Viễn thám GIS nghiên cứu lớp phủ, sử dụng đất

Trong phan nay cung giai thieu cac p huang phap nghien cuu bien dong cua cac loai hinh ban do noi tren... 14 VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN CUfU L0P PHU, Slf DUNG OATMy co do phan giai rat cao Q

NGUYEN NGOC THACH (Chu bien) DINH THj BAO HOA - NGUYEN THj HONG NGUYEN VU GIANG - DO VU VIET QUAN

VllN THAM - GIS

NGHIEN CUfU LOP PHU, SO DUNG DAT

NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI

MUC LUC■ ■

PHAN I TONG QUAN VE LClP PHU VA BIEN DONG LCfP PHU

CHUtiNG 1 KHAI NIEM L0P PHU VA Sif DUNG OAT 17

1.1 B&n do ldp phu (Land cover map) .17

1.1.1. Mot so djnh nghia va khai niem chung ve ldp p h u 17

1.1.2 Djnh nghia ldp phu trong vien tham 20

1.2 B&n do sif dung dat (Land use map) 22

1.3 B&n do ldp phu - suf dung dat (Land cover - Land use m ap ) 24

Tom tat chUdng 1 25

Tai lieu tham kh£o chi/dng 1 27

CHUDNG 2 HE THONG PHAN LOAI BAN 0 0 L0P PHU - SLT DUNG DAT 29

2.1 Yeu cau cua mot b&ng phan lo a i 29

2.2 Phdn biet chi tiet chu giAi b&n do sft dung dat theo ty le b^n do 30

2.3 He thong chu gidi bdn do stf dung dat quoc gia cua Viet N am 31

2.4 He thong phan loai ldp phu mat dat - sir dung dat xay difng bang vien tham 36

2.4.1. Nguyen tac lifa chon tii lieu vien tham nghien ciiu ldp phu - sif dung d a t 36

2.4.2. He thong phan loai cua b&n do ldp phu mat dat - sif dung d a t 37

2.4.3. So sanh hai he thong phan loai cua ban do ldp phu va ban do SLf dung dat 43

Tom tat chilofng 2 47

Tai lieu tham kh&o chifdng 2 51

4 VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN ClfU L0P PHU, SLf DUNG OAT

CHUONG 3 PHLfdNG PHAP XAY DUNG BAN 0 0 L0 P PHU - Stf DUNG O A T 53

3.1 Phi/dng phap truyen thong 53

3.2 Phi/dng phap vien tham 53

3.2.1 Can cd vao dac diem chung cua cong nghe vien tham 53

3.2.2 Kha nang phan tich dac diem pho phan x a 55

3 2.3 Kha nang giai doan anh bang m at 61

3.2.3.1 Quy trinh giai doan bang m at 61

3.2.3.2 Cac dau hieu phan tich a n h 65

3 2.4 Chia khoa giai doan anh (interpretated k e y ) 72

3 2.5 Tong hdp ket qua giai doan 74

3.2.5.1 Nguyen tac chung 74

3.2.5.2 Mot so vi du cu the 75

3.3 XA ly £nh so thanh lap b&n do Idp phu - suf dung dat 78

3.3.1 Phan loai da p h o 78

3.3.1.1 Phan loai khong giam sat 78

3.3.1.2 Phan loai co giam s a t 79

3.3.2 Phan loai theo hi/dng doi tKdng (object - oriented classification, object - w is e ) 80 3.3 3 So sanh c&c thong tin sif dung trong hai phi/dng phap phan lo a i 84

3.3.4 Kiem tra do chinh xac sau phan loai 86

3.3.4.1 Cac phi/dng phap chung 86

3.3.4.2 Kiem tra d0 chinh xac so vdi mau thifc d ja 88

3.3.4.3 Kiem tra do chinh x^c so vdi cinh 90

Tom tatch i/d n g 3 91

Tdi lieu tham khdo chi(dng 3 92

CHUdNG 4 CAC PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUfU BIEN DONG 95

4.1 Cac khai niem ve bien dong 95

4.2 Cac phi/dng phap nghien cufu bien dong 96

4.2 1 Phi/dng phap thong ke 96

4.2 2 Phi/dng phap G IS 96

9 7

98

112 118 118 122 122 123 135 137 143 143 144 144 144 145 146 147 148 149 149 149 150 151 MUCLUC 4.2.3 Phi/dng phap vien tham

4 2 3 1 Phi/dng phap nghien ci/u bien dong trade phan loai (pre-classification) 4.2 3 2 Phi/dng phap nghien ci/u bien dong sau phan loai (post-classification comparision change detection)

4.3 Nghien cunu dif bao bien dong

4.3.1 Mo hinh hoa bien doi sif dung dat va ldp phu d at

4.3.2 Mo hinh khong gian va phi khong gian de du bao bien dong

4.3 2 1 Khai niem chung

4.3 2 2 Gidi thieu m0t so mo hinh nghien c l / u bien dOng

Tom tat chi/dng 4

Tai lieu tham kh£o chi/dng 4

PHAN II MOT SO UfNG DUNG CUA VIEN THAM - GIS TRONG NGHIEN CIJfU L0P PHU - S if DUNG DAT 6 VIET NAM CHUdNG 5 CO Sd KHOA HOC CUA VIEC IJfNG DUNG NGHIEN CLfU L0P PHU - SQ DUNG OAT VA BIEN DONG L6P PHU - Sif DUNG OAT

