Organizational behavior 7e by luthans chap006

Content Theories of Work Motivation • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs... Content Theories of Work Motivation Continued • Hierarchy of work motivation continued... Content Theories of Work

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved.

Motivational Needs and Processes

Chapter Six

• Motivation is a basic psychological

process.

– Many of today’s organizational behavior

theorists “think it is important for the field to reemphasize behavior.”

Meaning of Motivation

• Motivation is a process that starts with a

physiological or psychological deficiency

or need that activates a behavior or a drive that is aimed at a goal or incentive

– Human motives are variously called

physiological, biological, unlearned, or

primary

Primary Motives

• A must be unlearned and must be

physiologically based

• People develop different appetites for the

various physiological motives because

people have the same basic physiological makeup

General Motives

• A motive must be unlearned but not

physiologically based

– Curiosity, manipulation, and activity motives

• Not allowing these types of motives to be

expressed and fulfilled may have serious consequences

– Affection motive

• Adds importance in the study of human behavior

and organizational behavior

Examples of Key Secondary Motives

– Moderate risk taking

– Need for immediate feedback

– Satisfaction with accomplishments

– Preoccupation with the task

Secondary Motives

Continued

• Affiliation motive

– Is sometimes equated with social motives

and/or group dynamics

Secondary Motives

Continued

• Intrinsic versus extrinsic motives

– Extrinsic motives are tangible and visible to

others

– Intrinsic motives are internally generated

– Cognitive evaluation theory suggests a more

intricate relationship

Work-Motivation Approaches

Content Theories of Work

Motivation

• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Content Theories of Work

Motivation Continued

• Hierarchy of work motivation (continued)

Content Theories of Work

Motivation Continued

• Herzberg’s two-factor theory of motivation

Content Theories of Work Motivation Continued

• Herzberg’s two-factor theory of motivation

(continued)

– Relation to Maslow’s need hierarchy

• Closely related

– Contribution to work motivation

• New light on the content of work motivation

– Critical analysis of Herzberg’s theory

• Academic perspective: The theory oversimplifies

the complexities of work motivation

Content Theories of Work Motivation Continued

• Alderfer’s ERG Theory

– Three groups of core needs:

Content Theories of Work Motivation Continued

• Relationship between the three theories

Process Theories of Work

Motivation

• Vroom’s expectancy theory of motivation

Process Theories of Work

Motivation

• Vroom’s expectancy theory of motivation

(continued)

– Meaning of the variables

• Valance, instrumentality, and expectancy

– Implications of the Vroom model for

organizational behavior

– Importance of the Vroom model

Process Theories of Work Motivation Continued

• Porter-Lawler model

Process Theories of Work Motivation Continued

• Porter-Lawler model (continued)

– Implications for practice

• Attempts to be more applications oriented

– Contributions to work motivation

• Helps overcome barriers such as ability,

practicality, interdependence, and ambiguity

Contemporary Theories of Work

Motivation

• Equity theory of work motivation

– Equity occurs when

– Equity as an explanation of work motivation

• “Striving” to restore equity

– Research support for equity in workplace

• Fairly supportive

Contemporary Theories of Work

Contemporary Theories of Work

Motivation Continued

• Attribution

theory

Contemporary Theories of Work

Motivation Continued

• Attribution theory (continued)

– Overview of the theory

– Locus of control attributions

Contemporary Theories of Work

Motivation Continued

• Other work motivation theories

– Control theory

• Cognitive phenomenon relating to the degree that

individuals perceive they are in control

– Agency theory

• Interests of principals and agents diverge or may

be in conflict with one another

Motivation Across Cultures

• Meaning of work across cultures

– Should be considered before beginning any

assessment of the nature of motivation

• Motivational differences across cultures

– Role of religion

– Role of uncertainty avoidance

– Role of power distance

– Other cultural dimensions

Motivation Across Cultures

Continued

• Do motivation theories and approaches

hold across cultures?

– Key to understanding motivation in an

international context

• Explore the basic meaning of work

• Recognize the cultural dimensions that contribute

to possible differences in motives

• Account for potential new ways to apply the

motivation theories and approaches

Questions