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THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION TRAN TRUNG VY DEVELOPING VALUE CHAINS OF PHARMACEUTICAL PLANTS IN QUANG NINH PROVINCE Major: E

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS

ADMINISTRATION

TRAN TRUNG VY

DEVELOPING VALUE CHAINS OF PHARMACEUTICAL PLANTS IN

QUANG NINH PROVINCE

Major: Economic management

Code: 9.34.04.10

THAI NGUYEN - 2019

1 Purpose of research

Quang Ninh is a province with rich and diverse vegetation such as Ba kich, Tra Hoa vang, Hoi, Que, Trau mot la, Binh voi, Ba benh, Kim ngan hoa, Nhan tran, Y di… however, the development productions of medicinal materials in Quang Ninh is not suitable with potential and strengths of value for various reasons: The exploitation of medicinal plant resources is still spontaneous, not paying attention to regeneration and conservation that lead to many medical trees face the risk of exhaustion; pharmaceuticals mainly is stopping at raw and fresh materials, not paying much attention to the preliminary processing, fine processing and creation of different products in order to increase their value The products of medicines and foods produced are little production, the dosage forms are simple, the value-added is not high and the cosmetic products derived from medicinal materials are not manufactured yet With the potential of natural and socio-economic conditions, especially natural conditions, Quang Ninh can develop medicinal plants to become one of the important sources for income, and to exploit its strengths Naturally and some medicinal plants have specialties, to develop into a big medicine center of Vietnam This will be a new breakthrough, contributing to speeding

up the goal of changing bussiness of province from "brown" to "green" In order to contribute to the implementation of the Scheme on restructuring agriculture in the direction of raising added value and developing sustainably for Quang Ninh province, developing production according to product value chains in the pharmaceutical industry, creating pharmaceutical products that are high quality goods, increasing competition in the market, improving production efficiency, increasing income for workers, especially farmers who are playing as an important role As above, I do chose to research dissertation: "Developing value chains of pharmaceutical plants in Quang Ninh province"

2 Missions

2.1 Overall missions

Analyze and assess the situation of the pharmaceutical plants value chain in Quang Ninh province, and basing on results, it proposes solutions to develop the pharmaceutical plants value chain of Quang Ninh province by 2025

2.2 Specific missions

- Systematize and clarify theoretical and practical thoeries for development of medicinal plants value chains and value chains

- Assess the situation and development of the pharmaceutical value chain in Quang Ninh province

- Analyze factors which affect the development of the pharmaceutical value chain

in Quang Ninh province

- Identify viewpoints, objectives and solutions to develop the pharmaceutical value chain in Quang Ninh province until 2025

3 Objects and scope of research

3.1 Objects

Object of research is factors of pharmaceutical value chain ( Farmers, Cooperations, firms, traders), managers and related policy which are creating pharmaceutical value chain

3.2 Scope of research

- Scope of structure: The research topic was studied in Quang Ninh province, focusing on eight districts and cities of the province that planted medicinal plants and exploited natural plants

- Table time: Secondary data was collected from 2013 - 2017; Primary data was collected in 2017

- Regarding the content: The dissertation studies status of medicinal value chains

in Quang Ninh province In particularly, focusing on analysis of the effectiveness of medicinal value chains as Tra Hoa vang and Ba kich That two types of plants have been identified by the province and also in the list of key medicinal products in Project "One product per village" which has been approved by Quang Ninh goverment

4 New contribution

Firstly, the thesis has systematized the theoretical issues about the product chain, the pharmaceutical value chain, and providing theoretical and practical basis for the development of pharmaceutical production in the chain

Second: Objectives and scientific assessments base on the current situation of chain development, as well as the management of medicinal value chains In addtion, factors that affected the linkages to the development of the medicinal plant value chain,

researcher used as a basis for proposing feasible solutions and developed medicinal value chain in Quang Ninh province

Third: Developing the pharmaceutical value chain, as one of the current issues with little studies on the pharmaceutical value chain, researcher hope to make new contributions in the method of analyzing the value chain for with specific medicinal plants, to get more references for further research

