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Grammatical analysis of the sentence It took humans 10,000 years to learn how to grow most of the crops we now take for granted.. Grammatical analysis of the sentence This means that,

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TEST 1

READING PASSAGE 01 CROP-GROWING SKYSCRAPERS Sentence 01

1 Original sentence

By the year 2050, nearly 80% of the Earth’s population will live in urban centres Applying the most conservative estimates to current demographic trends, the human population will increase by about three billion people by then

Your explanation in Vietnamese

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2 Suggestion 2.1 Grammatical analysis of the sentence By the year 2050, nearly 80% of the Earth’s population will live in urban centres Applying the most conservative estimates to current demographic trends, the human population will increase by about three billion people by then By (time), S V Ving O, S V 2.2 Complete sentence Nearly 80% of the Earth’s population will live in urban centres by the year 2050 The human population will increase by about three billion people by then (if we) apply the most conservative estimates to current demographic trends Sentence 02 1 Original sentence If successfully implemented, proponents claim, vertical farms offer the promise of urban renewal, sustainable production of a safe and varied food supply (through year-round production of all crops), and the eventual repair of ecosystems that have been sacrificed for horizontal farming Your explanation in Vietnamese ………

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2 Suggestion

2.1 Grammatical analysis of the sentence

If successfully implemented,proponents claim, vertical farms offer the promise of urban renewal, sustainable production of a safe and varied food supply (through year-round production of all crops), and the eventual repair of ecosystems that have been sacrificed for horizontal farming

If V-PII, S V (that), S V O1, O2, and O3 that VO

2.2 Complete sentence

Proponents claim (that) if (vertical farms are) successfully implemented, vertical farms offer the promise of urban renewal, (vertical farms offer) sustainable production of a safe and varied food supply (through year-round production of all crops), and eventually (vertical farms offer) the repair of ecosystems that have been sacrificed for horizontal farming

Sentence 03

It took humans 10,000 years to learn how to grow most of the crops we now take for granted Along the way, we despoiled most of the land we worked, often turning verdant, natural ecozones into semi-arid deserts

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2 Suggestion

It took humans 10,000 years to learn how to grow most of the crops we now take for granted Along the way, we despoiled most of the land we worked, often turning verdant, natural ecozones into semi-arid deserts

S V O (that) SV Along the way, S VO (that) SV , Ving O

It took humans 10,000 years to learn how to grow most of the crops (that) we now take for granted Along the way, we despoiled most of the land (that) we worked This action often turns verdant, natural ecozones into semi-arid deserts

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Sentence 04

This means that, for the majority, we humans have shelter from the elements, yet we subject our food-bearing plants to the rigours of the great outdoors and can do no more than hope for a good weather year However, more often than not now, due to a rapidly changing climate, that is not what happens

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2 Suggestion 2.1 Grammatical analysis of the sentence This means that, for the majority, we humans have shelter from the elements, yet we subject our food-bearing plants to the rigours of the great outdoors and can do no more than hope for a good weather year However, more often than not now, due to a rapidly changing climate, that is not what happens S V that SVO, yet S VOandV O However, due to smth, S Vwhat V 2.2 Complete sentence This means that, for the majority, we (as) humans have shelter from the elements, yet we subject our food-bearing plants to the rigours of the great outdoors and (we) can do no more than hope for a good weather year However, more often than not now, due to a rapidly changing climate, that (a good weather year) is not what happens Sentence 05 1 Original sentence A major drawback of vertical farming, however, is that the plants would require artificial light Without it, those plants nearest the windows would be exposed to more sunlight and grow more quickly, reducing the efficiency of the system Your explanation in Vietnamese ………

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2 Suggestion

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A major drawback of vertical farming, however, is that the plants would require artificial light Without it, those plants nearest the windows would be exposed to more sunlight and grow more quickly, reducing the efficiency of the system

However, S V that SVO.Without it, S V O and V, Ving O

2.2 Complete sentence However, a major drawback of vertical farming is that the plants would require artificial light Without (artificial light), those plants nearest the windows would be exposed to more sunlight and (those plants) grow more quickly This reduces the efficiency of the system Sentence 06 1 Original sentence Generating enough light could be prohibitively expensive, unless cheap, renewable energy is available, and this appears to be rather a future aspiration than a likelihood for the near future Your explanation in Vietnamese ………