5.1 Tinh chat cua khai niem ldp phu - sur dung dat quy dinh htidng ting dung

5.2 Nhflng dinh hi/dng ting dung cua nghien ctiu ldp phu - sif dung dat

5.2.1 xac dinh nguyen nhan va hau qua cua bien dong ldp phu - sil dung dat

5.2.2 Nghien cifu s l / suy thoai da dang sinh h o c

5.2.3 Nghien ci/u bien doi khi hau

5.2.4 Nghien cifu o nhiem dd si/ thay doi ldp phu - sill dung d a t

5.2.5 Nghien cifu cac tac dong pha hiiy tang Ozon do sif thay doi ldp phu - sif dung dat

5.2.6 Xem xet cac nguyen nhan chinh gay ra bien dong ldp phu mat d at

5.2.7 Phi/dng phap nghien ci/u sif thay doi ldp phu - si/ dung dat

5.2.7.1 Phifdng phap vien tham

5.2.7.2 Phan tich dia khong gian

5.2.7.3 Phan tich nhflng yeu to quyet djnh

5.2.7.4 Md hinh h o a

6 VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN CIJfU LGlP PHU, SLf DUNG DAT

5.2.8 Quan ly ben vufng 151

5.2.9 Ojnh hiidng nghien ci/u ifng dung vien tham - GIS trong nghien ctfu Idp phu - sif dung dat d Viet Nam 153

Tom tat chtldng 5 156

Tai lieu tham kh&o chitting 5 157

CHUONG 6 CAC TRl/ONG H 0P NGHIEN dJfU TAI V IE T NAM 159

6.1 Ling dung vien tham va GIS nghien cuTu bien dong lolp phu thj tran Sa Pa giai doan 1 9 7 3 - 2 0 0 9 159

6 1.1 Vi tri dia ly 159

6 1.2 Thu thap tai lieu, duf lieu 160

6 1.3 Tien xif ly anh 161

6 1.4 Kh&o sat thiic dja, xay diing bo mau gicii d o an 161

6 1.5 Phan loai va gicii doan anh 163

6.1.6 Kiem tra dO chinh xac sau phan loai 164

6.1.6.1 Kiem tra do chinh xac so vdi mau thuc d ia 164

6.1.6.2 Kiem tra do chinh xac so vdi &nh 165

6.1.7 Xay dang ban do bien dong 166

6.1.8 Nhan xet sU bien dong Idp phu qua cac nam 169

6.1.9 Xac dinh quan he bien dong Iflp phu va cac yeu to tac dong 170

6.1.9.1 Nguyen ly chung xac dinh moi quan h e 170

6.1.9.2 Phan tich moi quan he gitfa su gicim di?n tich ri/ng Vci cac yeu to dia ly tif nhien - xa hoi 172

6.1.9.3 Dii bao Xcic suat bien dong 177

6.1 1 0 Ket luan 182

6.2 Ufng dung vien tham va GIS nghien curu danh gia ph£t th ii khi cacbonic do suy tho^i rtfng va mat rufng d Ngoc Hien - Ca M au 183

6 2.1 Khu viic nghien cijfu va dQ lie u 183

6 2.2 Phiidng phap nghien ctfu 184

6 2.3 Ket qu& va thcio luan 186

MUC LUC 7

6.3 Danh gia tinh phan m£nh canh quan sinh thai rirng ngap man bang phan loai

anh vien tham va phan mem FRAGSTATS, lay vi du 6 huyen Ngoc Hien - Ca M au 192

6.3 1 Tinh cap th ie t 192

6.3 2 Tong quan van de nghien ci/u 193

6.3 3 Tong quan khu vi/c nghien ci/u 196

6 3 4 Phi/dng phap tiep ca n 197

6.3.4.1 DO lieu 197

6.3.4.2 Phiidng phap thi/c hien 199

6 3 5 Ket qua va thao luan 203

6 3 6 Nhan xet 212

6 4 Danh gia &nh hirdng cua bien dong sir dung dat den liiu Iddng dong chdy lifu vile song Vu Gia - Thu Bon 213

6.4 1 Md d a u 213

6 4 2 Dtif lieu va phiidng phap nghien c i/ u 215

6.4.2.1 Di] lieu nghien ci/u 215

6.4.2.2 Quy trinh nghien ci/u 215

6 4 3 Thuat toan chuoi M arkov 216

6 4 4 Md hinh S W A T 217

6.4 5 Ketquci nghien ci/u 218

6 4 5 1 Oanh gia hien trang si/ dung dat lifu vi/c song Vu Gia -Thu Bon 2005 - 2010 218

6.4.5.2 Danh gia bien dong si/ dung dat giai doan 2005 - 2 0 1 0 219

6.4.5.3 Oanh gia bien dong sir dung dat den luu liidng dong ch£y ni/dc mat li/u vi/c song Vu Gia - Thu Bon giai doan 2005 - 2 0 1 0 222

6.4 6 Nhan xet 224

6 5 lifng dung phUdng phap md hinh hoa nghien cufu xu the bien dong sir dung dat huyen Thanh Tri giai doan 2001 - 2 0 0 3 225

6.5.1 Dat van de 225

6.5.2 Ling dung phi/dng phap vien tham va phi/dng phap mo hinh ho& ban do nghien ci/u xu hddng bien dong si/ dung dat huyen Thanh Tri nam giai doan 2001 - 2 0 0 3 226

