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UNIVERSITY OF MINING AND GEOLOGY NGUYỄN THỊ LỆ HẰNG ESTABLISHING SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR STUDYING ON APPLICATION OF GEOMATICS IN CREATING DATABASE AND ASSESSING SURFACE WATER ENVIRONMENTA

UNIVERSITY OF MINING AND GEOLOGY

NGUYỄN THỊ LỆ HẰNG

ESTABLISHING SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR STUDYING

ON APPLICATION OF GEOMATICS IN CREATING DATABASE AND ASSESSING SURFACE WATER ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN CAM PHA, QUANG NINH

Speciality: Geodetic Engineering - Mapping

Code: 9520503

ABRIDGED TECHNICAL DOCTORALDISSERTATION

Hà Nội - 2018

Department of Surveging, Mapping & Land Management Hanoi University of Mining and Geology (HUMG)

Science Supervisors:

1 Assoc Prof PhDr Kieu Kim Truc

2 PhDr Vuong Trong Kha

Opponent Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof PhDr Tran Xuan Truong Opponent Reviewer 2: Prof PhDr Vo Chi My

Opponent Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof PhDr Nguyen Ngoc Thach

The Dissertation will be upheld in front of HUMG Board of The Dissertation Evaluation at the meeting to be held at , Hanoi University of Mining and Geology at hours day month year 2018

The Dissertation can be found at the libraries: National Library, Hanoi,

or Library of Hanoi University of Mining and Geology

PREFACE

1 The urgency of the subject

Water is an extremely valuable resource, an essential component

of life and environment Water can be considered as a decisive factor in the survival and development of each nation

Vietnam is a country with abundant surface water resources Due

to geographic features and natural conditions, the total surface water of our country is unevenly distributed both in time and space, leading to frequent flooding situations in some areas, meanwhile other areas suffer prolonged drought Moreover, surface water resources in Vietnam are not endless Surface water is also vulnerable to being severely exploited

to meet the needs of living avtivities and socio-economic development

In addition, along with the strong socio-economic development, the negative impacts of these activities on water resources have caused severe surface water pollution The rapid pace of industrialization, urbanization, water transport, mining, aquaculture and population growth have increased the pressure on surface water resources in systems of rivers, lakes, as well as coastal areas Surface water in many parts of the world is heavily polluted by waste water, waste gas and solid waste Creating a surface water quality database is an urgent matter for the management, protection and sustainable use of surface water resources in Vietnam

Vietnam is rather rich in mineral resources, some of which have large reserves compared to that in the region such as coal, iron, oil and gas… Mining industry plays an important role in economic development, making significant contribution to the socio-economic development of Vietnam in recent years Beside the enormous benefits, the mining industry also has a strong impact on natural resources and environment, disrupting the inherent harmony of the natural landscape over large areas In the open-pit mining areas, due to the absence of settling ponds, most of the plants had directly discharged water into the environment without treatment In addition, many mining units only had concerned about economic interests in short term but paid less on environmental protection Consequently, many of the resource and

environmental components of the mining region have been severely impacted and altered, among that surface water is an important object, directly or indirectly affecting the livelihoods of people living in the areas

Like other regions of the country, Cam Pha is an industrial city In addition to the mining industry, other types of industries such as thermal power, cement, mechanical etc are increasingly developed Along with the industrialization and urbanization, the population is increasing, and the demand for water for industry, agriculture and living is increasing The paradox is going on fiercely: the more industry grows, the more the population increases, and the more surface water resources are deteriorating in both quantity and quality Surface water sources in lakes, rivers, streams and coastal waters of Cam Pha mining region are severely polluted Beside the common causes of pollution of air, solid waste, liquid waste from industrial activities, transportation, agriculture and people's daily life, the surface water quality of Cam Pha is heavily depreciated by mining Water discharge from open-pit mines, underground mines, washing plants, waste dump sites and coal storage yards, etc., are factors that increase the scale and level of pollution, seriously degrade surface water quality in Cam Pha area Increasing of population, tourism activities, mineral mining industry, mechanical engineering, cement industry are all the causes of total deterioration of surface water resources quality of Cam Pha So all studies for identifying causes, analyzing components and evaluating surface water quality in Cam Pha, Quang Ninh are urgent needs to determine water quality, locate and identify pollutingcomponents, aiming at developing solutions for the management and treatment of surface water sources in the area, contributing to the prevention and mitigation of negative impacts and raising the quality of clean water for the people in Quang Ninh province in general and Cam Pha area in particular

agricultural-There are many methods for evaluating surface water quality Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages Whatever the method, it must be based on database Despite being monitored frequently for long time, surface water data of Cam Pha mine in Quang

