Cấu trúc 1 ) S + will + Vbare infinitive (100% chắc chắn – dự đoán) Ex : He will come back soon. (Anh ấy sẽ trở lại sớm.) 2) S + should + Vbare infinitive (90% chắc chắn – mong đợi) Ex 2 : He should do it easily. (Anh ấy có thể làm điều đó dễ dàng.) 3) S + ought to + Vbare infinitive (90% chắc chắn – mong đợi) Ex 3 : He ought to be here by now. (Anh ấy phải có mặt ở đây giờ này rồi chứ nhỉ.) 2. Perhaps something happened in the past. (Khả năng một việc gì đó có thể xảy ra trong quá khứ mặc dù chúng ta không biết nó có xảy ra hay không, nhưng chúng ta thể hiện niềm tin khá chắc chắn về phán đoán đó.) S + should + have + PII (90% chắc chắn) S + ought to + have + PII (90% chắc chắn) Ví dụ: Has Lucy arrived home yet? (Lucy đã về nhà chưa?) She should have arrived an hour ago. (We expected but we dont know whether she arrived home or not.) (Cô ấy phải về nhà cách đây một giờ rồi chứ.) III. Modals of logical assumption – ĐTKT chỉ sự giả định hợp lý 1. Fairly sure that sth is logically probable to happen now in future or not. (Sự suy luận có cơ sở hợp lý và khá chắc chắn rằng điều gì có thể hoặc không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc trong tương lai.)
Trang 1VERBS (CONT.)
I Modals of possibility – ĐTKT chỉ khả năng thấp việc gì có thể xảy ra
1 Perhaps something is true now or will happen in the future (Có thể việc gì đúng
ở hiện tại hoặc có thể xảy ra trong tương lai.)
S + can + Vbare infinitive
(90% chắc chắn)
S + could + Vbare infinitive
Trang 22 Perhaps something happened in the
past (Có thể việc gì đã xảy ra trong quá khứ.)
S + could/ may/ might + have + PII
(50% chắc chắn hoặc thấp hơn)
Ví dụ: She looks sad She could have heard bad news
(Perhaps, she has heard bad news Or
someone might have hurt her.) (Trông cô ấy buồn Có thể cô ấy đã nghe được tin xấu Hoặc có thể ai đó đã làm tổn thương cô ấy.)
Trang 3Lưu ý 1: Cấu trúc: S + could + have + PII
còn được dùng để nói về một việc gì đó đã
có thể đã xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng thực tế không xảy ra.
Ví dụ: Speed down You could have hit me (Luckily, you didn't hit me.) (Giảm tốc độ
đi Anh đã có thể đâm vào tôi rồi đấy Thật may anh đã không đâm vào tôi.)
Lưu ý 2: Không dùng ĐTKT “may” để diễn
đạt khả năng trong câu hỏi
Ví dụ: Could it be that you don't want to
leave? (Có lẽ là bạn không muốn dời đi phải không?)
Không nói: May it be that you don't want to leave?
II Modals of probability – ĐTKT chỉ khả năng cao một việc gì có thể xảy ra
Trang 41 Something is probable now or in the
future (Việc gì có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại
hoặc tương lai.)
Cấu trúc
1 ) S + will + Vbare infinitive (100% chắc chắn – dự đoán)
Ex : He will come back soon
(Anh ấy sẽ trở lại sớm.)
2) S + should + Vbare infinitive (90% chắc chắn – mong đợi)
Ex 2 : He should do it easily
(Anh ấy có thể làm điều đó dễ dàng.)
3) S + ought to + Vbare infinitive (90%
chắc chắn – mong đợi)
Ex 3 : He ought to be here by now.
(Anh ấy phải có mặt ở đây giờ này rồi chứ nhỉ.)
Trang 52 Perhaps something happened in the
past (Khả năng một việc gì đó có thể xảy
ra trong quá khứ mặc dù chúng ta không biết nó có xảy ra hay không, nhưng chúng
ta thể hiện niềm tin khá chắc chắn về phán đoán đó.)
S + should + have + PII
arrived home or not.)
(Cô ấy phải về nhà cách đây một giờ rồi
chứ.)
Trang 6III Modals of logical assumption – ĐTKT chỉ sự giả định hợp lý
1 Fairly sure that sth is logically probable
to happen now/ in future or not (Sự suy luận có cơ sở hợp lý và khá chắc chắn
rằng điều gì có thể hoặc không thể xảy ra
ở hiện tại hoặc trong tương lai.)
S + must + Vbare infinitive
là anh ta đang tức giận.)
The boy looks different from them They
can't be his parents (Cậu bé trông thật khác
họ Họ không thể là cha mẹ cậu bé.)
Trang 72 Fairly sure that sth was logically
probable to happen in the past or not (Sự suy luận có cơ sở hợp lý và khá chắc chắn rằng điều gì có thể hoặc không thể xảy ra trong quá khứ.)
S + must + have + PII(90% chắc chắn –
Ann was late for school She must have
missed the bus (Ann bị muộn học Chắc
chắn là cô ấy đã lỡ xe buýt.)
Mark said you were full You couldn't have been hungry (Mark nói rằng bạn đã no Bạn không thể lại đói được.)
Trang 8IV Modals of permission – ĐTKT chỉ sự xin phép
1 Asking for permission (Sự xin phép)
Can + S + Vbare infinitive?