6.5.2.1 Gidi thieu ve vung nghien ci/u 226

6.5.2.2 Phan loai anh so thanh lap ban do hien trang si/ dung dat huyen Thanh Tri nam 2001 va nam 2 0 0 3 227

8 VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN CUfU L0P PHU, Sif DUNG OAT

6.5.2.3 Tinh toan, phan tich bien (Jong gia MSI tren nen anh phan loai

sif dung dat nam 2001 va 2003 229

6.5.2.4 Nhan x e t 231

6.6 Sir dung anh MODIS da thdi gian phat hien vung trong lua va giam sat sinh tri/dng, nang suat cay lua trong vu mua 2009 vung Dong bang song H ong 231

6.6.1 Md d a u 231

6.6.2 Khu vifc nghien cifu 233

6.6.3 Cd sd dfl lieu va phiidng phap nghien cifu 234

6.6.3.1 Cd sd dfl lieu 234

6.6.3.2 Phi/dng phap nghien ci/u 235

6.6.4 Ket qua va thao luan 240

6.6.4.1 Ban do dien tich vung trong lua phan tich tif dtf lieu MODIS 240

6.6.4.2 Giam sat si/ sinh tn/dng va phat trien cua lua bang duf lieu M ODIS 241

6.6.5 Nhan xet 243

Tom tat chUdng 6 243

Tai lieu tham kh£o chi/dng 6 244

CHU0NG 7 AP DUNG MOT SO PHAN MEM TRONG NGHIEN C0U HIEN TRANG, BIEN DONG VA DU BAO BIEN DONG L 0 P PHU - S t i DUNG O A T 249

7.1 Lam quen vdi phan mem ENVI (cac phien b&n 4 3 4 7 ) 249

7.1.1 Cac thao tec ch u n g 253

7.1.1.1 Khdi dong phan mem ENVI 253

7.1.1.2 Nan chinh a n h 263

7.1.2 Phan loai a n h 270

7.1.2.1 Phan loai khong chon mau - Unsupervised Classification 271

7.1.2.2 Phan loai co chon mau (Cd kiem dinh) - Supervised Classification 273

7.1.2.3 Mot so ky thuat phan loai kh ac 278

7.1.2.4 Tinh chi so thi/c vat NDVI 279

7.1 3 Mot so ky thuat sau phan lo ai 280

7.1.3.1 Thong ke ket qua - Class Statistics 281

7.1.3.2 Ma tran sai so - Confusion Matrix 282

7.1.3.3 Phan tich theo da so va thieu so - Majority/Minority A n a ly sis 284

MUCLUC 9

7 1.3.4 Gop !do sau phan loai - Combine C la s s e s 285

7.1 3 5 Thay doi ten va mau cho cac Idp phan loai - Class Color M apping 285

7 1.3.6 Chuyen doi ket qua phan loai sang dang vectd -Classification to Vector Layer 286

7 1 3 7 Chong Idp vectd len anh - Overlay Vector File 287

7.1 3 8 Bien tap va in anh - Quick M ap 288

7.2 Xay difng ban do Idp phu bang phan mem ENVI va danh gia bien dong bang phan mem A R C G IS 289

7 2 1 Phan loai anh bang ENVI 289

7 2 2 Nghien ci/u, danh gia bien dong thi/c phu khu vile tinh Ca Mau nam 2004 - 2009 bang A rcG IS 294

7 2 3 Thanh lap ban do bien dong si/ dung dat bang A rc G IS 301

7.3 Ap dung phan mem IDRISI va Module CA-Markov trong di/ bao bien dong sif dung dat huyen Trieu Phong, tinh Quang T r j 312

7 3 1 Phan mem ID R IS I 312

7 3 2 Khai niem ve chuoi Markov va Cellular Automata 312

7.3 2 1 Chuoi Markov (Markov chain) 312

7 3.2.2 Mo phong khong gian (Geosimulation) va mo hinh Cellular Automata 315

7 3 3 Nghien cl ( u diem - dii bao bien doi Idp phu mat dat huyen Trieu Phong giai doan 1989 - 2 0 0 6 319

7 3 3 1 Quy trinh cac bade danh gia bien dong Idp phu mat d at 319

7 3 3 2 Xay ddng ban do Idp phu mat dat huyen Trieu Phong cac nam 1989, 2000 va 2 0 0 6 320

7.3.3.3 Phan tich bien dOng Idp phu mat dat huyen Trieu Phong giai doan 1989 - 2 0 0 6 322

7.3.3.4 ling dung mo hinh phan tich chudi Markov va Cellular Automata da bao thay doi Idp phu mat dat tdi nam 2023 323

Tom tat chifdng 7 332

Tai lieu tham khdo chi/dng 7 333

Ket luan chung 335

LOl NOI DAU

Hien nay, Cong nghe vien tham - GIS da dugc ung dung rong raitai V iet Nam, dac biet trong nghien cuu lop phu dat va su dung dat

N hieu cong trinh va cac ung dung trong thanh lap ban do sir dung dat

da trinh bay ve co so khoa hgc, cach tiep can, phuong phap sir dungvien tham cho linh vuc nay Tuy nhien, trong thuc te, cac khai niem velop phu dat (land cover), sir dung dat (land use) va hien trang sir dungdat (existing land use) dang d u g c sir dung mot cach thieu chfnh xac,

C uon sach dugc bien soan vai m uc dfch lam ro cac khai niem , y

n g h la sir dung va p h u an g phap thanh lap cac loai ban do noi tren

va sir dung dat, du a ra nhung ung dung cu the de thay vai tro cung

n h u cac huong ung dung dia thong tin trong nghien cuu la p phu, sir

du n g d at tai V iet Nam

V ai tieu de: Vien th a m - G IS N g h ien ciru lop p h u , su- d u n g ddt,

noi dung cua sach bao gom hai phan:

Phan I - gom 4 chuong, trinh bay nhirng van de ve c a s a ly luan,

p h u a n g phap nghien cuu, thanh lap cac loai ban do lop phu, ban do su

dung d at va ban do lop phu - sir dung dat Trong phan nay cung giai thieu cac p huang phap nghien cuu bien dong cua cac loai hinh ban do noi tren

Phan II - gom 3 chuong, giai thieu c a s a khoa hgc cua viec ung

dung ban do lap phu - sir dung dat, m ot so nghien cuu cu the cua mot

so cong trinh co lien quan toi cac h u an g ung dung dia thong tin trong

12 VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN ClJfU LCiP PHU, SI* DUNG DAT

nghien cihi lop phu Ngoai ra con co noi dung huong dan ap dung

chuyen d e ’’ cho doi tu o n g sinh vien nam thu 4 va mon “Vien tham -

G IS nang cao” cho hoc vien cao hoc chuyen nganh Ban do - Vien

tham , nganh D ia ly

N goai m uc dich phuc vu cho noi dung giang day tai chuong trinh dai hoc, sau dai hoc, quyen sach nay con co gia tri tham khao cho mot

DANH MUC CAC CHG VIET TAT■

quang hoc)

NOAA

Ca quan quan ly khi quyen

va dai duong Quoc gia

H oaK y

Bien dong su dung dat

14 VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN CUfU L0P PHU, Slf DUNG OAT

My co do phan giai rat cao

QUICKBIRD

Anh ve tinh QUICKBIRD

do phan giai sieu cao cua My

VNREDSATla

Ve tinh nghien cuu tai nguyen, tai bien thien nhien cua Viet Nam

Phan I

TONG QUAN VE LGlP PHU

VA BIEN DONG LClP PHU

Chuong 1 KHAI N I|M LOP PHU VA SUfDUNG DAT

Nhieu tai lieu hien nay dang sir dung cac thuat ngu lap phu dat(land cover), su dung dat (land use) va hien trang su dung dat(existing land use) mot cach thieu chfnh xac 6 nhung noi thuc phu tunhien hoac ban tir nhien thuong duoc goi la lap phu mat dat, con cac

trung vao nghien curu ve lop phu rung

1.1 BAN DO LOfP PHU (LAND COVER MAP)

1.1.1 M ot so dinh nghTa va khai niem chung ve lop phu

Theo To chuc luong thirc va Nong nghiep the giai (FAO), khai niem lop phu la mot khai niem c a ban Theo do, lop phu dugc dinhnghTa nhu sau: Lop phu la nhung doi tir p n ^ ^ ll ^ g ^ a tg j|j ^

nhin thSy dugc tu mat dSt hay bang vi I tfdtaSPTltffltiW IEN

O O Q l 0 0 0 0 S V ' t

18 VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN CUfU LGlP PHU, SlJ DUNG CAT

nhien hay canh tac), cac cong trinh nhan tac nhu nha cua, dudng xa

bao trum len be m at dat; nuac, bang da deu dugc tm h la la p phu

T heo dinh nghTa cua Cue Lam nghiep C anada thi L'U'rp phu

Landcover" la nhung doi tugng dugc quan sat co tinh chat vat ly va

sinh hgc bao trum be m at dat nhu thuc vat hoac cac yeu to nhan tao

T h u vien d u lieu tai nguyen thien nhien cua A ustralia dinh nghTa: Lop

c a sd ha tang do thj (nhung vat lieu kien true bao trum be mat dat)

hien dien va quan sat dugc Ldp phu co the dugc ghi nhan bdi phan tfch anh ve tinh va anh hang khong

Dinh nghTa cua Vien Thong tin tai nguyen bang Texas Hoa Ky: Ldp phu la ldp d u lieu thong tin dia ly mo ta canh quan tu nhien dirge

ghi nhan, la cac thanh phan be mat nhu rung, nude, dat am udt, do th i

Q ua cac dinh nghTa va khai niem, co the giai thfch cu the nhu sau:

gom : khu vuc thuc phu (cay coi, bui ram hay bai co), dat trong (khong

co gi bao phu), cac be mat cung (da, cong trinh xay dung) cac khu virc

ChUdng 1 KHAI NIEM LC)P PHU VA SI/ DUNG OAT 19

H i t m y '■viiiiiir ••in.-mttj:

Hinh 1.1 Anh Landsat da pho cua mua mang tren canh dong (cu cai duang,

bong va co linh lang) tu giai doan lam dat, gieo hat, thu hoach)

(Xem phu luc hinh mau)

2 0 VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN ClfU LCiP PHU, SLf DUNG DAT

1.1.2 Djnh nghTa lop phu trong vien tham

Trong ITnh virc Vien tham, ldp phu la tat ca nhung gi quan sat duoc bang m at thong qua anh may bay hoac anh ve tinh, nghTa la hien trang tren mat dat vao luc chup anh va kha nang cung cap thong tin cua anh vien tham Trong thuc te, khi chua co phuong phap vien tham thi loai hinh ban do ldp phu ft duoc xay dung

Hinh 1.2 D a c d ie m tre n a n h va tra n g th a i c a y tro n g tren d o n g ru o n g th e o th a i

g ia n c a c th a n g la n§i dung chfnh cua ban do lap phu hay hi$n trang lap phu

(N g u o n :J e n s e n )

(Xem phu luc hinh mau)

- Hinh tren: ruong cu cai du’ang vai cac trang thai: Thang 5-10: bat dau trong

va cay phat trien Cac trang thai cay c£n coi, trong thu>a, luc chin va chuan bj thu hoach.