Ninh is still fragmented in format, structure, standards, etc A fully complete database, built with progressive methods and technologies and with timely updates, management, analysis, display, and sharing capabilities, is the basis for accurate and effective assessment of the components of the environment in general and the surface water resources in particular [10] Geo-informatics (Geomatics), which is representative of Geographic Information Systems (GIS),Environmental Data Qualification & Management (EQW) and Remote Sensing (RS), is a modern tool that meets these requirements

For the above reasons, the Dissertation "Eshtablishing scientific

basis for studying on application of Geomatics in creating database and assessing surface water environmental quality in Campha, Quangninh”

should have significant practical and scientific meanings The results obtained in the study has contributed to improving the efficiency of the application of Geomatics, as well as providing timely information and approriate tool to help managers in monitoring, evaluation and protection of the surface water environment in the mining areas

2 Objectives and tasks of the study

a/ Objectives:

The research objective of the Dissertation is to Eshtablish scientific basis for application of Geomatics in creating database and assessing surface water environmental quality in Cam Pha mining region, Quang Ninh province

b/ Tasks:

- Overview of research issues: overview of surface water resources and causes of surface water pollution in Vietnam, methods of surface water quality assessment; Overview of domestic and foreign research in relation to the application of Geomatics in database creation and surface water quality assessment

- To study the scientific basis for the creation and exploitation of database of sample data from surface water environmental monitoring programs by Geomatics for the management, monitoring and evaluation of surface water quality

- Collection of surface water quality monitoring data at 15 monitoring stations in mainland and 20 stations in coastal water of Cam

Pha mining region for database creation; Collection of Remote sensing data (Sentinel-2A satellite image) to define concentration of some water quality parameters in the coastal water

- To study combining and integrating GIS and EQWin environmental management and evaluation softwares for creating surface water environment database applied in case-study of Cam Pha mining region, Quang Ninh province

- Using the surface water quality database for creating thematic maps on water quality parameters, assessing the water quality by the Water Quality Index (WQI) and combining with Remote Sensing data

3 Limit and scope of the study

4 Study methods

- Analytical and synthesis methods: synthesize and analyze domestic and foreign studies related to the Dissertation contents; Data

on surface water quality in the study area

- Method of data collection: In the Dissertation, data collection was conducted at 15 monitoring stations of surface water quality monitoring network in the mainland area and 20 stations in the coastal water of Cam Pha mining region, Quang Ninh province in the 2011-

2016 period

- GIS application methodology: combining, integrating GIS software (MapInfo, ArcInfo/ArcGIS) with environmental data management and assessment software (Environment Qualification EQWin) to create database, to qualify and to assess quality of sample data from surface water environmental monitoring programs in Cam

Pha, Quang Ninh

- Geostatistical method: used in geostatistical analysis to evaluate quarterly and yearly surface water quality in Cam Pha, Quang Ninh areas at 15 inland stations

- Remote Sensing method: used in Sentinel 2A optical satellite image processing to define concentration distribution of some parameters of water quality in coastal water of Cam Pha, Quang Ninh

5 Upheld Thesis

Thesis 1: Geomatics is an effective tool in database creating and

management for sample data from various surface water environmental monitoring programs of the mining area on the basis of integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Environmental Data Qualification & Management (EQW) and Remote Sensing (RS)softwares

Thesis 2: Using of surface water database and with application of

Geomatics through techniques of geostatistical and spatial topological analysis helps to effectively manage, monitor and evaluate the quality

of surface water environment over both time and space

6 The new points of The Dissertation (Findings)

Firstly, integrating GIS and EQWin environmental management

softwares for creating surface water quality database is an appropriate and effective option for the current status of infrastructure and data acquisition of surface water quality monitoring in the mining area in our country

effective tool for management, assessment and monitoring of surface water quality through the creating water parameter thematic maps in GIS, calculating Water Quality Index WQI, defining concentration of water quality parameters by Remote Sensing data assessment

7 Scientific and practical significance

Scientific significance: The results of the Study help to improve

the scientific basis and prove the effectiveness and reliability of applied Geomatics in creating and exploiting databases of surface water environment monitored parameters

Practical significance: Databases of surface water environment

monitored parameters created in The Dissertation can be used for management, assessment, monitoring and sustainable usage of surface water resources in general and surface water in the mining area in particular

8 The Dissertation structure

The Dissertation consists of the preface (introduction), three

Chapters of main contents, conclusions and references

CONTENTS OF THE DISSERTATION

Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ISSUES

1.1 Concept of surface water and its quality assessment

1.2 Factors that affecting surface water quality

1.2.1 Public living activities discharge water

1.2.2 Industrial discharge water

1.2.3 Medical waste water

1.2.4 Agricultural waste water

1.3 Using of WQI to assess surface water quality

The assessment of water quality as well as the level of water pollution may be based on a number of aggregate indicators These indicators are divided into three groups: physical indicators (pH, color, turbidity, suspended solids), chemical indicators (dissolved oxygen concentration in water - DO, biological oxygen demand BOD, chemical oxygen demand - COD, heavy metals, phosphorus compounds, sulphates, nitrogen compounds .) and biological indicators (E coli) The assessment of surface water quality according to the aggregate indicators can be done by comparing minitored values with that of QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNMT Standards

