii vat, hien tiidng van dong va phat t r i e n zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA i'-' • =' •'

M a u t h u i n ben ngoai la mau t h u i n giiia cac t h a n h to' cua sii vat hien tUdng v6i eae dieu k i e n k h a c h quan ben ngoai G i a i quyet cac m a u t h u i n ben ngoai se tao ra dieu

k i e n cho srf phat trien

Qua t r i n h giao due c6 r a t n h i e u m a u t h u i n Cae m a u

t h u i n ben t r o n g eua qua t r i n h giao due nhuf m a u t h u i n giuta muc dieh giao due de ra t h i cao v6i noi d u n g giao due eon lac

hku; M a u t h u i n giiia muc dieh giao due m6i v6i phUdng phap giao due 16i t h d i , m a u t h u i n giiJta noi d u n g giao due da difdc doi m6i v6i p h i i d n g phap giao due lac h a u T r o n g do mau t h u i n cd ban cua qua t r i n h giao due la m a u t h u i n giiJa eae yeu cau, n h i e m v u giao due mdi dang dat ra cho ngiidi dUdc giao due (hoc sinh) t h i cao v6i mot ben la t r i n h do diide giao due va p h a t t r i e n h i e n c6 eua ho con t h a p , chifa the thUe hien diide (giai quyet diide) eae n h i e m v u giao due do Viee giai quyet mau t h u i n nay se tao ra dong lUc chii yeu cua qua

t r i n h giao due Nhi3ng yeu e i u khach quan cua xa hoi hoc sinh phai y thiie diidc, r o i ehuyen hien t h a n h n h u eau, muc dieh cua ban t h a n va t i l giac, t i c h c.\ic t i m cac each thufe, phiidng t i e n khac n h a u de thvie h i e n cac yeu cau, n h i e m v u

dxidi s\i h i i d n g d i n , giiip d3 eua giao v i e n Hoe s i n h se nam dUdc cae yeu c i u giao due va biet each thUe h i e n yeu cau t h i

n h i e m v u giao due m6i khac cao hdn, philc tap hdn diidc dat

ra l a i mau t h u i n v6i t r i n h do diidc giao due dang c6, hoc sinh l a i c6 n h u cau muon giai quyet n h i e m v u giao due mdi

do.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA C\i n h u vay, qua t r i n h giao due van dong va p h a t t r i e n

k h o n g n g t o g ngay mot d i len K e t qua la m a u t h u ^ n diidc

g i a i quyet, qua t r i n h giao due diide thue day, n h a n caeh

ngUdi hoe diidc phat t r i e n SiJ van dong va p h a t t r i e n eua

qua t r i n h giao due diide the hien cu the 6 sU v a n dong va

p h a t t r i e n cua eac t h a n h to' ciia no Do la sU hoan t h i e n cua

muc dich, muc t i e u giao due, sii h i e n d a i hoa noi d u n g giao

due, viec doi m6i p h i i d n g phap, phUdng t i e n giao due

Cac m a u t h u a n ben ngoai cua qua t r i n h giao due nhuf

m a u t h u i n gifla muc dich giao due de ra t h i eao v6i cac dieu

k i e n k i n h te, xa hoi yeu k e m , hoac m a u t h u i n v6i ddi song,

dieu k i e n l a m viec giao v i e n qua t h a p G i a i quyet n h i i n g

m a u t h u i n nay se tao ra dieu k i e n eho qua t r i n h giao due

v a n dong va p h a t t r i e n

V a n de dat ra la k h o n g p h a i cii c6 m a u t h u i n la c6 dong

liie De cac m a u t h u I n noi t r e n trci t h a n h dong cua qua t r i n h

giao due t h i p h a i c6 eac dieu k i e n cd ban sau day:

- M a u t h u I n dat ra p h a i dUde do'i t i i d n g n h a n thiie va eo

n h u c i u giai quyet Viec tao ra m a u t h u I n c h i n h la qua

t r i n h diia ra cac yeu eau eho doi t i f d n g giao due thiie hien

Cac yeu eau dvia ra p h a i diidc doi tiJdng y thilc va c6 n h uzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA ciu

g i a i quyet m6i tao ra sU p h a t t r i e n Neu doi t i f d n g k h o n g

n h a n thute diide yeu cau hoac k h o n g c6 n h u eau g i a i quyet

eac n h i e m v u giao due dat ra t h i m a u t h u i n v i n ton t a i

n h i i n g k h o n g t r d t h a n h dong lUe B a n t h a n m a u t h u i n chua

p h a i la dong lUc (no ehi la nguon go'c tao ra dong lUe) ma qua

t r i n h g i a i quyet m a u t h u i n m6i tao ra dong lUe N h i e m vu

ciia nha giao due k h o n g ehi giiip tre g i a i quyet cac m a u

t h u a n dat ra ma dieu quan t r o n g hdn la giiip t r e n h a n thiic

cac m a u t h u a n va cd n h u cau giai quyet chiing

- M a u t h u i n dat ra p h a i " v i i a s\ic" v6i doi tiidng Tiie la

cac nhiem v u giao due dat ra eho doi tiidng khong qua de eiing khong qua kho NhiJng m a u t h u i n do dii6i sU giiip dd cua nha giad due t h i cac em c6 the t u m i n h giai quyet diide Neu m a u

t h u i n qua cad (nhiem v u dat ra qua kho) t h i v a n tdn t a i m a u

t h u i n n h i i n g ddi tUdng khdng giai quyet dtfdc v i the cung khdng trci t h a n h ddng luc thue day sii phat t r i e n Ngiidc l a i

n h i e m v u dat ra qua de t h i k h d n g tad r a m a u t h u a n

- M a u t h u i n p h a i dd t i e n t r i n h eua qua t r i n h giad due mang l a i T r d n g thUe te dd'i t i f d n g e6 the cd n h i e u m a u t h u i n

dd cae dieu k i e n ben ngdai dem den n h q t h i i e t i e n cudc sd'ng,

p h i m a n h , saeh bad, cac phifdng t i e n t h d n g t i n dai chung

N h i i n g ddng lite cua qua t r i n h giad due p h a i la n h i i n g m a u

t h u i n cua qua t r i n h giad due difa den N h i i n g m a u t h u i n dd cac qua t r i n h khae tad ra k h o n g p h a i la ddng lUc eua qua

4.2 C a c khau c u a qua trinh giao due

Qua t r i n h giad due mang t i n h tdan ven De h i n h t h a n h

va p h a t t r i e n bat k i mdt p h a m chat n h a n each nad dd, deu

p h a i tac ddng vad t a t ea eac m a t eua ddi sd'ng t a m l i ea n h a n :

n h a n thile, y ehi, t i n h cam, k i nang h a n h ddng TiJ( l i l u a n

va thUe t i i n giad due ta eo the neu ra cac k h a u cua qua t r i n h giad due n h i i sau:,; , ,

