ITC review 01

Assembly Language: 13 A Human-readable language used to represent numeric computer instructions.. Hardware: 12 The physical device on which software runs Hypermedia: 30 Different sor

Connecting with Computer Science Chapter 1 Review:

Key Terms:

Abacus: (6) A counting device with sliding beads Used mainly for adding and subtracting

Assembly Language: (13) A Human-readable language used to represent numeric computer instructions

Binary Code: (13) The numeric language of a computer based on the binary system of 1s and 0s

Boolean Logic: (10) A logical system that uses truth tables to indicate T / F output based on T / F inputs

Browser: (30) A program that accesses and displays files on a network or internet

CPU: (19) The central controlling device inside a computer that makes decisions at a very low level

Chip: (16) A piece of encased silicon usually the size of your finger nail that holds IC's

Embedded Computers: (33) Computers embedded into other devices: a phone, car or thermometer

GUI: (25) An interface to the computer that uses graphics instead of text

Hardware: (12) The physical device on which software runs

Hypermedia: (30) Different sorts of info that are linked in such a way that that a user can move and see content

easily from 1 link to another

Hypertext: (30) Media that is specifically text

Integrated Circuit: (16) Miniaturized transistors in solid silicon Has electronic conducting and non-conducting channels

etched into their surface

Killer App: (23) A SW program that becomes so popular that it drives the drives the popularity of the HW it runs

on

Mainframe: (15) A large computer serving many terminals, used by large organizations A 1st gen system

Micro-computer: (22) A desk-sized computer with a CPU designed to be used by 1 person at a time

Micro-processor: (19) A CPU on a single chip used in microcomputers

Mini-computer: (18) Mid-sized computer introduced in the mid - late 60's costing 10K vs 100K for mainframes

Open architecture: (21) Computer hardware that is accessible for modification and sometimes even documented

Open Source: (32) Software with source code that is accessible and potentially even documented for modification

OS: (16) Software that allows applications access to hardware resources

Parallel Computing: (27) The use of multiple computers or CPUs to process a single task simultaneously

PC: (24) A desktop-sized computer with a CPU designed to be used by 1 person at a time

Program Loop: (8) The capability of a program to "loop back" and repear commands

Slide Rule: (6) A device that can perform complicated math by using sliding guides on a ruler

Software: (12) A program for managing all the computers' jobs

Stored Program Concept: (11) The idea that a computer can be operated by a program loaded into the machine's memory

Super Computer: (27) The fastest and usually most expensive computer available Used for research by engineers and

scientists

Time Sharing: (17) A computer's ability to share its computing time with many users simultaneously

Transistor: (16) A signal amplifier much smaller than a vacuum tube used to represent a 1 or 0

Ubiquitous Computing: (34) The possibility of computers being embedded into almost anything and potentially able to

communicate

Vacuum Tubes: (10) A signal amplifier that preceded the transistor Takes more power, larger and burns out faster

Von Neumann Machine: (11) Computer architecture that allows for: I/O, processing and memory inc stored program concept

Chapter Summary:

context of the many different tasks that you will undertake throughout your education and career

them

mathematical tables

loom

Analytical Engine; Ada Lovelace Byron is considered the first programmer

1890 by use of a mathematical counting tool

called the first electronic computer, it used vacuum tubes had thousands of switches and weighed tons

minicomputer in the mid 1960’s then the micro-computer in the late 70’s

the microcomputer, software usually came with the machine

and VisiCalc, the first “killer app.”

the work of Douglas Engelbart

Test Your-self:

1.) Name 2 needs of society that led to the development of more complex mathematics

proportions and scale (i.e.) pyramids and Greek Parthenon’s

2.) What was the first mechanical device used for calculation?

3.) How would you compare the early electronic computer to a piano player

4.) What technology did Herman Hollerith borrow from the Jacquard loom?

time period.] where a series of holes in a paper drum had air blowing through them, determining which notes to

play

5.) Who has been called the "First" programmer?

6.) Name an important concept attributed to the person named in Question 5

7.) What innovation does the ENIAC appear to borrow from the Atanasoff-Berry Computer?