The Water Quality Index (WQI) is an index calculated from water quality monitoring parameters used to quanlify the water quality quantitatively and usability of the water source, and is displayed through a scale This is an effective method of evaluating water quality, which is widely used in Vietnam [1,7,12,16] The WQI values range from 0 to 100, with water quality divided into five Grades as shown in Table 1.2

Table 1.2 WQI values corresponding to the water quality assessment

Grades WQI

value Category of water quality assessment Color scales

I 91 – 100 Good to be used for drinking water

II 76 – 90

Used for drinking water supply purposes, but appropriate treatment measures are required

Green

III 51 – 75 Used for irrigation and other similar

IV 26 – 50 Used for water navigation and other

V 0 – 25 Highly polluted water, treatment

measures in the future are needed Red

1.4 Overview of study on application of Geomatics in creating database and assessing surface water environmental quality

1.4.1 In the world

Over the past decades, Geomatics in general, GIS and Remote Sensing inparticular, has become an effective tool in creating database and assessing surface water environmental quality in the world These include the studies of Bilhimer [28], Boubakri and Rhinane [29], Silberbauer [67], Zaidi [79], Zeilhofer et al [80], Geostatistical and topological analysis tools are widely applied Data from the surface water quality database have been interpolated with methods such as IDW, Kriging to create map of distribution of concentration of surface water quality parameters in the studies of Gharbia et al [40], Gunarathna et al [43], McKinney and Annning [52], Mayer [53], Nas [53], Oke et al [59], Raikar et al [61],

Remote Sensing data is also combined with GIS in evaluating surface water quality Because of that the spectral reflectance determined from optical satellite images can reflect the characteristics

of some water quality parameters [62-64], Remote Sensing data has been processed in combination with monitoring data to build regression function of water quality assessment Some studies can be listed as Doxaranet al [37, 38], Cheng and Lei [35], He et al [46], Olet [60], Wang et al [73], Sudheer et al [69], Xing-Ping Wen [78], Yuan-Fong

Su [77]

Affluent from mineral mining activities is an important cause of pollution of surface and groundwater resources in the mining areas Some studies, such as Alaghmand et al [26], Evans [39], Mays [50], Pierre-Yves [65], Twardowska and Szczepanska [70], Tomic [71], Woldai [74]… used Geomatics for creating of database and quality assessment of surface water environment of mining areas

1.3.2 In the Country (Việt Nam)

There is some studies in Vietnam on assessment of surface water quality with use of WQI indexes through water samples, such as studies

by Pham The Anh and Nguyen Van Huy [1], TruongVan Dan et al [3], Ton That Lang [6], Nguyen Duy Phu [12], Le Van Thang et al [15] Since the beginning of the 21st century, there have been some researches and applications of Geomatics for database development and surface water quality assessment This may include studies by scientists

at the National Remote Sensing Research Department (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment), Nguyen Thi Thu Ha et al [5], Nguyen Quoc Phi et al [11] , Nguyen Van Thao [14], Trinh Le Hung [72] For Quang Ninh area, in addition to projects on environmental assessment of surface water due to the influence of coal mining, there are some studies such as Doan Van Kien et al [4], Kieu Kim Truc et al [17, 18] that have initially used Geomatics for management, assessment and response to surface water pollution

1.5 Mining and its impact on surface water quality in Cam Pha, Quang Ninh

1.5.1 Surface water resources in Quang Ninh mining province

Quang Ninh has a system of rivers and streams of over 10 km in length, with a basin area of approximately 3000 km2 Major rivers are

Ka Long, Tien Yen and Ba Che with area of nearly 1000 km2 The network of rivers and streams is dense with average density of 1 to 1.9 km/km2, some places reach 2-2.4 km/km2 In addition to the big rivers, Quang Ninh also has some small rivers with a length of about 10 km and basins are under 300 km2, distributed along the coast from Mong Cai town to districts of Hoang Bo, Dong Trieu and Yen Hung

1.5.2 Impact of mineral exploitation on surface water quality in Cam Pha, Quang Ninh

In order to produce 1 ton of coal, it is necessary to remove 8 - 10

cubic meters (m3)of soil and discharge 1 - 3 m3 of waste water Only in

2006, the coal mines of the Vietnam National Coal and Mineral Industries Group (Vinacomin) have discharged about 182.6 m3 of rock,