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2 Suggestion

Generating enough light could be prohibitively expensive, unless cheap, renewable

energy is available, and this appears to be rather a future aspiration than a likelihood for the near future

S VO unless SV, and SVO

Generating enough light could be prohibitively expensive, unless cheap, renewable energy is available, and this appears to be rather a future aspiration than a likelihood for the near future

Sentence 07

At the moment, though, more needs to be done to reduce the detrimental impact it would have on the environment, particularly as regards the use of energy

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2 Suggestion 2.1 Grammatical analysis of the sentence At the moment, though, more needs to be done to reduce the detrimental impact it would have on the environment, particularly as regards the use of energy At the moment, SV the detrimental impact (that) SVO, particulary as regards O 2.2 Complete sentence However, at the moment, more (attempt) needs to be done to reduce the detrimental impact that it (=vertical farming) would have on the environment, particularly as regards the use of energy Sentence 08 1 Original sentence While it is possible that much of our food will be grown in skyscrapers in future, most experts currently believe it is far more likely that we will simply use the space available on urban rooftops Your explanation in Vietnamese ………

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2 Suggestion 2.1 Grammatical analysis of the sentence While it is possible that much of our food will be grown in skyscrapers in future, most experts currently believe it is far more likely that we will simply use the space available on urban rooftops While SV (that) SV, S V (that) S V that SVO

While it is possible that much of our food will be grown in skyscrapers in future, currently most experts believe (that) it is far more likely that we will simply use the space available

on urban rooftops

READING PASSAGE 02 THE FALKIRK WHEEL

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Sentence 01

Historically, the two canals had been joined near the town of Falkirk by a sequence of 11 locks - enclosed sections of canal in which the water level could be raised or lowered - that stepped down across a distance of 1.5 km

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2 Suggestion 2.1 Grammatical analysis of the sentence Historically, the two canals had been joined near the town of Falkirk by a sequence of 11 locks - enclosed sections of canal in which the water level could be raised or lowered - that stepped down across a distance of 1.5 km S V –[ ]- that V Note:[ ]=(which) (be) O in which SV 2.2 Complete sentence Historically, the two canals had been joined near the town of Falkirk by a sequence of 11 locks which are enclosed sections of canal in which the water level could be raised or lowered These 11 locks stepped down across a distance of 1.5 km Sentence 02 1 Original sentence When the project was launched in 1994, the British Waterways authority were keen to create a dramatic twenty-first-century landmark which would not only be a fitting commemoration of the Millennium, but also a lasting symbol of the economic regeneration of the region Your explanation in Vietnamese ………

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2 Suggestion

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When the project was launched in 1994, the British Waterways authority were keen to create a dramatic twenty-first-century landmark which would not only be a fitting commemoration of the Millennium, but also a lasting symbol of the economic regeneration

of the region

When SV, S V O which V not only O1, but also O2

When the project was launched in 1994, the British Waterways authority were keen to create a dramatic twenty-first-century landmark This landmark would not only be a fitting commemoration of the Millennium, but it is also a lasting symbol of the economic regeneration of the region

Sentence 03

The unique shape of the structure is claimed to have been inspired by various sources, both manmade and natural, most notably a Celtic double headed axe, but also the vast turning propeller of a ship, the ribcage of a whale or the spine of a fish

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2 Suggestion

The unique shape of the structure is claimed to have been inspired by various sources, both manmade and natural, most notably a Celtic double headed axe, but also the vast turning propeller of a ship, the ribcage of a whale or the spine of a fish

S V by smth, most notably O1, but also O2

It is claimed that the unique shape of the structure has been inspired by various sources, which are both manmade and natural This shape has been inspired most notably by a Celtic double headed axe, but also the vast turning propeller of a ship, the ribcage of a whale or the spine of a fish

Sentence 04

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In the summer of 2001, the structure was then dismantled and transported on 35 lorries

to Falkirk, before all being bolted back together again on the ground, and finally lifted into position in five large sections by crane

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2 Suggestion 2.1 Grammatical analysis of the sentence In the summer of 2001, the structure was then dismantled and transported on 35 lorries to Falkirk, before all being bolted back together again on the ground, and finally lifted into position in five large sections by crane In (time),S V1 and V2, before SV, and V 2.2 Complete sentence In the summer of 2001, the structure was then dismantled and transported on 35 lorries to Falkirk, before it (the structure) was bolted back together again on the ground, and finally it (the structure) was lifted into position in five large sections by crane Sentence 05 1 Original sentence Two eight-metre-wide cogs orbit a fixed inner cog of the same width, connected by two smaller cogs travelling in the opposite direction to the outer cogs - so ensuring that the gondolas always remain level Your explanation in Vietnamese ………