- Hinh du’a i: rupng bong vai cac trang thai cua ruong trong tu* thang 1 den thang 4: lam dat, gieo hat, cay nay mam Tu5 thang 5: cay len xanh, ra nu hoa, tro bong, bong na het va den thang 12: thu hoach

Chjfdng 1 KHAI NIEM LdP PHU VA Slf DUNG OAT 2 1

e C la s s ific a tio n map

Hinh 1.3 Hien trang lap phu tren anh Landsat theo cac to hgp mau khac nhau

va ban do xay di/ng ti> anh vai 4 loai cay chinh: cu cai dipang, cay linh lang,

cay bong va dat trong

(N g u d n : J e n s e n ) (Xem phg luc hinh mau)

Hinh 1.4 Ban 6 6 lap phu khu vu’c Trung tam Ha Noi - Gia Lam

(phan tich ti> anh S P O T 5 thang 11 nam 2009)

(N g u o n : G e o v ie t) (Xem phu luc hinh mau)

2 2 VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN CIJfU L0P PHU, S lf DUNG DAT

Hinh 1.5 Ban do I6p phu huyen T u Liem xay dung tu anh S P O T qua cac nam,

voi 4 logi hinh chinh: dat xay dung, dat trong cay nong nghiep, mat nuoc va dat trong C a c ban do nay cung cap thong tin ve qua trinh bien dong l&p phu qua nhieu

nam (1995-2002 va 2009).

(N g u o n : G e o v ie t) (Xem phu luc hinh mau)

1.2 BAN DO SU1 DUNG DAT (LAND USE MAP)

Chi/dng 1 KHAI NIEM LCJP PHU VA SO DUNG OAT 23

diem: "Sir clung dat the hien khong gian chirc nang tuang irng vdi cac

muc dich kinh te - xa hoi" Vi du: Khu vu c su d u n g cho dan cu, cong

nghiep thuang mai, nong nghiep, lam nghiep, vui chai giai tri hay bao toa Theo mot cach tiep can khac, su dung dat chi cac hoat dong ciia loai ngirdi tren mat dat vai muc dich tao ra cac san pham hoac lai fch thong qua viec sir dung tai nguyen dat VI vay, sir dung dat dugc hieu la khong gian chuc nang, dugc quy dinh va dat ten theo cac quy dinh ve mat quan ly hay theo quy hoach ve sir dung dat dai Ve mat tinh chat,

ban do sir dung dat co y nghia la quan ly dat dai ve m at hanh chmh, no the hien tinh chat phap ly han la nhung thong tin that su dang ton tai khach quan tren be mat

n luc

mi KT u/c M

<rt HT LUK at

*

ntfHT LUN

Hinh 1.6 Quy dinh chu giai ban do si> dung dat cua Vi$t Nam

(ca hi$n trang va quy hoach) (Xem phu luc hinh mau)

24 VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN CUfU LGlP PHU, SLT DUNG OAT

nay sur dung cho m uc dich chan nuoi trong nong nghiep M ot thi du khac do la m at nuoc nuoi trong thuy san co the d u o c nhan biet thong

qua cau true anh vdi cac thong tin ve nuoi trong thuy san nhu: sir

ch ia o cua m at nuoc (H inh 1.7)

Dfti c o m a t n u o c nuAi trd n g th u y s a n ir t n a n h m i u p h a n h o tap tru n g tr£n vung d ai va bai bOi d a i v en hic-n (hanli c<c d d m Ion vuftng

v in vdi cac b 6 <JAp ta o th a n h clang " 6 th u a " T r tn a n h m S u, W n can h

d a t nuOi trd u g (huy san c d n c 6 d a i rim g n g a p m a n (d o ), d i l k h u dA n »u

v i mOt sd loai dSt k h ic H in h a n h d at nuOi Ird n g th u y san trfin anh

m i u c 6 d te n m a o ft tlnra c&u i n k hin h a n h hat n u n ddu h<wu o v£ t, » 6

mAu lo x&m lo, lo x am va x an h san g (d at o ih o i di£m khOng c 6 n u A *

va m a u d o , h d n g (co th u c phii).

Hinh 1.7 Oat co mat n uac nuoi trong thuy san (vung dat va bai boi ven bien) dugc

phan bi$t v6i dat co m£t n uac \ i f nhien noi chung la a su phan chia thanh 6 ro rang

(N g u o n : C u e v ie n th a m Q u o c g ia , 2 0 0 0 )

13 BAN DO LOP PHU - SLTDUNG DAT (LAND COVER - LAND USE MAP)

D ay la dang ban do d u g c xay dung tu khi co p h uong phap vien tham Loai ban do nay d u o c xay dim g khong nham m uc dfch quan ly hanh chinh m a phuc vu cho nhung m uc dfch nghien cuu khac V e m at

Chufdng 1 KHAI NIEM LdP PHU VA Si] DUNG OAT 25

can theo huong ket hop giua dieu tra (tai lieu quy hoach, dieu tra xa hoi thong ke nong nghiep, thong ke nhan khau dieu tra thj tru o n g ) vdi thong tin vien tham, tir do xac dinh duoc quan he giua ldp phii va sir dung dat