4.2.1 Boi duang, nang cao nhan thuc lam ca sd cho hanh dong

Qua t r i n h giao due trU6c het phai l a m cho ngiidi diJdc

giao due (hoc sinh, tre em ) nhan thiie dung, d u chinh xac

cac noi d u n g k h a i niem giao due vezyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA t\i tudng chfnh t r i , dao

diie, van hoa, t h a m m i , quyen Idi, nghia v u , bon phan, cac

quy d i n h , chuan miie h a n h v i t r o n g cac quan he xa h o i T i i

n h a n thiic (hieu biet, phan anh) d u n g dSn, c h i n h xac hoc

sinh mdi c6 the biet va nen h a n h dong n h i i the nao ( x i i sU

n h u the nao) t r o n g cac t i n h huong ddi song x§ h o i khac

n h a u N h a n thiic la t h a n h phan cd ban cua y thufe ca n h a n ,

l a m k i m chi n a m cho h a n h dong cua m o i ca nhan N e u eo

nhan thiic d u n g se c6 cd hoi de d a n den h a n h dong dung M o i

quan he giiJa n h a n thiic va h a n h dong c6 the dien r a t r o n g

+ Chiia - D u n g hoae sai

Qua t r i n h giao due la qua t r i n h l a m cho (gnip) hoc sinh

phat t r i e n ve m a t n h a n thiie tu! chua biet den biet, tu: biet i t

den biet n h i e u tiT biet n h i i n g dieu ddn gian den philc tap

hdn eao hdn de roi biet v a n d u n g vao ddi song xa hoi

Qua t r i n h giao due l a m cho hoc sinh t\i nhan thiic dung

dan ( l i t r i ) ma h i n h t h a n h l i tUdng, t i n h cam, ifdc md, lo'i

song, h i n h t h a n h the gidi quan, n h a n s i n h quan v.v

N h a n thiic d i i n g la cd sd de c6 h a n h dong dung C h i n h

qua t r i n h v a n dung, t r a i nghiem n h i i n g dieu da t h u n h a n (Jiidc t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due vao boat dong, thvTe tien l a i

C l i n g C O n h a n thufc, xay diJng diide y thiic, niem t i n cho ca nhan N h a n thile la cd sd, la k i m chi n a m cho svi h i n h t h a n h

va dieu c h i n h t i n h cam, t h a i do va h a n h v i ciia moi ca n h a n

4.2.2 Boi dudng nhOnng tinh cam dung dan, trong sang lanh manh cho hoc sinh phu hap v6i cac quan niem, chuan mut dao dCec, quan he - ling xi/ xa hoi ^

Qua t r i n h giao due, t r e n cd sd l a m cho ca n h a n con ngiicJi

CO n h a n thiie d u n g din ( l i t r i ) se h i n h t h a n h t h a i do, niem

t i n va t i n h cam d u n g T h a i do, t i n h cam la siJ bieu h i e n c u the cua quan diem song vdi n h i i n g gia t r i , chuan mUc xa h o i

va ciia ban t h a n No c6 v i t r i r a t quan t r o n g de bien n h a n thiie t h a n h h a n h dong. Tit n h a n thiie den h a n h dong p h a i c6 sii thue day (dong liic) ciia t i n h cam T i n h cam - siie m a n h

t i n h t h a n to 16n de chuyen hoa n h a n thiie t h a n h h a n h dong

V6i v a i t r o la dong ed thuc day h a n h dong, t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due can phai boi diidng n h i i n g t i n h cam t h a i do t o t dep dung din cho hoe sinh Thiie t i e n ddi song da cho thay: eo nhan thile d u n g , n h i i n g do t i n h cam sai lech t h i chiia chac

da d i n den h a n h dong diing, eo k h i con l a m sai lech, xuyen tae, bop meo s i i t h a t V i n h a " y e u nen tot ghet nen x a u " ,

" k h o n g lia t h i diia eo gioi" " y e u n h a u cii au t h a n h t r o n "

D i e u do noi len sii chi phoi ngiide l a i ciia t i n h cam doi v d i

n h a n thiie De boi dUdng, h i n h t h a n h dUde n h i i n g t i n h cam tot dep cho hoc s i n h phai diia vao ed che h i n h t h a n h ciia t i n h cam: tao n h i e u cd hoi n ^y sinh cac xiie cam dong loai va diJdc tong hdp l a i Muo'n vay, t r o n g cac quan he giao due (quan he sii pham) thay - t r o p h a i t o t dep, tao diidc nhieu an t i i d n g

4.2.3 Ren luyen hinh thanh hanh vi thai quen

Q u a t r i n h g i a o due k h o n gzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA diing l a i d cho n h a n thiic n h i f

t h e n a o , m a p h a i d a n d e n d i c h l a con n g U d i p h a i b i e t t h e

h i e n n h a n t h i i e b S n g h a n h d o n g H a n h v i dao d i i e dUdc t h e

h i e n l a p d i l a p l a i t r o n g n h i e u t r U d n g h d p k h a e n h a u v a o n

d i n h difdc x e m l a bo m a t dao d i i c cua ca n h a n T h U c te v i n

conzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA CO stt k h o n g t h o n g n h a t difdc n h a n t h i i c v a h a n h v i dao

den mot mile do nha't d i n h mdi c6 khj\g tU danh gia d u n g

dan nhiJng p h a m chat va nang lUc (^ua ban t h a n zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Tie sU tU

d a n h gia nay, hoc s i n h t h a y can p h a i hudng dich den n h i i n g

gia t r i mong muo'n • • ^

a ' N a n g luc to chile t u giao due

-+ Lap ke hoach: T u neu eho m i n h yeu eau, noi d u n g ,

mile do can va se thUc h i e n , dat dUdc ve mot v a n de, mot

hoat dong hay mot eong viec n h a t d i n h , d i l d i n h t h d i g i a n

t h i l c h i e n , hoan t h a n h ke hoach Bil6c lap ke hoach t r o n g t u

giao due thilOng dvfde xem la tU cam k e t p h a n dau, r e n

l u y e n b a n t h a n

+ LUa chon cac phUdng phap, ph iidn g t i e n de thilc hien

cac cam ket do ban t h a n de r a

- Su no lUe cua ban t h a n de vUdt qua dUdc nhiJng kho

k h a n , t r 6 ngai gap p h a i t r o n g qua t r i n h thUe h i e n ke hoach

tU giao due T i n h tU giac, t i c h cUc cang cao de c6 the k h i c

phuc vUdt len ehinh ban t h a n m i n h bao n h i e u t h i cang h i n h

t h a n h dUdc cac pham chat y ehi bay n h i e u N h i i n g trUdng

hdp n h u vay dUde d a n h gia la ngUdi c6 y chi (hay c6 ehi) cao

- T u k i e m t r a , t i l k i e m diem xem da dat dUdc n h i i n g ket

qua t u giao due n h u the nao? M a t nao chua dat va can p h a i

p h a n dau tiep n h u the nao de hoan t h i e n n h i i n g dieu da d i l

k i e n t r o n g ke hoach t i l giao due T u danh gia va tU r u t ra

n h i i n g b ai hoe k i n h nghiem cho ban t h a n

Do anh hUdng cua moi trUdng xa hoi, gia d i n h , nha

trUdng va do n h i i n g t h i e u sot sai l a m t r o n g phUdng phap,

dieu k i e n giao due mot so', mot bo phan t h a n h t h i e u nien

hoc s i n h da h i n h t h a n h n h i i n g y n g h i , t i n h cam, t h a i do,

h a n h v i , t h o i quen xau, t r a i ngUde v6i n h i i n g quy d i n h c6

t i n h chuan mile t r o n g cac l i n h vUe, t r o n g eae moi quan he xa hoi va ddi song V i d u : ChUa l a m ra dong t i e n nhUng l a i dua doi an t i e u hoang p h i , btfa bai, k h o n g t h i c h hoe tap, ehdi bdi leu long, l a n g t h a n g , nghien h i i t , t r o m c&p, d a n h n h a u , tU do tCiy t i e n , song buong t h a , l i e u l i n h v.v N h i i n g tre em,

t h a n h t h i e u nien hoe s i n h eo n h i i n g bieu h i e n nhU the (hanh

v i lech chuan) can dUde giad due, uon n a n , siia doi de trci

t h a n h n g i l d i tot Qua t r i n h giao due uon nan n h i i n g lech lac

do goi la giao due l a i Giao due l a i la hoat dong to chile giao due n h a m uon nSn, siia chiia, dieu ehinh l a m t h a y doi n h i i n g quan diem,

t i n h cam, t h a i do, loi song dac biet la n h i i n g t h o i quen,

h a n h v i k h o n g dung, k h o n g t o t da dUdc h i n h t h a n h ci hoe

s i n h t r o n g qua t r i n h song, hoat dong giao lUu va da dUde giao due ci n h i i n g dieu k i e n philc tap khac n h a u cua cac em Giao due l a i dilde xem la mot qua t r i n h giao due do'i vdi

n h i i n g ca n h a n - eon ngUdi c6 n h i i n g bieu h i e n lech chuan de

ho trci t h a n h n h i i n g cdn ngUdi eo ieh cho xa hoi, biet song theo n h i i n g chuan mile, le song ciia xa hoi dildng t h d i