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2 Suggestion

Two eight-metre-wide cogs orbit a fixed inner cog of the same width, connected by two smaller cogs travelling in the opposite direction to the outer cogs - so ensuring that the gondolas always remain level

S V O, (which) V by smth - so Ving that SVO

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Two eight-metre-wide cogs orbit a fixed inner cog of the same width These cogs are connected by two smaller cogs which travel in the opposite direction to the outer cogs This ensures that the gondolas always remain level

Sentence 06

The Wheel could not be constructed to elevate boats over the full 35-metre difference between the two canals, owing to the presence of the historically important Antonine Wall, which was built by the Romans in the second century AD

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2 Suggestion 2.1 Grammatical analysis of the sentence The Wheel could not be constructed to elevate boats over the full 35-metre difference between the two canals, owing to the presence of the historically important Antonine Wall, which was built by the Romans in the second century AD S V, Ving O, which V by smb 2.2 Complete sentence The Wheel could not be constructed to elevate boats over the full 35-metre difference between the two canals This is because of the presence of the historically important Antonine Wall, which was built by the Romans in the second century AD READING PASSAGE 03 REDUCING THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE Sentence 01 1 Original sentence Such is our dependence on fossil fuels, and such is the volume of carbon dioxide already released into the atmosphere, that many experts agree that significant global warming is now inevitable Your explanation in Vietnamese ………

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2 Suggestion

Such is our dependence on fossil fuels, and such is the volume of carbon dioxide already released into the atmosphere, that many experts agree that significant global warming is now inevitable

Inversion: Such is O, and such is O that SVO

Both our dependence on fossil fuels and the volume of carbon dioxide that has been already released into the atmosphere are so great that many experts agree that significant global warming is now inevitable

For decades, MayDay parades in Moscow have taken place under clear blue skies, aircraft having deposited dry ice, silver iodide and cement powder to disperse clouds For decades, S V, (and) O which VO

For decades, MayDay parades in Moscow have taken place under clear blue skies, and aircrafts which have deposited dry ice, silver iodide and cement powder to disperse clouds

Sentence 03

The majority of geo-engineering projects so far carried out - which include planting forests

in deserts and depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the growth of algae - have focused

on achieving a general cooling of the Earth

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2 Suggestion 2.1 Grammatical analysis of the sentence The majority of geo-engineering projects so far carried out - which include planting forests in deserts and depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the growth of algae - have focused on achieving a general cooling of the Earth S V – [ ]- VO Note: [ ]= which VO 2.2 Complete sentence The majority of geo-engineering projects that have been carried out so far - which include planting forests in deserts and include depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the growth of algae –have focused on achieving a general cooling of the Earth Sentence 04 1 Original sentence Whereas the regions native evergreen pines shade the snow an absorb radiation, birches would shed their leaves in winter, thus enabling radiation to be reflected by the snow Your explanation in Vietnamese ………

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2 Suggestion

Whereas the regions native evergreen pines shade the snow an absorb radiation, birches

would shed their leaves in winter, thus enablingradiation to be reflected by the snow Whereas SVO, S V O, thus Ving O

Whereas the regions native evergreen pines shade the snow and absorb radiation, birches would shed their leaves in winter, and therefore this enables radiation to be reflected by the snow

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Sentence 05

Re-routing Russian rivers to increase cold water flow to ice-forming areas could also be used to slow down warming, say some climate scientists

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2 Suggestion 2.1 Grammatical analysis of the sentence Re-routing Russian rivers to increase cold water flow to ice-forming areas could also be used to slow down warming, say some climate scientists S say that SVO 2.2 Complete sentence Some climate scientists say that re-routing Russian rivers to increase cold water flow to ice-forming areas could also be used to slow down warming Sentence 06 1 Original sentence And Dr Phil Rasch of the US-based Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is equally guarded about the role of geo-engineering: 'I think all of us agree that if we were to end geo-engineering on a given day, then the planet would return to its pre-engineered condition very rapidly, and probably within ten to twenty years That’s certainly something to worry about’ Your explanation in Vietnamese ………

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2 Suggestion

And Dr Phil Rasch of the US-based Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is equally guarded about the role of geo-engineering: 'I think all of us agree that if we were to end geo-engineering on a given day, then the planet would return to its pre-engineered

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condition very rapidly, and probably within ten to twenty years That’s certainly something

to worry about’

And S V: S V (that) S V that if S (V-simple past) O, then S would V O That S V O

And Dr Phil Rasch of the US-based Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is equally guarded about the role of geo-engineering: 'I think all of us agree that if we were to end geo-engineering on a given day, then the planet would return to its pre-engineered condition very rapidly, and probably this would happen within ten to twenty years That’s certainly something to worry about.’