Can I use your computer? (Tớ có thể sử
dụng máy tính của cậu không? - Bạn bè hỏi bạn bè)
Trang 9May/ Might I go out? (Em có thể ra ngoài được không ạ? - Học sinh xin phép giáo viên)
2 Giving permission (Sự cho phép)
Yes, you can (Bạn có thể - thân mật)
Yes, you may (Bạn có thể - trang trọng) Sure (Chắc chắn rồi.)
- May I park here? - Yes, of course./ Sure
3 Refusing permission (Từ chối lời xin phép)
No, you can't (Bạn không thể - thân mật)
Trang 10No, you mustn't (Bạn không được phép -
- May I take a day off? - No, I'm afraid not
- May I park here? – No, you mustn't.
Exercises :
Exercise 1: Complete each
sentence so that it contains
might, might not, must, mustn't,can or can't More than one
answer may be possible
Trang 111 Don't stand up in the boat!
You _ fall in the river!
2 Sue says she's stuck in traffic and she _ be late
3 You really _ start
spending more time on your
work
4 Tell Peter he _ stay the night here if he wants to
5 That's a really stupid idea!
You _ be serious, surely!
6 You _ realize it, but this
is very important to me
Trang 127 Don't be silly You _
expect me to believe you!
8 We're not sure but we _
go to Prague for Christmas this year
9 I learn to fly! You _ be joking!
10 Bill cooked the lunch, so
you _ expect anything
special!
Exercise 2: Fill in the blank
with must have been,
can’t(couldn’t) have been, have
Trang 13to/had to (be) and didn’t have to(be):
1 He knows a lot about flying plane He _a pilot when he was young
2 Vera _at the supermarketthis morning I didn’t see her
there
3 John _at the bank until
10, so he arrived here five
minutes ago
4 When she _at the
hospital? Early this morning
Trang 145 We had enough foreign
currency left at the end of the
holiday, so I _buy any
more
6 Monica knew exactly what to
do I tell her twice
7 There _an accident on South Street because the road is closed off
8 I left a message on your
answer phone last night You
_out
Trang 159 You _ waiting long
After all, I’m only five minutes late
10 The fire alarm went and we _out of the building in two minutes
Exercise 3: Rewrite the
following sentences using the given words
1 I think you should give up
smoking immediately (had)
I think
you
Trang 162 It’s necessary for me to bring
my passport (have)
I
_
3 It’s very inconvenient if you can’t drive (able)
_
Trang 174 I am sure that John is not the thief (can’t)
_
5 I am sure that the cat is in thehouse somewhere (must)
Exercise 4: Rewrite the
following sentences using the given words
1 I’m sure that you didn’t lock the front door Here is the key
Trang 18You can’t
_
2 It was quite unnecessary for you to carry all those parcels
home yourself
You
3 It was careless of you to
leave the windows open last
night
Trang 19You
shouldn’t _
4 I’m sure it wasn’t Mrs Mai you saw because she is in
Boston
It
can’t
5 I’m sure Alison made
arrangement I recognized her voice
Trang 20It
must
6 Maybe John’s working this weekend
John
7 I’m sure he didn’t know that his brother was seriously ill
Trang 21He couldn’t
possibly
8 I didn’t apologize That was wrong of me
I
should
9 I am sure it was Judy that I
saw in town this morning
Trang 22It
must
10 It wasn’t necessary for me
to go out after all
I
needn’t _
Trang 23Exercise 5: Rewrite the
following sentences using the given words
1 I am sure you were surprised when you heard all the news
(must)
You
_when you heard the news
2 It wasn’t necessary for you to
do all this work (needn’t)
Trang 24You
_all this work
3 Someone almost certainly
broke the window on purpose ( must)
The window
_on purpose
4 I’m sure you are very tired
after working so hard (must)
Trang 25You _ after working so
6 I’m sure that you were
driving too fast (been)
Trang 26You
_ too fast
7 The thief almost certainly
came in through the window
(come)
The thief
_ through the window
8 If he is not in the office, then I’m sure he’s working at home (must)
Trang 27If he is not in the office, he
_
Đáp án
Exercise 1: Complete each
sentence so that it contains
might, might not, must, mustn't,can or can't More than one
answer may be possible
1 might
2 might
3 must
Trang 28Exercise 2: Fill in the blank
with must have been,
can’t(couldn’t) have been, have to/had to (be) and didn’t have to(be):
1 must have been
Trang 292 couldn't have been.
3 didn't have to be
4 have to be
5 didn't have to
6 had to
7 must have been
8 must have been
9 didn't have to be
10 had to be
Exercise 3: Rewrite the
following sentences using the given words
Trang 301 I think you had better give upsmoking immediately.
2 I have to bring my passport
3 It is very inconvenient if you aren’t able to drive
4 I am sure that John can’t be the thief
5 I am sure that the cat must be
in the house somewhere
Exercise 4: Rewrite the
following sentences using the given words
Trang 311 You can’t have locked the
front door Here is the key
2 You needn’t have carried all those parcels home yourself
3 You shouldn’t have left the windows open last night
4 It can’t have been Mrs Mai you saw because she is in
Boston
5 It must have been Alison whomade arrangement I recognizedher voice
6 John may work this weekend
Trang 327 He couldn’t possibly have
known that his brother was
seriously ill
8 I should have apologized
That was wrong of me
9 It must have been Judy that I saw in town this morning
10 I needn’t have gone out
after all
Exercise 5: Rewrite the
following sentences using the given words
Trang 331 You must have been surprisedwhen you heard the news.
2 You needn’t have done all
5 One of the men may have
died on the mountain
6 You must have been driving too fast
Trang 347 The thief must have come in through the window.
8 If he is not in the office, he must at home