Chapter 8 part a provides knowledge of classification of joints, fibrous joints and cartilaginous joints. After studying this chapter you will be able to: Define joint or articulation, classify joints by structure and by function, describe the general structure of fibrous joints, name and give an example of each of the three common types of fibrous joints, describe the general structure of cartilaginous joints, name and give an example of each of the two common types of cartilaginous joints.
Trang 1PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides
prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College
C H A P T E R
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
8
Joints: Part A
Trang 2Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Joints (Articulations)
meet
• Give skeleton mobility
• Hold skeleton together
Trang 3Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Functional Classification of Joints
Trang 4Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Structural Classification of Joints
whether or not a joint cavity is present
• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial
Trang 5Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Trang 6Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fibrous Joints: Sutures
connective tissue fibers
synostoses
Trang 7Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.1a
Dense fibrous connective tissue
Suture line
(a) Suture
Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock Found only in the skull.
Trang 8Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses
fibrous tissue)
movable
• Synarthrotic distal tibiofibular joint
• Diarthrotic interosseous connection between radius and ulna
Trang 9Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.1b
Fibula Tibia
Ligament
(b) Syndesmosis
Joint held together by a ligament.
Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but
is longer than in sutures.
Trang 10Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses
sockets
Trang 11Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.1c
Root of tooth
Socket of alveolar process
Periodontal ligament
(c) Gomphosis
“Peg in socket” fibrous joint Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket.
Trang 12Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Trang 13Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses
bones
Trang 14Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.2a
Epiphyseal plate (temporary hyaline cartilage joint)
Sternum (manubrium) Joint between first rib and sternum (immovable)
(a) Synchondroses
Bones united by hyaline cartilage
Trang 15Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses
surfaces and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage
Trang 16Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.2b
Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc
Trang 17Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Synovial Joints
Trang 18Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Synovial Joints
Distinguishing features:
Trang 19Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Synovial Joints
Distinguishing features:
• Outer fibrous capsule of dense irregular
connective tissue
• Inner synovial membrane of loose connective
tissue
Trang 20Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Trang 21Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.3
Periosteum
Ligament
Fibrous capsule Synovial membrane
Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid) Articular (hyaline) cartilage
Articular capsule
Trang 22Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Extracapsular—outside the capsule
• Intracapsular—deep to capsule; covered by
synovial membrane
Trang 23Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Synovial Joints
Distinguishing features:
• Nerve fibers detect pain, monitor joint
position and stretch
• Capillary beds produce filtrate for synovial
fluid
Trang 24Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Synovial Joints: Friction-Reducing
Structures
• Flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes
• Contain synovial fluid
• Commonly act as “ball bearings” where
ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
Trang 25Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.4b
Humerus resting
Humerus moving
Trang 26Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Synovial Joints: Friction-Reducing
Structures
• Elongated bursa that wraps completely around
a tendon
Trang 27Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.4a
Acromion
of scapula
Joint cavity containing synovial fluid
Synovial membrane Fibrous capsule Humerus
Hyaline cartilage
Trang 28Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Stabilizing Factors at Synovial Joints
the joint taut
• Extremely important in reinforcing shoulder and knee joints and arches of the foot
Trang 29Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Synovial Joints: Movement
• Origin—attachment to the immovable bone
• Insertion—attachment to the movable bone
move toward the origin
sagittal planes
Trang 30Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Synovial Joints: Range of Motion
planes
Trang 31Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary of Characteristics of Body Joints
Consult Table 8.2 for:
Trang 32Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 8.2 (1 of 4)
Trang 33Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 8.2 (2 of 4)
Trang 34Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 8.2 (3 of 4)
Trang 35Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 8.2 (4 of 4)
Trang 36Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Movements at Synovial Joints
Trang 37Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Movements at Synovial Joints
Trang 38Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gliding Movements
another similar surface
Trang 39Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.5a
Gliding
(a) Gliding movements at the wrist
Trang 40Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Angular Movements
Movements that occur along the sagittal plane:
normal range of motion
Trang 41Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.5b
(b) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and
hyperextension of the neck
Hyperextension Extension
Flexion
Trang 42Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.5c
Hyperextension Flexion
Extension
(c) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the vertebral column
Trang 43Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.5d
Trang 44Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Angular Movements
Movements that occur along the frontal plane:
extension + adduction of a limb so as to
describe a cone in space
Trang 45Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.5e
Trang 46Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Rotation
• Between C1 and C2 vertebrae
• Rotation of humerus and femur
Trang 47Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.5f
Lateral rotation Medial rotation Rotation
(f) Rotation of the head, neck, and lower limb
Trang 48Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Special Movements
• Supination (turning hand backward)
• Pronation (turning hand forward)
Trang 49Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.6a
Supination (radius and ulna are
parallel)
(a) Pronation (P) and supination (S)
Pronation (radius rotates over ulna)
Trang 50Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Special Movements
• Dorsiflexion (upward movement)
• Plantar flexion (downward movement)
Trang 51Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.6b
Trang 52Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Special Movements
• Inversion (turn sole medially)
• Eversion (turn sole laterally)
Trang 53Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.6c
Eversion Inversion
(c) Inversion and eversion
Trang 54Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Special Movements
• Protraction (anterior movement)
• Retraction (posterior movement)
Trang 55Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.6d
Protraction
of mandible Retraction of mandible
(d) Protraction and retraction
Trang 56Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Special Movements
Trang 57Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.6e
Trang 58Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Special Movements
• Movement in the saddle joint so that the thumb touches the tips of the other fingers
Trang 59Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.6f
(f) Opposition
Opposition