Sentence 07

‘Geo-engineering plans to inject stratospheric aerosols or to seed clouds would act to cool the planet, and act to increase the extent of sea ice,’ says Rasch ‘But all the models suggest some impact on the distribution of precipitation.’

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2 Suggestion

‘Geo-engineering plans to inject stratospheric aerosols or to seed clouds would act to cool the planet, and actto increase the extent of sea ice,’ says Rasch ‘But all the models

suggest some impact on the distribution of precipitation.’

S say (that) SV1O and V2O But S V O

Rasch says, ‘Geo-engineering plans to inject stratospheric aerosols or plans to seed clouds would act to cool the planet, and act to increase the extent of sea ice,’ ‘But all the models suggest some impact on the distribution of precipitation.’

Sentence 08

“A further risk with geo-engineering projects is that you can “overshoot “, says Dr Dan Hunt, from the University of Bristol’s School of Geophysical Sciences, who has studied the likely impacts of the sunshade and aerosol schemes on the climate

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2 Suggestion 2.1 Grammatical analysis of the sentence “A further risk with geo-engineering projects is that you can “overshoot “, says Dr Dan Hunt, from the University of Bristol’s School of Geophysical Sciences, who has studied the likely impacts of the sunshade and aerosol schemes on the climate S who VO say: ‘SV that SV’ 2.2 Complete sentence Dr Dan Hunt, from the University of Bristol’s School of Geophysical Sciences, who has studied the likely impacts of the sunshade and aerosol schemes on the climate, says: ‘A further risk with geo-engineering projects is that you can “overshoot “ Sentence 09 1 Original sentence According to Dr Martin Sommerkorn, climate change advisor for the World Wildlife Fund’s International Arctic Programme, ‘Human-induced climate change has brought humanity to a position where we shouldn’t exclude thinking thoroughly about this topic and its possibilities.’ Your explanation in Vietnamese ………

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2 Suggestion

According to Dr Martin Sommerkorn, climate change advisor for the World Wildlife Fund’s International Arctic Programme, ‘Human-induced climate change has brought humanity

to a position where we shouldn’t exclude thinking thoroughly about this topic and its possibilities.’

According to smb, ‘S V O to a position where SVO’

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According to Dr Martin Sommerkorn, climate change advisor for the World Wildlife Fund’s International Arctic Programme, ‘Human-induced climate change has brought humanity

to a position where we shouldn’t exclude thinking thoroughly about this topic and its possibilities.’

TEST 2

READING PASSAGE 01 RAISING THE MARY ROSE Sentence 01

On 19 July 1545, English and French fleets were engaged in a sea battle off the coast

of southern England in the area of water called the Solent, between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight

S V in the area of water (which is) V

On 19 July 1545, English and French fleets were engaged in a sea battle off the coast of southern England in the area of water (which is) called the Solent, (which is located) between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight

Sentence 02

Accounts of what happened to the ship vary: while witnesses agree that she was not hit

by the French, some maintain that she was outdated, overladenand sailing too low in the water, others that she was mishandled by undisciplined crew

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2 Suggestion 2.1 Grammatical analysis of the sentence Accounts of what happened to the ship vary: while witnesses agree that she was not hit by the French, some maintain that she was outdated, overladenand sailing too low in the water, others that she was mishandled by undisciplined crew S V: while S V thatSVO, S V thatSVO, S thatSVO 2.2 Complete sentence Accounts of what happened to the ship vary: while witnesses agree that she (Mary Rose) was not hit by the French, some people maintain that she (Mary Rose) was outdated, overladen and sailing too low in the water, other people (say) that she (Mary Rose) was mishandled by undisciplined crew Sentence 03 1 Original sentence The Mary Rose came to rest on the seabed, lying on her starboard right side at an angle of approximately 60 degrees The hull the body of the ship acted as a trap for the sand and mud carried by Solent currents Your explanation in Vietnamese ……….