Khi ap dung vien tham, mot dang ban do thuong duoc xay dung

la ban do hien trang lap phu - s u dung dat Day la ban do the hien tinh

trang tu nhien cua m at dat dung vao thdi diem thu nhan tu lieu vien tham, loai ban do nay ft the hien cac noi dung so huu hay muc dfch sir dung Tuy nhien, tren anh vien tham van co the xac djnh mot so loai hinh sii dung dat, vi vay co the xay dung loai ban do the hien ca hai

tfnh chat nay, do la ban do lap p hu va hien trang sir dung dat - day

chfnh la khai niem hay duoc sir dung trong vien tham San pham kieu nay thuong co gia trj nghien ciru (gia tri trung gian) hon la gia trj hanh chinh va quan ly (san pham cuoi cung)

TOM TAT CHUONG 1

sir dung dat (existing landuse): Hien nay, hai khai niem nay thuong

dugc dung v a i cung m ot y nghia, tuy nhien ve m at ban chat thi hai loai ban do nay la khac nhau

- Ban do s u dung dat la ban do the hien tinh trang sir dung dat

theo m uc dfch su dung, da duoc xac dinh trong quy hoach va ban do

26 VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN CUfU LClP PHU, Slf DUNG DAT

tirng 5 nam cua ke hoach Tuy nhien, hien nay co su nham lan ve sirdung dat va hien trang su dung dat nen nhieu nguoi van goi ban do sir

dung dat la ban do hien trang s u dung dat.

- Ban do s u hien trang s u dung dat (existing landuse) la ban do

the hien tinh trang va m uc dfch su dung tren m at dat, dang ton tai vao

thoi gian thanh lap ban do Vi vay, ban do hien trang su dung dat phai

co them thong tin ve thoi gian thanh lap va thong thuong, thoi giannay dugc quy dinh cho nam thanh lap, hay noi cach khac thi ban do

de theo doi bien dong sir dung dat qua nhirng nam khac nhau

Ban do lop p h u - s u dung dat: Khi ap dung vien tham, loai ban do

hay duoc thanh lap do la ban do ket hop lop phu va su dung dat San

pham kieu nay th u o n g co gia tri nghien cuu (gia tri trung gian) hon la gia tri hanh chfnh va quan ly (san pham cuoi cung)

B an do lap p h u rim g (forest cover) la m ot lmh vuc chuyen

Chi/dng 1 KHAI NIEM LCiP PHU VA Slf DUNG DAT 27

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO CHUONG 1

Tieng Viet

1 Bo Tai nguyen va Moi truong Quyet dinh so 40/2004/QD- BTNM T ngay 31 thang 12 nam 2004 ve viec ban hanh K y hieu ban

do hien trang su dung dat va ban do quy hoach su dung dat

2 Nguyen Ngoc Thach (2012), Dia thong tin N X B Dai hoc Quoc gia

Ha Noi

3 Nguyen N goc Thach (2011), C a so Vien tham NXB N ong nghiep.

4 Nguyen Ngoc Thach (1997), Vien tham trong nghien ciru tai nguyen

moi trird'ng NXB Khoa hoc va Ky thuat.

Tieng A nh

1 Am erican, Planning Association (2006), Land B ased Classification

Standards, Chicago: American Planning A ssociation Research

D epartm ent, http://ww.planning.org/lbcs

2 Anderson, JR, Hardy EE, Roach JT, W itm er R E (1976), A Land

Use A n d L and Cover Classification System F o r Use With Remote Sensor Data., Departm ent o f Interior, United States Governm ent

Printing Office, W ashington

3 FAO (1997), A fricover Land C over C lassification, R om e

4 Floyd Sabins F Rem ote sensing: Principles and interpretation

5 (N ew york.1986, 1989)

6 Foody, G M (2010), "Assessing the accuracy o f land cover change with im perfect ground reference data R em ote Sensing of Environm ent", 114, pp 2271-2285

7 John R Jensen (2006), R em ote sensing o f the E nvironm ent: An earth resource Perspective (2nd Edition)

8 Lechner, AM , Stein A, Jones SD, Ferw erda JG (2009), "Remote sensing o f small and linear features: quantifying the effects o f patch

28 VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN CijfU LClP PHU, SLf DUNG OAT

size and length, grid position and detectability on land cover

mapping", Remote Sensing o f E nvironm ent, 113, pp 2194-2204.

9 Quihaowen Taylor and Francis series in rem ote sensing

application Remote sensing o f land use a n d land cover principle

and application, 2016.

10 Terrill W Ray (1994), "A FA Q on V egetation in Remote Sensing"

11 Thom as M Lilleasnd, R alph W K iefer (1991), Rem ote Sensing

a nd Im age Interpretarion Jo h n W iley & Sons.