Giao due l a i la mot qua t r i n h kho k h a n , phiie tap hdn qua t r i n h giao due h i n h thUdng r a t n h i e u V i k h i n h i i n g sai lech n h i i n g t a t xau cua h a n h v i da t r d t h a n h t h o i quen, dong

h i n h ma m u o n thay doi dUdc la r a t kho, r a t l a u dai (Giang san d i cai, ban t i n h nan di) Doi v6i n h i i n g ca n h a n da bi

n h i i m n h i i n g tU tilcing, quan diem sai l i m , dao diic suy

t h o a i , CO n h i i n g h a n h v i xam h a i den xa ho i va ngUdi khac

t h i p h a i dUdc giao due t r o n g cac to chile giao due l a i dat biet:

giao due - eai tao Nhufng to ehOfc giao due l a i do eo nhiJng

dieu k i e n , phuldng t i e n va Ivte lUdng n h i i n g ngifdi ehuyen l a m

eong tae giao due l a i ( N h i i eac t r u n g t a m giao due eai tao tre

em h i i , lang t h a n g , pham phap, eai nghien v.v ) K h i t i e n

h a n h qua t r i n h giao due l a i can ehu y mot so'yeu cau sau:

- Xac d i n h dung, eu the he t h o n g eac nguyen n h a n gay

ra n h i i n g sai lech t r o n g qua t r i n h phat t r i e n n h a n each Co

xac d i n h d u n g nguyen n h a n mdi c6 bien phap giao due dung

Qua t r i n h giao due l a i p h a i chu y n h i i n g nguyen n h a n sau xa

diide xem n h i i la siJ " t i e m a n " de d i n den nhQng h a n h v i lech

ehuan V i du: Bo me l i hon la nguyen n h a n sau xa l a m eho

con eai mac cam vdi euoe ddi, t h u oan bo' me, chan ddi r o i

d i n den "bat can ddi", lang t h a n g , p h a m phap N h i i n g k h i

xay ra t i n h t r a n g tre bo nha d i l a n g t h a n g , rUdu che, t u tap

lam n h i i n g viec bat ehinh t h i l a i la do n h i i n g duyen ed

(nguyen n h a n trUe tie'p) nao day l a m bung p h a t n h i i n g

nguyen n h a n " t i e m a n " da am i t i i l a u t r o n g ddi song ciia t r e

Xac d i n h d i i n g nguyen n h a n gay ra sii sai lech hoae hif

hong, suy thoai n h a n each ciia m6i ca n h a n t h i l i e u phap

giao due l a i mdi eo hieu qua D i e u do giongzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA nh\ i bae si k h a m

benh Neu k h o n g t i m d u n g nguyen n h a n gay benh d benh

n h a n t h i viec dieu t r i se kho k h a n , k h o n g the eo phae do dieu

t r i ehinh xac

- Co p h i i d n g phap to chiie, tae dong giao due khoa hoc,

phu hdp vdi do'i tiidng giao due l a i De h i e u t h e m va cu the

hdn ve p h i i d n g phap to ehiie giao due l a i , c h u n g ta can den

t i m hieu thule te nghien cilu each giao due l a i t h a n h eong

cua eac t r i i d n g giao dUdng d niidc t a Cac t r i i d n g do da v a n

d u n g l i l u a n giao due va giao due l a i t h a n h eong va tieh l i i y

dude ea kho t a n g k i n h nghiem ve giao due l a i

C a u hoi on tap

1 Qua t r i n h giao due la gi? N e u eac chiie n a n g t r o i ciia qua

t r i n h giao due, day hoe? ^ , <

2 H i e u qua t r i n h day hoe p h a i d i n den qua t r i n h giao due

la nhif the nao? Lay v i d u t r o n g day hoc de m i n h hoa

3 Cac t h a n h to eua qua t r i n h giao due va moi quan he bien ehiing cua chung

4 Phan t i c h cac ed sci xac d i n h ban chat qua t r i n h giao due

5 Phan t i c h ban chat qua t r i n h giao due la mot qua t r i n h

xa hoi

6 Phan t i e h ban chat qua t r i n h giao due la qua t r i n h to chiie ddi song, boat dong va giao l i f u ciia hoc s i n h

7 Phan t i c h cac dac diem cua qua t r i n h giao due va r u t ra

n h i i n g k e t l u a n sU p h a m can t h i e t t r o n g qua t r i n h giao

8 Phan t i c h dong liie ciia qua t r i n h giao due v P ' '

9 Phan t i e h eac k h a u eua qua t r i n h giao due va moi quan

he bien chiing cua chung.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA r i d ' i nrn / j

10 The nao la t u giao due? P h a n t i c h cac yeu to cd ban cua qua t r i n h t i i giao due ,.,

11 Giao due l a i la gi? Qua t r i n h t i e n h a n h giao due l a i can dac biet chii y den n h i i n g yeu cau nao? T a i sao?

B a i tap

1 Doc cac t a i l i e u ve giao due l a i T h u hoach ve cac nguyen

n h a n d i n den tre em hif, l a n g t h a n g - p h a m phap

1.1 Cac can cur de xay dtrng nguyen tac giao due

1.1.1 Triet hoc duy vat bien chung (Chu nghia duy vat bien chutig va chu nghia duy vat iich su) '^'^^ '

vifa la mot thuc the xa hoi Con ngUdi vifa la san pham cua

su tien hoa t\i nhien viia la san pham cua lich sii xa hoi N6i

each khac, con ngUdi viia c6 nguon goc t u nhien viia c6 nguon

go'c xa hoi Ve mat sinh hoc, con ngUdi la san ph^m tien hda

cao nhat cua tU nhien, ciing la mot san pham cua t\i nhien

Nhiing quan trong hdn, ve mat y thiic, nhan each ciia eon

ngiJdi la san pham cua lich sii xa hoi Noi dung tam l i , y thufe

eiia con ngiidi la noi dung xa hoi ma ngUdi do sinh ra va 16n

len, hoat dong va giao lufu Tham chi cac cd quan, bo phan ed

the cua con nguldi nhii bo 6c, doi ban tay ciing khong ddn

thuan la ket qua ciia sii tien hoa tiJ nhien ma la ket qua cua

qua trinh xa hoi hoa, la san pham cua lich sii xa hoi

Xet ve ban chat, con ngiJdi c6 ban chat xa hoi Con ngUdi

la mot thUe the van hoa xa hoi Mac da tiifng khang dinh:

ban chat eon ngiidi la tong hoa cac moi quan he xa hoi

Luan diem cd ban cua l i luan giao due mac-xit la tinh

quy dinh cua xa hoi do'i v6i giao due, vai tro cua xa hoi do'i

v6i sii hinh thanh nhiJng pham chat nhan each, vai tro chu

dao cua giao due trong viec phat trien toan dien va hai hoa

nhan each eon ngifdi Dd la nhutng ed sd phUdng phap luan va

t\i tiidng l i luan de xac dinh eac nguyen tSe giao due

1.1.2 Cac dac diem, ban chat va nhutig quy luat cua qua trinh

giao due

Ngoai viee can cii vao nhiing dae diem va ban chat eua

qua trinh giao due (xem ehiidng 1) lam cd sd de xac dinh va

xay ddng cac nguyen tSe giao due viec xay dUng cae nguyen

tac giao due con xuat phat tit nhiing quy luat ciia qua t r i n h

giao due, do la:

'om uuv t o l l " ' : •• •zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA I 1,1

- Qua t r i n h giao due noi chung bi quy dinh bdi cac nhu cau va kha nang ngay cang 16n ve viec xay dUng cdn ngUdi

mcti eiia xa hdi phat trien (chat iMng ngi/ai, nguon liCc ngiCbi),

- Hieu qua ciia qua trinh giad due phu thuoc vad nhiJng dieu kien: vat chat, ve sinh, tam 11, dao diic, tham mi, nen van

hoa dan tqc (mot triCdng xa hoi, moi trUdng tU nhien),

- Qua t r i n h giao due c6 mo'i quan he qua lai v6i qua

t r i n h tU giao due va qua t r i n h giao due lai; sii tac dong chii dao ciia ngUdi giao due va sU hoat dong ehii dong cua ngiidi diide giao due , _^ , , _^ ,

- Hoat dong di len cua qua t r i n h giao due phu thuoc vao sii thong nhat hanh dong eua cae chii the giao due

- Cac nhiem vu giao due do xa hoi quy dinh phu thuoc vao cac dac diem liia tudi va cae dae diem khac nhau cua nhiing ngifdi diJde giad due, va vad t r i n h do phat trien ciia tap the hoe sinh, dac biet la cae yeu eau ciia dieu kien lich sii

- Chi CO can cii d^y du vao moi mo'i lien he qua lai ben trong va ben ngoai ciia qua trinh giao due mdi dam bao dat t6i cae ket qua giao due toi da trong dieu kien va thdi gian da cho

1.1.3 Muc dich giao due ;>5'S«t>! J * '

Ddi v6i the he tre, muc dich giao due la lam cho hq trd thanh nhiing nhan each toan dien, mot 16p thanh nien co

van hoa, c6 khoa hoc va k i t h u a t tichzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA cxlc, nang dong va

sang tao, c6 k h a nang lao dong va lao dong c6 nang suat cao

t r o n g nen cong nghe tien tien Do la mot Icfp t h a n h nien c6 y

chi vxian len v i svf t h a n h dat, t i e n bo cua ban t h a n vazyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA sU

phon v i n h cua dat niidc wr&r

Nhiifng nguyen tic giao due diidc xay d i i n g phai xuat

phat t i i mue dich do va phai phue v u cho viec thUc hien tot

1.1.4 Nhung dac diem tarn -sinh li cua tre

' Qua t r i n h giao due la mot qua t r i n h tae dong vao ddi

song noi t a m cua hoe s i n h Do la qua t r i n h ehuyen hoa tu!

n h i i n g yeu cau k h a c h quan cua xa hoi (cai ben ngoai) t h a n h

nhiJng p h a m chat cua ea n h a n (cai ben t r o n g ) Do vay, de to

chiic qua t r i n h giao due c6 hieu qua, viec xay dUng cae

nguyen tac giao due p h a i d\ia vao n h f i n g dac d i e m t a m

-s i n h l i eiia hoc -s i n h M 6 i lijfa t u o i khae n h a u t h i c6 n h f l n g

dac diem t a m - s i n h If khae n h a u Dac diem t a m s i n h l i eiia

tre p h u thuoc vao n h i e u yeu to' khae n h i i gidi t i n h , dieu

k i e n song, hoat dong va giao t i e p V i d u : sii phong p h u ve

ddi song t a m l i cua tre p h u thuoc ddi song t a m l i eiia nhiJng

ngUdi x u n g q u a n h ma dila tre trUc tiep hay gian tiep giao

tiep K e t qua n g h i e n c i i u t a m l i cua hoc s i n h eho t h a y r a n g :

t u o i tre r a t t h i e h hoat dong, sU lUdi bieng, t i n h y k h d n g

p h a i la ban chat cua t u o i t r e N e u ehung ta biet d i n h h u d n g

tre vao n h i i n g hoat dong t i c h c\lc t h i nhiJng hoat dong do c6

y nghia giao due r a t 16n Ngiidc l a i , neu k h o n g c6 n h i i n g

hoat dong t i c h eUc, tre se t h a m gia vao n h i i n g hoat dong

t i e u cite va se r a t kho k h a n t r o n g viee eham s6e giao due cac

em nen n g i i d i

15 NhOng kinh nghiem giao due f o h u " / '

Qua qua t r i n h giao due, cac nha t r i l d n g , eac ed quan quan l i giao due da t i c h luy dUde ngay cang n h i e u k i n h nghiem giao due phong p h u N h i i n g k i n h nghiem nay da c6 ttf l a u ddi, da diJdc moi the he nha giao due s\ d u n g va cai tien qua hang n a m va no c6 n h i i n g dong gop quy gia cho siJ nghiep giao due dao tao N h i i n g k i n h nghiem nay tiep tue diidc ke thCfa eo lua chon de l a m cd sci eho viec xay dUng cac nguyen tSe giao due ' ' "

1.2 Khai niem ve nguyen tac giao due

Nguyen tac giao due la he thong nhQng lugn diem cd ban

CO tinh quy lugt cua li lugn giao due, eo vai trb dinh hudng trong viec to chi2c cdc hogt dgng giao due, chi dan viec lUa chgn ngi dung, phiCang phdp va cdc hinh thiie to chiCe nhdm Idm cho

qua trinh gido due dgt dicgc mue dich gido due dd de ra ': ( "i;

TU k h a i n i e m nay, chung ta c6 the r u t ra n h i i n g diem dang chii y n h i i sau: - ' '-''^

- N g u y e n tac giao due la mot he thong n h i e u l u ^n diem, m6i l u a n diem chi d i n mot hay n h i e u mat cua hoat dong giao due N g u y e n tae giao due la n h i i n g l u a n diem ed ban v i

do la n h i i n g t i i tufcing chi dao k h o n g the t h i e u t r o n g qua

t r i n h giao due tre em Tuy vay, ngoai n h i i n g l u a n diem eo

t i n h nguyen tic bat di bat dich nay con c6 n h i e u l u a n diem khae ma t r o n g nhiJng dieu k i e n hoan canh n h a t d i n h ehung ciing t h a m gia chi dao, d i n h h i i d n g qua t r i n h giao due

- N g u y e n tae giao due c6 h a i t i n h chat cd ban:

+ Mot la tinh khdi qudt: no chi phoi cac bo phan (cac

t h a n h to) quan t r o n g khae cua l i l u a n giao due n h u qua

t r i n h , n h i e m v u noi dung, phUdng phap va h i n h thufc to chiic

giao due

+ Hai Id tinh quy ludt: no phan a n h nhGng mo'i quan he,

Hen he tae dong qua l a i giiJa eae t h a n h to dUde nay s i n h

t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due T u y vay, nguyen t^c giao due ehi

mang t i n h quy l u a t chii khong phai la n h i i n g quy l u a t Tiie

la, khong phai t r o n g moi dieu k i e n , hoan canh, n h a t n h a t

qua t r i n h giao due deu d i i n r a day d i i theo cac nguyen t i c

giao due, ma eo liic, eo ndi, eo doi tUdng c6 the bo qua m o t

vai nguyen tic t r o n g he thong cac nguyen tie

- Nguyen tic giao due eo v a i t r o ehi dao toan bo t i e n

t r i n h giao due, tiic la ehi dao toan bo boat dong cua ngiidi

giao due va ngUdi dUde giao due t r o n g viec l\la chon va v a n

dung noi dung, phUdng phap va h i n h thiie to chute giao due,

t r o n g viec to chile, k i e m t r a danh gia nhkm to chiie cac

boat dong theo muc dleh giao due da de r a

- Cuoi eung, nhd sU ehi dao cua he thong cac nguyen t&c

giao due, qua t r i n h giao due se tao ra n h i i n g san pham la

n h i i n g eon ngufdi p h u hdp v6i yeu cau eiia mot xa h o i nhat

d i n h Tiie la h i n h t h a n h d hoc sinh n h i i n g pham chat: y thilc,

t h a i do, h a n h v i va t h o i quen p h u hdp v6i n h i i n g yeu cau cua

n h i i n g chuan miic h a n h v i ma xa hoi da quy d i n h

Qua p h a n t i c h t r e n t a thay, nguyen tic giao due la cho

diia dang t i n cay ve m a t l i l u a n de giup giao v i e n p h a t hien

n h i i n g m a u t h u i n t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due, d i n h h i i d n g

d u n g d a n cho qua t r i n h giao due t r o n g cac hoan canh phiic

tap, n h a n thile diidc n h i i n g mo'i lien he giiia cac p h u d n g

t i e n va bien phap v 6 i muc dich va n h i e m v u giao due, mue

dieh va ket qua ciia qua t r i n h giao due de to ehiie m o t

I

each khoa hoc qua t r i n h giao due nhSm d a t dUdc hieu qua toi ^u

n h i i n g ddn thuoe ke s^n Nguyen tic giao due ehi eung cap

n h i i n g t r i thile ve eae ed sd khoa hoe cua cong tae giao due de ngiidi giao vien c6 the va c^n dua vao dozyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA t U m i n h giai quyet cac n h i e m v u giao due eu the luon luon nay s i n h t r o n g cac

t i n h huong het siic da dang va phong p h u Nguyen tic giao due k h o n g the thay the n h i i n g t r i thiie chuyen biet, n h i i n g

k i n h nghiem s i n h dong, n h i i n g nang lUc va n g h i liie ciia giao vien Cong tae giao due eo dae diem la phai k e t hdp t r o n g do

n h i i n g hieu biet ve cac quy l u a t va cac nguyen tic chung, v 6 i

n h i i n g k i n h nghiem sang tao mang t i n h nghe t h u a t ciia t i i n g

He tho'ng cac nguyen t^c giao due la m o t he thong c6

t i n h chat dong va md V i t h e , cac tac gia khac nhau eo the

, d\ia r a mot he thong nguyen t^c giao due v 6 i so lUdng khac nhau N h i i n g ve cd b a n , n o i d u n g cua mot so' nguyen t ac la bat d i bat dich k h o n g the t h i e u H i e n nay, t r o n g cac sach va tai l i e u giao due hoc ciing n h i i t r o n g thiic t i g n giao due the

he t r e , ngUdi ta thifdng de cap den mot he thong cae nguyen

tic giao due n h a s a u : " ' •

1 Nguyen tic bao d a m t i n h muc dich ciia boat dong

giao due.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA r,nr,>:!;<.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA ,y:, >t;^:

2 Nguyen tic gin giao due vdi cuoc song thiie tien dat nxidc

3 Nguyen tic giao due t r o n g lao dong va bang lao dong

4 Nguyen tac giao due t r o n g tap the va bang tap the

5 N g u y e nzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA tie t h o n g n h a t g i u a y t h i l c v a h a n h v i

6 N g u y e n tkc t h o n g n h a t g i C a ton t r o n g n h a n e a c h hoc

s i n h v a y e u c a u cao hdp h' do'i v 6 i hoc s i n h

7 N g u y e n tSc p h a t h u y mat t o t , m a t t i c h cUc de xoa d a n

mat x a u m a t t i e u cUc t r o n g con ngUdi

8 N g u y e n tac t h o n g n h a t gii3a v a i t r o t o c h i i c , l a n h dao zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

sxi p h a m c u a g i a o v i e n va sif p h a t huy t i n h t\l g i a c , t i c h cUc,

2.1 Nguyen tac bao dam tinh muc dich c u a hoat dong giao due

Tinh muc dich cua hoat dong giao due c6 nghla la hoat

dong giao due trong cdc nhd trUdng phdi qudn triet diCac muc

dich gido due, nhd giao due va dot tuang gido due phdi nhan

thi2e duae muc dich gido due trong mgi hoat dong gido due

Muc dich gido due phdi trd thdnh kim chi nam eho hoat dong

gido due, mgi hoat dong gido due deu phdi xudt phat tiC muc

dich gido due de tic do van dung mot edeh sdng tg.o cdc ngi

dung gido due, tim tbi nhiCng phMng phdp, bien phdp va

hinh thi2c to chiCc gido due phii hap nham thiCe hien tot nhat

muc dich gido due dd de ra

T i n h m u c d i c h c u a h o a t d o n g g i a o due giup cho cae n h a

dich giao due, nhiem vu nam hoe, nhiem vu bo mon nhiem v u

bai day, nhiem vu ciia cac boat dong giao due de tien hanh giao

due sao cho dat dUOc nhiJng mue dich giao due da de ra

- Xac d i n h dUdc cae noi dung, phadng phap va h i n h thiic

to chiic giao due p h u hdp vdi eac boat dong giao due N o i

dung ciia boat dong giao due se tao nen noi d u n g boat dong

cu the cho nha giao due va doi tUdng giao due

PhUdng phap to chiic boat dong giao due se tao nen each

thilc boat dong eua giao vien va hoe sinh t r o n g sU thong

nhat vdi n b a u ^ ; , ' „

H i n h thiie to chile boat dong giao due se tao nen h i n h

thiic boat dong cu the eua moi loai h i n h boat dong

Nguyen t^c bao dam t i n h mue dich eiia boat dong giao

duezyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA CO tarn quan t r o n g t r o n g viee to chile eac boat dong giao

due v i no lien quan den toan bo qua t r i n b giao due, den chat

luldng va hieu qua giao due Do vay, yeu cau eac nha giao due

phai quan t r i e t t u t i i o n g nguyenzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA tkc nay, can nhSc, t i n h toan

k i t r e n cd sd phan tieh eac t i n h buo'ng giao due triidc k h i

quyet d i n h to chile mot boat dong giao due cu the va lua

ebon phUdng phap phu hdp

2.2 Nguyen tac gan giao due v6i thiTc t i l n c u o c song dat nudc

TiJ tudng chi dao nguyen tdc nay Id phdt trien giao due

nhdw dao tao ra nhUng con ngiidi mdi phuc vu ddc liCc cho

yeu cdu phdt trien kinh te - xd hoi, an ninh, quoe phbng, lay

mue tieu ehudn hi nguon nhdn li/c cho xd hoi Idm trung tarn

Gido due nha triidng phai gan vdi thi/c tidn cuge song, tiic Id

phai gdn lien vdi si/ nghiep cdch mang, gan vdi dbi song lao

dong, sdn xuat vd chien dd'u cua nhdn dan, eua ddn toe

T r o n g L u a t Giao due (1998), D i e u 8 da quy d i n h : phat

t r i e n giao due phai gkn vdi n b u cau phat t r i e n k i n h te - xa l^oi, t i e n bo khoa hoc - k i t h u a t , eung eo' quo'c phong, an

n i n h ; dam bao can doi ve ed cau t r i n b do cd cau nganh nghe,

cd cau v u n g mien; md rong quy mo t r e n cd sd dam bao chat liidng va hieu qua; ket hdp giiia dao tao va sil dung -