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2 Suggestion

The Mary Rose came to rest on the seabed, lying on her starboard (right) side at an angle

of approximately 60 degrees The hull (the body of the ship) acted as a trap for the sand and mud carried by Solent currents

S V O, Ving+O S V O sand and mud (which was) VO

The Mary Rose came to rest on the seabed, lying on her starboard (right) side at an angle

of approximately 60 degrees The hull (the body of the ship) acted as a trap for the sand and mud (which were) carried by Solent currents

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Sentence 04

Diver John Deane happened to be exploring another sunken ship nearby, and the fishermen approached him, asking him to free their gear Deane dived down, and found the equipment caught on a timber protruding slightly from the seabed

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2 Suggestion 2.1 Grammatical analysis of the sentence Diver John Deane happened to be exploring another sunken ship nearby, and the fishermen approached him, asking him to free their gear Deane dived down, and found the equipment caught on a timber protruding slightly from the seabed S V O, and S V O, VingO S V, and V O, Ving O 2.2 Complete sentence Diver John Deane happened to be exploring another sunken ship nearby, and the fishermen approached him, asking him to free their gear Deane dived down, and found the equipment caught on a timber (which protruded) slightly from the seabed Sentence 05 1 Original sentence The Mary Rose then faded into obscurity for another hundred years But in 1965, military historian and amateur diver Alexander McKee, in conjunction with the British Sub-Aqua Club, initiated a project called ‘Solent Ships’ Your explanation in Vietnamese ……….

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2 Suggestion

The Mary Rose then faded into obscurity for another hundred years But in 1965, military historian and amateur diver Alexander McKee, in conjunction with the British Sub-Aqua Club, initiated a project called ‘Solent Ships’

S V O But S V O,Ved+O

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The Mary Rose then faded into obscurity for another hundred years But in 1965, military historian and amateur diver Alexander McKee, in conjunction with the British Sub-Aqua Club, initiated a project (which was) called ‘Solent Ships’

Further excavations revealed stray pieces of timber and an iron gun But the climax to the operation came when, on 5 May 1971, part of the ship’s frame was uncovered

McKee and his team now knew for certain that they had found the wreck, but were as yet

unaware that it also housed a treasure trove of beautifully preserved artefacts

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2 Suggestion

McKee and his team now knew for certain that they had found the wreck, but were as yet unaware that it also housed a treasure trove of beautifully preserved artefacts

S V thatSVO, but V thatSVO

as yet =…until and including this time

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McKee and his team now knew for certain that they had found the wreck, but (they) were

as yet unaware that it (the wreck) also housed a treasure trove of beautifully preserved artefacts

Sentence 08

While the original aim was to raise the hull if at all feasible, the operation was not given the go-ahead until January 1982, when all the necessary information was available

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2 Suggestion 2.1 Grammatical analysis of the sentence While the original aim was to raise the hull if at all feasible, the operation was not given the go-ahead until January 1982, when all the necessary information was available WhileSVO, S V O, whenSVO 2.2 Complete sentence While the original aim was to raise the hull if at all feasible, the operation was not given the go-ahead until January 1982, when all the necessary information was available Sentence 09 1 Original sentence These raised it a few centimetres over a period of several days, as the lifting frame rose slowly up its four legs It was only when the hull was hanging freely from the lifting frame, clear of the seabed and the suction effect of the surrounding mud, that the salvage operation progressed to the second stage Your explanation in Vietnamese ……….

.………

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2 Suggestion

These raised it a few centimetres over a period of several days, as the lifting frame rose slowly up its four legs It was only when the hull was hanging freely from the lifting frame, clear of the seabed and the suction effect of the surrounding mud, that the salvage operation progressed to the second stage

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S V O S V whenSVOthatSVO

These (12 hydraulic jacks) raised it (the body of the ship) a few centimetres over a period

of several days, as the lifting frame rose slowly up its four legs It was only when the hull was hanging freely from the lifting frame, clear of the seabed and the suction effect of the surrounding mud, that the salvage operation progressed to the second stage

READING PASSAGE 02 WHAT DESTROYED THE CIVILISATION OF EASTER

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2 Suggestion

The moai were carved with stone tools, then transported for many kilometres, without

the use of animals or wheels, to massive stone platforms

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2 Suggestion

Local folklore maintains that the statues walked, while researchers have tended to assumethe ancestors dragged the statues somehow, using ropes and logs