Chuong 2 HE THONG PHAN LOAI

BAN DO LOP PHU - SIT DUNG OAT

He thong phan loai ban do lop phu - sir dung dat can duoc xac dinh, xay dung de co the phan biet cac doi tuong theo yeu cau cua he thong phan loai va theo ty le cua ban do Khi ap dung vien tham, he

thong phan loai phai phu hop voi kha nang cung cap thong tin cua tulieu Vien tham Van de nay se d u o c de cap ky hon d phan sau

2.1 YEU CAU CUA M 0 T BANG PHAN LOAI

M ot he thong phan loai du o c xay dung bang phuong phap vien

tham can phai dap ung m ot so yeu cau sau:

+ D o chfnh xac toi thieu cho phan biet cac doi tuong lop phu phaidat 85%;

+ D o chfnh xac cua viec phan tfch trong bang phan loai can phai giong nhau cho moi doi tu o n g va thfch hop voi kha nang cung cap thong tin cua tu lieu;

+ Ket qua phan tfch khi dung he thong phan loai do can phai dongnhat g iu a nhung nguoi giai doan khac nhau;

+ He thong phan loai co the duoc ap dung cho nhieu vung rong Ion;

+ He thong phan loai co the d u o c sir dung khi phan tfch cac tu

lieu thu duoc tai nhieu thoi diem khac nhau;

+ He thong phan loai cho phep dung cac bac phan loai phu ma co

30 VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN ClfU LC(P PHU, SlJ DUNG DAT

(vf du: 50.000 hoac 10.000), cac he thong phan loai phu (chi tiet hon)

se duoc phat trien chi tiet hon toi vai chuc lop;

2.2 PHAN BIET CHI TIET CHU GIAI BAN DO SU DUNG DAT

Bang 2.1 Bang he thong chu giai ban do si> dgng dat cua My

a cac ty le ban do khac nhau xay dung b§ng phuang phap vien tham

M lfc I (1)

Ty le 1: 150.000

Phan tich anh v$

tinh phan giai thap

Mi>c II (2)

Ty le trung binh 1:100.000 Phan tfch anh ve tinh phan giai trung binh - cao,

Mi>c III (3)

Ty le lan 1 :50.000 Phan tfch anh may bay, anh

ve tinh phan giai sieu cao

Co ket ho-p khao sat mgt d£t

1.2 Khu thirang mgi va djch vu

1.3 Khu cong nghiep

1.1.1 Dan cu> thanh thi

1.2.1 Sieu thj 1.2.2 Khu buon ban nho 1.3.1 Nha may dien 1.3.2 Xf nghiep

Chifdng 2 HE THONG PHAN LOAI BAN 0 0 LClP PHU - SLl DUNG OAT 31

2.2 Cay an qua, vipan iporn

2.1.1 Dong co 2.1.2 Cay limng thi/c 2.2.1 Cay an qua 2.2.2 Vim n u’O’m

3.2 Doi nui troc

3.1.1 Dong muoi kho 3.1.2 Bai cat

3.1.3 Bai tri§u dam lay 3.2.1 Doi dat troc 3.2.2 Nui da troc

4.2 Ao ho, ho chi>a

4.1.1 Song suoi 4.1.2 Kenh rach 4.2.1 Ao ho 4.2.2 Ho chi>a

5.2 Rung trong

5.1.1 Rung tu1 nhien giau 5.1.2 Rung tu’ nhien ngheo 5.2.1 Rung trong khep tan 5.2.2 Rung tr6ng chira khep tan

2.3 HE THONG CHU GIAI BAN DO SU DUNG DAT QUOC GIA

CtJA VIET NAM

CJ V iet Nam, he thong phan loai ban d6 sur dung dat cua Bo Tai

r

nguyen va Moi truong quy dinh voi ten goi, m a hoa va m uc do chi tiet

th eo tirng loai ty le ban do: nho: 1: 1.000.000 - 1: 500.000; trung binh: 1: 100.000 d£n 1: 250.000; Ion va chi tilt 1:50.000 - 1: 10.000 - 1: 5000

V ai ban ao ty le nho, chi co 4 loai hinh sir dung dat So lugng dan vi

p h an loai se duoc tang dan theo ty le ban do

32 VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN CIJfU LCiP PHU, Stf DUNG DAT

BO TAI MJtYf.N VA MAl TStOM;

KY HIEU

BAN DO HI^N TRANG Sis DVNO DAT

VA bAn d6 QUY HOACH StfDyNG DAT

Hinh 2.1 He thong ky hieu cua ban do Hien trang s ip dung dat

do Bo Tai nguyen va Moi tru in g quy dinh

Noi dung ban do dugc cu the hoa theo quy djnh nhu sau (Bang 2.2):

Bang 2.2 Ky hieu cua ban do Hien trang su* dung dat cua Viet Nam

Ky hieu cua

mi>c do chi tiet Muc dich s lf dung dat, ma (ky hieu)

Ten va ma do’n vj ban do

Dat san xuat nong nghiep - SXN

Chi/ong 2 HE THONG PHAN LOAI BAN DO LCiP PHU - SLl DUNG DAT 33

34 VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN ClfU LCiP PHU, SLf DUNG DAT

Chi/dng 2 HE THONG PHAN LOAI BAN DO LOP PHU - SL/ DUNG OAT 35

c h u d A n

Hinh 2.2 Ban do hien trang si> dung dat thanh lap b3ng phirang phap truyen thong

vai chu giai rat chi tiet theo quy djnh cua Bo Tai nguyen va Moi tru in g

(N g u o n : S d T a i n g u y e n va M o i tr u v n g D a N a n g ) (Xem phu luc hinh mau)

36 VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN CijfU LClP PHU, Slf DUNG DAT

2.4 H E T H O N G PH A N L O A I LOJP P H U M A T DAT - S l f DUNG DAT

XAY D U N G B ANG VIEN T H A M

Co the thay tren the giai, khi sir dung vien tham thi viec tach bach

ban do lap phu va ban do sir dung dat la khong r5 rang, vi vay he

f

thong phan loai lap phu doi khi co su dan xen giua tinh trang lap phu

va m uc dfch sir dung (sir dung dat)