Qua t r i n b giao due hoc sinh t r o n g nha trUdng la qua

t r i n b chuyen boa eac quan he xa hoi ton t a i khach quan

t h a n h n b i l n g quan he ciia ca n h a n , n b i i n g t h a i do chu quan, phan anb d u n g dSn quan he khach quan noi t r e n , c6 y nghia, gia t r i do'i vdi ca nhan va dUdc the nghiem t r o n g eac hanh dong, h a n h v i tiidng ilng Chinb v i vay, qua t r i n b giao due hoc sinh theo yeu cau ciia cuoc song, eua thdc t i e n dat niide la phai giao due cho hoc sinh n b i l n g chuan miJe hanh v i nhat dinh Nhufng pham chat, chuan miie h a n h v i n h a t d i n h nay se dinh budng cho hoe sinh ren luyen dUde n b i i n g h a n h v i va thoi quen tiidng ilng, t i i do tao dieu k i e n cho eac em h i n h

t h a n h diidc ed sd ban ddu nhUng r a t quan trong eua nhan each ngUdi cong dan, ngUdi lao dong c6 kha nang boa nhap vao cuoc song thiic t i l n dat niidc dang ngay eang doi mdi sau sic va toan dien D6 la n b i i n g con ngUdi dam ngbi, dam lam

va dam chiu trach nhiem de t h a m gia mot each tieh ciic vao qua t r i n b cai tao cuoc song theo biidng ngay eang tot dep hdn Giao due g&n vdi cuoc song va thiie t i e n dat nuldc la g6p phan tieh eiie vao viee chuan b i bu6e dau cho hoc sinh trci

t h a n h n b i i n g ngiidi ebii tUdng l a i eua dat niidc Cu the t r o n g giai doan hien nay, giao due p h a i chuan b i nguon n h a n liic cho n b i i n g thap k i dau eua the k i X X I Ho k h o n g n b i i n g phai

CO t r i n b do chuyen mon sau rong, ma dieu quan t r o n g la can

phaizyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA C O nhiJng pham chat n h i i : t i n h hdp tac, t i n h sang tao,

t i n h cdi md va yeu nghe nghiep Do la n h i i n g pham chat ciia

con ngifdi ma xa h o i dang can k h izyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA hxidc vao t h d i k i cong

nghiep hoa, hien d a i dat nii6c

NgUdc l a i , cuoc song va thiJc t i e n dat niJ6c ta dang t r e n

da phat t r i e n ngay cang m a n h me doi hoi p h a i c6 n h i e u dieu

k i e n M o t t r o n g nhiJng dieu k i e n hang dau la can c6 nguon

n h a n liJc diJdc dao tao c h i n h quy va c6 chat liidng cao; t r o n g

do, nhijfng p h a m chat n h a n each la mot yeu cau r a t quan

trong C h i n h qua t r i n h giao due the he t r e p h a i gop p h a n

x i i n g dang vao viec thuc hien yeu cau do

M a t khac, cuoc song n o i chung va thiJc t i i n n o i r i e n g ciia

dat nxidc l a i tao dieu k i e n t h u a n Idi cho qua t r i n h giao due

hoc s i n h dat k e t qua Do la v i cuoc song va thUc t i i n d a t

niJ6c v 6 i n h i i n g hoat dong phong p h u , da dang diidc coi la

moi trUdng, la phiidng t i e n cua qua t r i n h giao due hoc s i n h

Chung tao ed hoi cho hoc s i n h difde r e n l u y e n h a n h v i va t h o i

quen h a n h v i dung ddn t r o n g cac t i n h huong khac n h a u ,

dong t h d i qua do cac em se t r a n h diidc nhiJng h a n h v i va t h o i

quen h a n h v i k h o n g d u n g dSn

C h i n h v i le do, nguyen tac gSn giao due v 6 i cuoc song,

gkn vdi thue t i i n dat nxidc la l a m cho th\ic t i i n t r 6 t h a n h v i i a

la m o i t r i i d n g , viia la p h i i d n g t i e n ciia qua t r i n h giao due

Thong qua thxlc t i i n cuoc song nhkm l a m cho nhiJng dieu hoc

sinh n h a n thilc difdc t r o n g n h a t r i i d n g c6 dieu k i e n the

nghiem va t h e hien t r o n g cuoc song; no gop phan p h a t t r i e n

t i n h t i c h cUc xa h o i , t i n h t\i lap va sang tao t r o n g hoat dong

nham dat t 6 i siJ thong n h a t giiJa y thiic va h a n h v i , giiJa

niem t i n va h a n h dong t r o n g con ngiidi

T i i tUdng ehi dao cua nguyen tic nay ciing nhan m a n h :

c6ng tac giao due the he t r e k h o n g c h i quy vao cong viec

" k h a i sang" hoc s i n h d cac b a i len 16p, hoac r e n luyen hoc sinh t r o n g bon butc tUdng cua n h a trUdng Ngay nay chung t a deu h i e u : k h o n g t h e c6 viec giang day, giao due va hoc t a p c6 chat l i l d n g hoan hao k h i cac cong tac do l a i tach r d i v6i cuoc song thUc t i e n cua xa hoi ysac.iSia* i '

De thUc h i e n nguyen tie nay, t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due cin ehu y mot so dieu sau:

- Giup hoc s i n h eo nhiJng h i e u biet c^n t h i e t ve cuoc

song, ve thUc t i i n dat nxidc, que hiJdng, dia phifdng thong qua viec to chiic cac hoat dong nhxi: gidi t h i e u cho hoc s i n h

n h i i n g t h a n h tiJu doi m 6 i ciia d i a phiidng, ciia dat nii6c; to chile cho hoe s i n h t h a m quan d u l i e h ; to chiic t r o ehuyen, tiep xuc v 6 i cac n h a n v a t dien h i n h t r o n g cac l i n h vUc hoat dong cua xa h o i ; l i e n he thiic te dia p h i i d n g va dat nif6e thong qua cac b a i day, v a n d u n g t r i thiic hoc diide vao giai

t h i c h cac h i e n t i i d n g xay r a , v a n d u n g t r i thile de g i a i quyet cac n h i e m v u xay r a t r o n g thiic t i e n dia p h i i d n g