S V thatSV, whileSVO VedO, VingO

which proved that the island had been covered in lush palm forests for thousands of years

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2 Suggestion

When the Europeans arrived, Rapa Nui was grassland, with only a few scrawny trees In the 1970s and 1980s, though, researchers found pollen preserved in lake sediments, which proved (that) the island had been covered in lush palm forests for thousands of years

WhenSV, S V O S V O which was Ved that SVO

When the Europeans arrived, Rapa Nui was grassland, with only a few scrawny trees In the 1970s and 1980s, though, researchers found pollen (which was) preserved in lake sediments, which proved the island had been covered in lush palm forests for thousands

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2 Suggestion

The moai, he thinks, accelerated the self-destruction Diamond interprets them as

power displays by rival chieftains who, trapped on a remote little island, lacked other ways

of asserting their dominance

S V thatSVO S V O whichVO who VO

He (Diamond) thinks (that) the moai accelerated the self-destruction Diamond interprets them as power displays by rival chieftains who, (were) trapped on a remote little island, (and) lacked other ways of asserting their dominance

Sentence 05

Archaeologists Terry Hunt of the University of Hawaii and Carl Lipo of California State University agree that Easter Island lost its lush forests and that it was an ‘ecological catastrophe' - but they believe the islanders themselves weren’t to blame

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2 Suggestion

Archaeologists Terry Hunt of the University of Hawaii and Carl Lipo of California State University agree that Easter Island lost its lush forests and that it was an ‘ecological catastrophe' - but they believe the islanders themselves weren’t to blame

S V thatSVO andthat SVO but S V O

Archaeologists Terry Hunt of the University of Hawaii and Carl Lipo of California State University agree that Easter Island lost its lush forests and that it was an ‘ecological catastrophe' - but they (archaeologists) believe (that) the islanders themselves weren’t to blame to the catastrophe

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Sentence 06

Recent experiments Indicate that as few as 18 people could, with three strong ropes and

a bit of practice, easily manoeuvre a 1,000 kg moai replica a few hundred metres The figures’ fat bellies tilted them forward, and a D-shaped base allowed handlers to roll and rock them side to side

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2 Suggestion

Recent experiments Indicate that as few as 18 people could, with three strong ropes and

a bit of practice, easily manoeuvrea 1,000 kg moai replica a few hundred metres The figures’ fat bellies tilted them forward, and a D-shaped base allowed handlers to roll and rock them side to side

S V thatSVO S V O

Recent experiments indicate that as few as 18 people could, with three strong ropes and

a bit of practice, easily manoeuvre a 1,000 kg moai replica a few hundred metres The figures’ fat bellies tilted them forward, and a D-shaped base allowed handlers to roll and rock them side to side

2 Suggestion

They would have prevented the reseeding of the slow-growing palm trees and thereby doomed Rapa Nui’s forest, even without the settlers’ campaign of deforestation

S V1 O thereby V2

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They (the rats) would have prevented the reseeding of the slow-growing palm trees and thereby (the rats) doomed Rapa Nui’s forest, even without the settlers’ campaign of deforestation

Sentence 08

Hunt and Lipo also see no evidence that Rapanui civilisation collapsed when the palm forest did They think its population grew rapidly and then remained more or less stable until the arrival of the Europeans, who introduced deadly diseases to which islanders had

Hunt and Lipo also see no evidence that Rapanui civilisation collapsed when the palm forest did They think its population grew rapidly and then remained more or less stable until the arrival of the Europeans, who introduced deadly diseases to which islanders had

Sentence 09

Hunt and Lipo’s vision, therefore, is one of an island populated by peaceful and ingenious moai builders and careful stewards of the land, rather than by reckless destroyers ruining their own environment and society

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2 Suggestion

Hunt and Lipo’s vision, therefore, is one of an island populated by peaceful and ingenious moai builders and careful stewards of the land, rather than by reckless destroyers ruining their own environment and society

S V O (which)was ved O

Therefore, Hunt and Lipo’s vision is (that) one of an island (which was) populated by peaceful and ingenious moai builders and careful stewards of the land, rather than by reckless destroyers who ruined their own environment and society

READING PASSAGE 03 NEUROAESTHETICS Sentence 01

2 Suggestion

An emerging discipline called neuroaesthetics is seeking to bring scientific objectivity to the study of art, and has already given us a better understanding of many masterpieces

S V O, and V O

An emerging discipline which is called neuroaesthetics is seeking to bring scientific objectivity to the study of art, and this (neuroaesthetics) has already given us a better understanding of many masterpieces

Sentence 02

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Could the same approach also shed light on abstract twentieth-century pieces, from Mondrian's geometrical blocks of colour, to Pollock's seemingly haphazard arrangements

of splashed paint on canvas?