70 million m3 of waste water, leading to some areas of pollution, including Cam Pha In 2009, the total volume of mine wastewater was more than 38 million m3 (excluding discharge from mine sites) Surface water quality in Cam Pha has been declining for many years The TSS, BOD, COD, etc in the river of Mong Duong, streams of Bang Nau, Bang Tay, Khe Cham etc., observed in the 2005-2009 period, were rather high, e g suspended sediment in 2006, 2007, 2008 exceeded Permit Limit of Standards of QCVN for surface water in 1 ÷ 15.2 times Most surface water in rivers, streams in Cam Pha, especially those located near coal mining areas are contaminated with organic substances, inorganic and grease pollution The monitoring results in 2005-2009 showed that the content of ammonium and nitrite in water of rivers and streams were higher than the Standards The parameters of toxic heavy metals and microorganisms in water are beyond the permitted level of QCVN

1.6 Conclusion of Chapter 1

Due to inadequate application of Geomatics technology in creating database and assessing surface water environmental quality in the mining region, monitoring data management is still in difficult and unsatisfaction status The surface water quality data of the mining area has not been uniform, not overall, incomplete, and especially does not easily mention the time factor in conjunction with parameter value and space coordinates, as well as has poor uniformity in data structure design The main result is usually separate maps with layers of geographic information, separate data sheets with environmental parameter values, but there is poor link between geographic and time data Meanwhile, display of information is limited and difficult to follow, as well as data modeling results are not close to reality All that leads to limit of access and use of data

The monitoring of the water environment in mining region of the country has been done by many different agencies over many years, in many time series, with many parameters and at many stations, so creating very large volume of data There are great difirences between

report forms from different agencies, observations, as well as data has neither been updated into an uniform database nor standardized, causing difficulties for users

Geomatics in general, GIS and Remote Sensing in particular, has become an effective tool in creating database and assessing surface water environmental quality Researches in homeland and abroad have shown that geostatistical and topological analysis tools of GIS when combined with Remote Sensing technology advantages such as short-term image receiving, diversified spectrum and large area overlay, as well as Environment Qualification softwares (EQ), have provided full, advanced analysis and data management capabilities to perfect monitoring and assessment of surface water environment quality in mining areas

Chapter 2 SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF APPLICATION OF GEOMATICS TECHNOLOGY IN CREATING DATABASE AND ASSESSING SURFACE WATER

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2.1 Study and selection of Geomatics application solution to create databases for surface water quality assessment

2.1.1 Concept of Geomatics and Database

Geomatics, or Geospatial Technology, Geo-Informatics, is the

science of gathering, storing, processing and providing geographic information, or spatial information Geomatics is fairly new The term was apparently coined by B Dubuisson in the year 1969 from the combination of geodesy and geoinformatics terms It includes the tools and techniques used in land surveying, Remote Sensing, cartography, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO, COMPASS), photogrammetry, and related forms of earth mapping Originally used in Canada, because

it is similar in French and English, the term geomatics has been adopted

by the International Organization for Standardization, the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, and many other international authorities, although some (especially in the United States) have shown

a preference for the term geospatial technology

Database is a set of raw data collected for a specific purpose,

stored with large number in computer in accordance with certain rules

The data in a database can be managed and processed into different forms of information, and can be shared between different applications Database is an important component and considered as the core of GIS Depending on the purpose and requirements of users, database can be designed (organized and structured) in different levels of complexity.

2.1.2 Applicability of Geomatics for database creating and surface water quality assessment

GIS with data storage, analysis and display capabilities is an effective tool in database development, as well as surface water quality assessment All popular GIS softwares such as AcrGIS, MapInfo, MicroStation allow to create database of information in general, and database of surface water environment quality in particular in convenient Monitoring data can be standardized, easily converted between GIS softwares, stored in a unified database and conveniently used for surface water quality assessment Users can easily access, exploit, use and update water quality data GIS surface water quality database can also provide information to managers to apply specific measures for the assessment, monitoring and sustainable use of surface water resources Especially with the development of the Internet nowadays, a new emerged technology - WebGIS technology, allows users to access and exploit database from anywhere

Along with GIS, since the late twentieth century, Remote Sensing has been applied widely and has had an important effect in the study of water quality Remote Sensing images with various ranges of spatial resolution enables to research and monitor water bodies of different scales (Table 2.1)

Range

Satellite-Sensor

Launch date

Spatial resolution (m)

Bandwidth range

Time resolution (days)

High

resolution

Digital Globe

WorldView–1 18/09/2007 0,5 17,7 1,7 Digital Globe

WorldView–2 08/10/2009 1,85-0,46 16,4 1,1 NOAA

WorldView–3 13/08/2014