- To chile va t h u h i i t toan bo hoc s i n h vao cac hoat dong

xa h o i mot each viia siie: do la t h a m gia vao cong cuoc lao dong, san x u a t cua n h a n d a n lao dong, t h a m gia vao cac phdng trao c h i n h t r i , k i n h te, quoc phong, v a n hoa,- xa h o i cua dia phUdng bang nhiJng h a n h dong t h i e t thiic va eo i c h cho xa h o i de t h a y va t r o diidc gop p h a n vao t h a n g I d i ciia

cong cuoc doi mdi dat nii6c

2.3 Nguyen tac giao due trong lao dong va b l n g lao dong

Muc dich giao due ciia xa h o i chiing ta la dao tao the he

tre t r d t h a n h nhiJng con ngxibx lao dong chan c h i n h M u o n

th i i c h i e n d iid c m u c d i c h n a y, t r o n g q u a t r i n h gia o d u e n h a t

t h i e t p h a i q u a n t r i e t n g u y e n tSe gia o d u e t r o n g la o d o n g va

b ^ n g l a o d on g

Giao due trong lao dong va bang lao dong c6 nghia la

nhd giao tao ra nh&ng diiu kien de thi/ c sU dUa hoc sink

tham gia vdo cac loai hinh lao dong: lao dong ti(phuc vu, lao

dong sdn xud't, lao dong cong ich, lao dong giup ddgia dinh,

va thong qua cac loai hinh lao dong nay gdp phdn phat trien

tinh tich ciic xd hoi, tinh tU lap va sang tao cho hoc sinh,

phat trien todn dien vd hdi hod nhdn each cho cac em

ea ch h oc s i n h : m my • ^imfv zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA >.\;'A v i i i o u t j i >zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA IW ; ' T ' ' I - » ' ' - - - I U V ' ' >

- Lao dong Id moi triidng giao due, v i k h i n h a t r i i d n g to

n g h ia gia o d u e r ie n g T r e n cd sci k e t h d p h d p l i n h i i n g loa i h i n h

dung sang tao n h i i n g dieu da hoc dufdc vao n h i i n g cong viec

cu the hay n h i i n g loai h i n h lao dong phong p h u

- Ba Id, dam bdo mang lai hieu qua lao dong cu the. M o t

hoat dong lao dong se c6 y nghia giao due k h i hoat dong lao

dong ay c6 muc dich, c6 to chiic va c6 ket qua H i e u qua lao

dong cu the c6 tac d u n g giao due r a t quan t r o n g v i no la tac

nhan k i c h t h i c h m a n h me den hoc sinh: no phat t r i e n long

yeu lao dong, yeu san pham lao dong do m i n h tao ra, nang

cao n i e m txi t i n vao nang liic sang tao cua ban t h a n ciing n h i i

long t i i hao ve sii dong gop nho be cua ban t h a n vao cong

viec chung ciia tap the

K i n h nghiem cho thay rSng, neu lao dong t r o n g nha

trUdng khong mang l a i hieu qua cu the, t h i e u t h i e t thiic t h i

se CO tac d u n g phan giao due: dan dan hoc sinh se chan nan

lao dong, lao dong mot each h i n h thiic, k h o n g t i i giae, k h o n g

san^ tao, lao dong khong con mang l a i gia t r i t h a m m i

2.4 Nguyen tac giao due trong tap the va bang tap the

Giao due trong tap the Id diia tre vdo tap the, lay dnh

hiCdng cua tap the, thong qua cac phong trdo cua tap the de

giao due cd nhan Tap the Id ncfi de hoe sinh song vd hoc tap

Id moi trudng triXe tiep de cac em hoat dong, giao liiu, sinh

hoat be ban

Giao due bang tap the nghia Id diing tap the de giao due

cd nhan, dung si2e manh cua tap the de tac dong den moi

thdnh vien cua tap the: thong qua tinh tap the, thong qua site

manh cua die luan tap the, thong qua viec de ra nhiing yeu

edu doi vdi moi cd nhan, thong qua ngUdi dai bie'u cua tap

the vdi tii each Id ngubi Idnh dao ditac tap the bdu ra

V d i each hieu n h i i t r e n , giao due t r o n g tap the vazyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA hkng

tap the, chung ta coi tap the hoe s i n h t r o n g nha t r i i d n g vifa

la mot moi t r i i d n g giao due, viia la phiidng t i e n giao due

Tap the hoc s i n h la moi tru:dng giao due v i :

- No la tap hdp c6 to chiic chat che ciia hoc s i n h vdi bo may t i i quan r i e n g , vdi muc dich thong nhat, vdi n h i i n g hoat dong chung, cung chung quyen Idi va nghia v u , vdi n h i i n g k i

l u a t t i i giac va t a t ca cac yeu to do deu p h i i hdp Idi ich chung cua xa h o i , ,

- No tao nen diidc mot d i i l u a n xa hoi l a n h m a n h : c6 tac dung d i n h h i i d n g , dieu c h i n h va danh gia h a n h v i cua cac

t h a n h v i e n

- No tao nen diidc mot phong do cua tap the: p h a n k h d i ,

hoat bat, h a n g h a i , t i c h ciic, sin sang hoat dong, cam giac

v u i sUdng ve n h i i n g pham chat do moi ca n h a n dat dUdc

t r o n g phong trao cua tap the M 6 i ca n h a n tU hao ve tap the cua m i n h , t i i hao ve n h i i n g gia t r i do tap the tao r a

Tap the hoc sinh con la phiCdng tien gido due vi: V

- No giiip cho cac t h a n h v i e n bien n h i i n g yeu cau giao due cua xa hoi, cua nha t r i i d n g , cua gia d i n h t h a n h n h u cau diidc giao due cua m6i tap the va cua moi t h a n h v i e n Ben canh do, no eon t i i de ra n h i i n g yeu cau giao due cho cac

t h a n h vien cua m i n h

- No to chiic cac boat dong tap the theo t i n h t h a n t i i quan, theo d i n h hiidng ciia cac nha giao due, tao cd hoi va dieu k i e n cho cac t h a n h vien t i i ren l u y e n , bien n h i i n g yeu cau giao due t h a n h n h i i n g pham chat ca n h a n , n h i i n g h a n h

v i va t h o i quen h a n h v i tiidng l i n g '

Be thUc hien nguyen tac giao due trong tap the va hang

tap the, can chu y den mot so yeu cau sau:

+ T a p t h e do p h a i c6 d U l u a n l a n h m a n h ; + T a p t h e d o p h a i CO c a n bo n o n g c o t v f l n g m a n h ; ' + T a p t h e do p h a i t a o r a dUdc cac h o a t d o n g t a p t h e n h a m

giao due t h a i do va h i n h t h a n h h a n h v i , t h o i quen h a n h v i

M o t qua t r i n h giao due dat duoe hieu qua k h i do'i tUOng giao

duezyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA viia c6 n h a n thiie dung, c6 t h a i do dung va l a i c6 h a n h v i

ehuan mUe dUOe the hien t r o n g euoe song hang ngay

Tho'ng nhat giUa giao due y thi2c va hanh vi chinh la

nham gidi quyet moi quan he giUa qua trinh giao due y thiic

va qua trinh hanh thanh hanh vi T r o n g thUe t i g n giao due,

h a i van de nay eo lue khong tho'ng n h a t v6i n h a u hoae qua

coi t r o n g viee giao due y thilc, hoae giao due y thilc n h i i n g

khong dan den viee h i n h t h a n h h a n h v i

Nguyen tdc nay yeu cdu trong qua trinh giao due nhan

each ngiiai hoe sinh, nhat thiet phdi eoi trong viee xdy dUng y

thiic eung nhiC viee to chiie tap luyen hanh dgng eua ngiCdi

hoe, phdi dam bdo cho y thitc va hanh vi cung nhiC Idi noi vd

viee lam cua moi cd nhan diu dat tdi sU thong nhat, phu hap

vdi nhieng chudn mUe do xd hoi yeu cdu

Y thiic tao nen t i e m luc t i n h t h a n eua n h a n eaeh T r o n g

y thufc bao gom toan bo k h a i n i e m , phan doan, danh gia,

niem t i n eua eon ngUdi; bao gom ea nang lUe suy n g h i sang

tao va the nghiem eua eon ngUdi Y thiie nay s i n h , h i n h

t h a n h va bieu h i e n t r o n g h a n h dong va h a n h v i dong t h d i l a i