8.) Name at least one computer other than the ENIAC that was developed independantly and simultaneously during World War II

9.) What reason is given for the invention of assembly language

than straight binary

dominance of the market place?

dominance in the market place was the appeal it had to the general public Showing men in blue business suits,

as well as their slogan: “You can’t go wrong buying IBM.”

lack?

13.) In what language was the first UNIX operating system written? What did Thompson and Ritchie have to create

for the second version of UNIX?

of data typing to accommodate the broader range of storage types and operations available on the PDP 11 for

the second version of UNIX

II's success

responsible for the Apple II’s success was: VisiCalc

years later?

release an OS that would mimic the Mac's GUI As such released a version of Windows 3.x in 1988

them at their destination came from the Rand Corporation The initial concept began in relation to what system

Bush imagined a machine that could store information and allow users to link text and illustrations, thus creating

"information trails."

Practice Exercises:

1.) In 1642 Pascal created a mechanical device with gears and levers This device was capable of what kind of calculation

2.) Leibniz built on Pascal's work by creating the Leibniz Wheel This device was capable of what kind of calculations

in addition to the ones Pascal's could do

3.) The Jacquard loom is important in the history of computing for what innovation

4.) IBM has some of its origins in what 1890 event?

5.) Name 4 important elements of Babbage's Engine that are components of today's computer

6.) What logical elements did Charles Sanders Peirce realize electrical switches could emulate in 1880?

7.) The U.S military used the ENIAC computer for its intended purpose during World War II

8.) What important concept is attributed to John Von Neumann?

9.) What company controlled 70% or more of the computer marketplace in the 60's and 70's

10.) What features of transistors made superior for computers, compared with vacuum tubes?

11.) What important pastry helped move your job up in the queue in second-generation software, and what third generation software development made that pastry unnecessary?

12.) In hardware, the next step up from the transistor was the transmitter

13.) What magazine can you thank for the first microcomputer?

14.) Which important concept did the Altair use, which was borrowed by its competition, including the IBM personal computer?

15.) The Apple computer became very popular What was its largest market and what software made it interesting

to that market?

16.) In 1990 what software company dominated the software market and what major product did it sell

17.) Today, Microsoft considers its major competition in operating systems to be what system

18.) ARPA was created in response to what major event in world history

19.) Name the three most likely critical large-scale developments of the fifth generation of software development from this list of options:

20.) Marc Andreessen released what application that made browsers wide spread

Digging Deeper:

1.) How has the idea of open-source development changed the software industry

own desired needs This technology has been a compliment to the I.T and technology industry in that

it freed end users from their reliance on big corporations to provide all the answers to their needs It spawned the birth of “plug-and-play.” In addition to being more affordable in building custom and/or generic computer systems Also allowing for smaller vendors to enter the technology market

2.) How did the microcomputer revolution change how software was distributed? Who is partly

responsible for this change?

now be more easily copied, pirated and hacked MITS would be partly to blame since the cost of their operating software was greatly inflated if purchased independently as opposed to being purchased with a system; Leading individuals to explore such avenues The internet also changed the way

software was/is distributed in that some distributor(s) were essentially eliminated, therefore, saving companies distribution costs Also… allowing programmers a venue to market their products

Microsoft is likely also culprit In-that Their efforts to produce STABLE operating systems have been

questionable Pirating a copy of Windows (what-ever) is more cost effective than having to purchase a

legitimate copy and still dealing with the same errors and bugs

3.) After selling MITS, Ed Roberts went to get his medical degree and became a doctor Why did his

computer quickly lose dominance in the microcomputer industry and his company eventually fold? What would you have done differently?

vendors It also came as a disassembled product It had a BASIC operating system

Personally I would have offered a product that that was market ready and able to perform at the marketed standard Something more COMPLETE as opposed to a box with shiny lights and a promise of greatness

4.) What critical agreement and what hardware decisions might have allowed Microsoft to monopolize the computer world, as IBM slowly lost market share?



5.) Has Microsoft been unfairly labeled a monopoly? Would the demise of Linux change your opinion?