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2 Suggestion

Could the same approach also shed light on abstract twentieth-century pieces, from Mondrian's geometrical blocks of colour, to Pollock's seemingly haphazard arrangements

of splashed paint on canvas?

Robert Pepperell, an artist based at Cardiff University, creates ambiguous works that are

neither entirely abstract nor clearly representational

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2 Suggestion

Robert Pepperell, an artist based at Cardiff University, creates ambiguous works that are neither entirely abstract nor clearly representational

S V O thatVO

Robert Pepperell, an artist who is based at Cardiff University, creates ambiguous works that are neither entirely abstract nor clearly representational

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2 Suggestion

The longer they took to answer these questions, the more highly they rated the piece under scrutiny, and the greater their neural activity

S V O, the more SVO, and the greaterS

The longer they (volunteers) took to answer these questions, the more highly they (volunteers) rated the piece under scrutiny, and the greater their (volunteers’) neural activity

Sentence 05

Mondrian's works are deceptively simple, but eye-tracking studies confirm that they are meticulously composed, and that simply rotating a piece radically changes the way we view it

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2 Suggestion

Mondrian's works are deceptively simple, but eye-tracking studies confirm that they are meticulously composed, and that simply rotating a piece radically changes the way we view it

S V O, but S V thatSVO, and that SVO

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Mondrian's works are deceptively simple, but eye-tracking studies confirm that they (his works) are meticulously composed, and that simply rotating a piece radically changes the way we view it (the piece)

Sentence 06

He foundthat almost everyone preferred the original, whether it was a Van Gogh still life

or an abstract by Miro Vartanian also foundthat changing the composition of the paintings reduced activation in those brain areas linked with meaning and interpretation

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2 Suggestion

He foundthat almost everyone preferred the original, whether it was a Van Gogh still life

or an abstract by Miro Vartanian also found that changing the composition of the paintings reduced activation in those brain areas linked with meaning and interpretation

S V thatSVO, whenever SVO S V that SVO

He (Oshin Vartanian) found that almost everyone preferred the original, whether it was a Van Gogh still life or an abstract by Miro Vartanian also found that changing the composition of the paintings reduced activation in those brain areas linked with meaning and interpretation

(*still life is a genre of painting or drawing of an arrangement of objects, typically including fruit and flowers and objects)

Sentence 07

Too little and the work is boring, but too much results in a kind of 'perceptual overload',

according to Forsythe What's more, appealing pieces both abstract and representational,

show signs of 'fractals' - repeated motifs recurring in different scales, fractals are common

throughout nature, for example in the shapes of mountain peaks or the branches of trees

Trang 30

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2 Suggestion

Too little and the work is boring, but too much results in a kind of 'perceptual overload', according to Forsythe What's more, appealing pieces both abstract and representational, show signs of 'fractals' - repeated motifs recurring in different scales, fractals are common throughout nature, for example in the shapes of mountain peaks or the branches of trees

S V O, but S V O what V, VingO ,S V O

According to Forsythe, too little detail and the work is boring, but too much detail results

in a kind of 'perceptual overload' What's more, appealing pieces both abstract and representational, show signs of 'fractals' which are repeated motifs which recur in different scales, fractals are common throughout nature, for example in the shapes of mountain peaks or the branches of trees

Sentence 08

It is also intriguing that the brain appears to process movement when we see a

handwritten letter, as if we are replaying the writer's moment of creation This has led

some to wonder whether Pollock's works feel so dynamic because the brain reconstructs the energetic actions the artist used as he painted

……… .……… ………

……….

………

2 Suggestion

It is also intriguing that the brain appears to process movement when we see a handwritten letter, as if we are replaying the writer's moment of creation This has led some to wonder whether Pollock's works feel so dynamic because the brain reconstructs the energetic actions the artist used as he painted

S V thatSVO whenSVO, as if S V O S V O whetherSVO

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