hudng d i n h a n h dgng, h a n h v i C h i t i e u bieu h i e n sii t r i l d n g

t h a n h cua y t h i l c triide het la h a n h v i thvte te, ma ed sci ciia

no la nguyen vgng thqe h i e n n h i i n g dieu ma ea n h a n y thiie

diidc, da giae ngg diide D i e u quan t r o n g khong phai la con

ngUdi n g h i gi va noi gi ve ban t h a n , ve n h f l n g y d i n h eua hg,

ma la dieu hg da h a n h dgng, da do'i x i i n h u the nao t r o n g

tufng trUdng hdp cu the, do'i v6i ngUdi khac, vdi lao dgng, vdi

t a i san xa h g i

N h U vay, t i e u chi de d a n h gia n h a n each cua mot con ngiidi la siJ t h o n g n h a t giuta y thute va h a n h v i H a n h v i la gan phaim cua y thCfe, dong t h d i la ed sd de k h a n g d i n h t r i n h (Jg n h a n thiie va t h a i do eua con n g U d i Do do sU thong n h a t giiia giao due y thiie va h a n h v i vifa la muc t i e u , vvfa la nguyen t i e ehi dao eac hoat dgng giao due ,

Be thUc hien dUOe nguyen tdc thong nhat gido due y thiie

ya hanh vi, can chu y mot so dieu sau: ^mnp zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA -M . u ; i

- To chile cho hgc s i n h r e n l u y e n h a n h v i va t h o i quen

h a n h v i De thue h i e n diidc mue t i e u nay, t r o n g qua t r i n h

giao due nha giao due p h a i quan t r i e t day d i i eac nguyen tkc

giao due gSn v6i euge so'ng va gan v6i thUe t i e n dat niJ6c;

giao due t r o n g lao dgng va b a n g lao dgng; giao due t r o n g tap the va bang tap the Thong qua cac loai h i n h giao due nay se tao r a diide mot moi t r i i d n g giao due ma d do hgc s i n h eo

n h i e u ed hgi de the h i e n sii tho'ng n h a t giao due gifla y thiie

va h i n h t h a n h h a n h v i 6 day, c6 n h i e u dieu k i e n to chtfe eac

h i n h thiie hoat dgng da dang, hap d i n , tao dieu k i e n eho eac doi t U d n g giao due l u y e n tap n h a m h i n h t h a n h n a n g lUc t r i tue, p h a m eha't dao diie va h a n h v i t h o i quen

- N h a giao due l u o n p h a i la ta'm g i i d n g sang ve m g i mat eho the he t r e n o i theo, n o i va l a m p h a i theo mot chuan mUc sii p h a m M a t khac, no cung doi h o i n h a s i i

p h a m p h a i la n h a to chiie, b i e t tao r a n h i i n g t i n h h u o n g giao due va to chiie cho t r e t i m each g i a i quyet t i n h h u o n g ,

t h o n g q u a do t r e h i n h t h a n h diide k i n h n g h i e m l i n g \\1

t r o n g euge song

2.6 Nguyen tac thong nhat giOra ton trong nhan each hoc sinh va

yeu c a u c a o hdp li doi vdi hoc sinh

Ton trong nhdn each cua hoc sinh la danh gia dung Uu

nhUdc diem ciia tre, do'i xii vdi tre mot cjich dan chii, binh

dang, lang nghe y kien va tiep thu y kien cua tre, tran trong

tifng co' gang va tien bo cua tre tin vao sU thjlng Idi va tien

bo cua tre Ton trong nhan each ciia hoc sinh la tin tUcing

vao siic lUc tai nang, chi hudng cao thudng cua tre, to long

tin nhiem hdp l i do'i vdi tre, danh gia cao nhan ph^m ciia tre,

luon luon c6 thai do lac quan do'i vdi do'i tUdng giao due

Yeu cau cao hap li dot vdi hoc sinh la luon luon de ra

nhiing tieu chuan, nhiing cong viee hdp l i , viia siic ngay cang

nang cao dan va k h i da c6 yeu cau hdp l i , yeu cau tre nhat

thiet phai thuc hien, ne'u tre khong thiic hien nha giao due

phai CO thai do kien quyet buoc tre phai tuan theo

Ton trong nhdn each ciia hoc sinh vd yeu cau cao doi vdi

cac moi quan he mat thiet vdi nhau Ton trong va yeu cau

cao la hai mat ciia mot van de: trong phep bien chiing ciia

chiing ta hai cai do tho'ng nhat vdi nhau Trong k h i chiing ta

yeu cau d con ngUdi that nhieu thi ban than svi yeu cau do da

chiia ddng sU ton kinh ciia chiing ta

Thong nhat giiia ton trong nhan each hoc sinh va yeu

cau cao do'i vdi hoc sinh la quan triet quan diem cd ban ve

long nhan dao ciia con ngUdi do'i vdi con ngUdi, long thUdng

yeu va long t i n tUdng vao ban chat to't dep ciia con ngUdi vao

qua trinh giao due the he tre

Qua t r i n h giao due bao gid cung doi hoi phai thiet lap

nhiing moi quan he giiia ngUdi giao due va ngUdi dUdc giao

due, giiia nhiing ngiidi dUdc giao due vdi nhau, ma cd sd la sd

iriong muon nhiing dieu to't dep cho nhau t i n cay l l n nhau, ton trong Ian nhau va luon yeu cau cao d nhau

Trong nhiing quan he tot dep do con ngUdi bao gid cung ixiuon viidn tdi cai chan, cai thien, cai mi de xiing dang vdi long t i n yeu ciia ngifdi khac, de xiing dang vdi sU danh gia to't dep ciia tap the do'i vdi minh Vi vay, nha giao due phai danh gia doi tddng diidc giao due cao hdn mot chiit so vdi nhiing kha nang ma ho hien cd Ton trong nen cang doi hdi, tin tddng nen cang yeu cau cao, yeu thddng ma khong mem

1 ^ yeu, mu quang, nghiem khac ma khong nghiet nga xet net Qua t r i n h giao due bao gid ciing phai dddc bat dau bSng nhiing c6' g^ng cua nha sd pham tao cac dieu kien thuan Idi

de tre em dat diidc nhiing thanh cong dau tien trong Hnh vdc hoat dong dddc tham gia, hoac trong vice diidc giao va nhd

do CO diidc niem t i n vao kha nang ciia minh < ' Giao due tho'ng nhat giiia ton trong nhan each ciia hoe sinh va yeu cau doi vdi hoe smh, xuat phat tif quan diem cho rang: con ngddi la von quy nhat Con ngddi thiic sd la vo'n quy k h i con ngiidi doi xii vdi nhau sao cho diing nghia la con ngUdi chii khong phai la lang sdi, cha dap l l n nhau, mat t i n h ngUdi Ton trong nhan each, yeu c^u cao Ian nhau do la each doi xii t i n h ngUdi Cach iing xii nay khdng phai chi can thiet trong mo'i quan he thay - trd, nha giao due va do'i tddng giao due ma no con can thiet cho tat ca cac moi quan he giiia con

ngUdi vdi con ngUdi i j

Trong qua t r i n h giao due luon luon dien ra moi quan he thay - trd va moi quan he ay cang e6 y nghia giao due k h i thay luon ton trong va yeu cau cao do'i vdi trd t h i trong tro xuat hien long t i i trong Ton trong vii yeu cau cao chinh la