2.4.1 N guyen tac lira chon tu lieu vien tham nghien cuu lop phu -

sir dung dat

nang cung cap thong tin cua tu lieu va ty le nghien cuu Theo Giao su

M urai, tong th u ky Hoi Vien tham chau A Thai Binh D uong, co the cu the hoa nguyen tac do nhu sau:

Bang 2.3 Nguyen t ic chung cua viec s ip dung thong tin viSn tham

trong thanh lap ban do lap phu -si> dung dat.

nhien, anh mau gia (FFC) rat huu hieu cho viec phan tfch cac doi

tu a n g lap phu Con doi v ai ban do ty le la n (1: 5.000 den 1: 50.000),

\

can sir dung anh m ay bay hoac anh ve tinh co do phan giai sieu cao (IKONOS, Q U IC K B IR D va V N R E D SA T la) Tuy nhien, anh m ay

Chtfcing 2 HE THONG PHAN LOAI BAN 0 0 LC)P PHU - SLl DUNG DAT 37

bay thuong bj lac hau ve thoi gian chup so vdi thuc te nen anh phan giai sieu cao se la tu lieu tot nhat de thanh lap ban do ty le lan

Hinh 2.3 Ban 66 lap phu - si> dung dat khu w c Thanh pho B a Nang nam 2007

ty le 1: 100.000 thanh lap blng phu’O’ng phap vien tham vai tu5 lieu anh S PO T

(N g u o n : T ra n T h j A n) (Xem phu luc hinh mau)

2.4.2 H e thong phan loai cua ban do lop phu mat d£t - sir dung dat

dong len mat dat va chuc nang ve mat hanh chinh cua khu vuc mat dat

do Khi ap dung vien tham thi mot dang ban do khac thuang dugc xay

dung dat va la p phu dat (land cover - land use m ap) Loai ban do nay

d u g c ap dung cho nhieu m uc dfch khac ngoai m uc dfch ve quan ly

hanh chfnh nhu ban do sir dung dat (land use m ap) thong thuang.

CJ V iet N am , de thanh lap ban do la p phu m at dat - sir dung dat ty

"Ung dung Vien tham thanh lap ban do hien trang lap phu - s u dung

d a t toan quoc ty le 1: 250.000” 1996-1999 trong ch u an g trinh nghien

cu u vu tru)

VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN ClfU LGlP PHU, SlJf DUNG DAT

D at dang dung vao nong nghiep

8 D at co dung vao chan nuoi

9 D at co m at n u ac chuyen dung vao nuoi trong thuy san

r

D a t dang dung vao lam nghiep

10 R ung la rong th u an g xanh

11 R ung la rong nua rung la

12 R ung la rong rung la

13 R ung la kirn thuan loai

14 R ung hon giao (la kim , la rong)

%

15 R ung tre nua thuan loai

16 R ung tre n u a hon giao (tre nua, go)

20 D at di lich lich su, van hoa, du Hch

21 D at khai thac khoang san

22 D at lam m uoi

23 D at nuoi trong thuy san

ChiTdng 2 HE THONG PHAN LOAI BAN DO LCiP PHU - SO DUNG DAT 39

24 Dat chuyen dung khac

Dat khu dan cir

25 Dat thanh thi

26 Tho cir nong thon

Dat dura sir dung

27 Dat trong, mang co liim bui

28 Nui da khong co cay

29 Bai boi ven song ven bien

30 Bai cat, con cat (cat kho)

31 Dat hoang vung dong bang

Nhan xet: O he thong chu giai tren, thong tin chinh la ve lop phu,

ke ca lop phu co ti'nh chat dac thu nhu: rung la kim , rung tre nua va

hon giao la kim - la rong va hon giao tre nua - go N h u n g thong tin

nuoi, dat co m at nuoc chuyen dung vao nuoi trong thuy san, dat thanh

thi, tho cu nong th o n

Bang 2.4 He thong phan loai lop phu - si> dung dat a My

- Phan tfch anh ve tinh phan giai cao, anh may bay

Mi>c III (3) ty le Ion

- Phan tfch anh may bay, anh ve tinh phan giai sieu cao

100 Do thj hay

th&nh pho

trong 1ha.

112 Nha dan doc co mat do trung binh.

113 Nha dan doc co mat do lan.

114 Nha mot tang.

115 Nha thap nhieu tang.

116 Nha cao tang

117 Khu dan cu* hon hgp

4 0 VIEN THAM GIS NGHIEN CQU LClP PHU, S if DUNG OAT

120 Khu thu’cmg mai va dich vu

121 Khu ban hang hoa va phuc vu.

122 Khu ban buon va phuc vu.

123 Van phong va c a s a phuc vu kinh doanh.

124 Khach san va nha tro.

125 Khu van hoa the thao.

126 Khu hon hgp thuang mai va dich vu

130 Nha may cong nghiep

131 Cong nghiep nhe

132 Cong nghiep nang

133 Khu d§n chuyen

134 Nha may dang xay du>ng

duong bang, nai do va dieu khien)

142 Nha ga (ca di^ang ray va nha dieu hanh)

143 Ben xe ca va xe tai.

145 Nai d6 xe ty5 dQng

150 Cong trinh cong cQng

151 Nha may nang lirgng (dien va khf)

152 Nha may nu’ac.

153 C a s a dieu du-ang

154 Cac bai do rac

160 Cong tr'inh phuc Igi

161 Cac c a s a giao due (cac truang hQC)

162 Tu vien, nha tha

163 Nai cung cap thuoc va cham soc sue khoe (tram y te - phong kham benh)

164 Tram kiem soat.