Fourth: The research results of the thesis are a scientific basis to help policy makers who have more comprehensive views on the management of agricultural production development programs in general and production development Medicinal plants will contribute new value chains, and improving income of people in the areas

CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCHES ON VALUES AND CHAIN OF PHARMACEUTICAL PLANTS PRODUCTS

1.1 Overview of researches on value chain

1.1.1 Foreign researhes on value chain

There are many different value chain analysis approaches in the world According

to Kaplinsky and Morris (2001), there is no "standard one" approach Basically, the specific analysis method depends on the research question and the characteristics of the research product

Some theoretical results, providing necessary knowledge and skills in chain analysis: Raphael Kaplinsky & Mike Morris (2006) "Value chain research handbook" Hellin J, and M Meijer, (2006), "Guidelines for value chain analysis", FAO, Kaplinsky,

R and M, Morris, (2000), "Value chain research handbook"; GTZ (2007) publishes the

"Value Manual, Methodology for Promoting the Value Chain" Da SLĐva, C and H De Sousa FLĐho (2007), “A quick guide to implementation of agricultural chains in developing countries”; FAO (2007); "Management of agro-industrial supply chains: Concepts and application"; Bernet T, G Thiele., And T Zschocke (2006), “A participatory approach in market chains approach (PMCA) - manual for used

Some studies on specific agricultural value chains: FAO (2004) also studies on

"Mango value chain in Kenya"; Gooch et al (2009) used a value chain analysis framework to evaluate: "Market and quality control of fresh grapes, fresh and processed apples and many other fruits of Ontario, Canada" Hosni and Lancon (2011), explored:

“Syris's apple value chain in foreign markets”; Approach of UNIDO (2009), in "Analysis and development of agricultural value chains"; ADB (2005) and FAO (2008) Reports on

the "Potato value chain"; Eaton and Shepherd (2001), conducted a study on: "Tea value chain in Kenya and Cocoa in Indonesia"

Some research results on chain management: Gereffi G, J Humphrey and T Sturrgeon (2005), "Global value chain management"; Hagelaar, G.J.L.F and Van der Vorst, J.G.A.J., (2002) "Supply chain environment management: using life cycle assessment to structure supply chain"; Chopra SunLd and Pter Meindl (2001), "Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning and Operations"

Some other research approaches on the chain: GTZ's approach (2009), in "Value chain development, value-added tools for agricultural production"; Approach of M4P (2008), the project "Making labor value of the poor better" Gudmundsson, E ; Asche, F ; Nielsen, M (2006), "Distributing revenue through seafood value chains"

1.1.2 Domestic researches on value chain

- Researches on value chains in broad terms: PhD student synthesized 14 different studies, these studies focused on agricultural and seafood value chains, some value chains with specific goods as grapefruit, tea, coffee, cow, anchovies

- Research on chains in a narrow sense: Pham Quoc Tri (2015), "Investigating the situation of small and medium-sized enterprises in the value chain of key agricultural commodities and proposing development solutions"

1.2 Researches on medicinal plants and medicinal value chains

- The research on medicinal plants: The study abroad mainly refers to the folk knowledge about medicinal plants and its use in treating diseases Researches in the country: The author has synthesized 13 research works on domestic pharmaceuticals, and mention many different fields: conservation of genetic resources, uses of medicinal plants

in curing, protection of intellectual property rights with traditional knowledge, application of technology in breeding

- Researches on overseas pharmaceutical value chains: The author has compiled 6 research works, these works have been published in specialized and quality journals

- Overview of research on medicinal value chains in the country: In Vietnam, research projects on the pharmaceutical field are not as well as other fields The author only found 2 research works which are the thesis of Master of Economics of Ngo Van Nam (2010) with the topic: “Studying the value chain of medicinal plants used as bath medicine in Sa Pa district, Lao Cai province ", and the research of authors: Huynh Bao

Tuan, Ho Phuong Hoang, Tran Thi Cam, Nguyen Ngoc Kieu Chinh (2013) “ Researching

on value chain of medicinal plants - Diep Ha tree Châu ”, published in the HCM City science and technology development magazine

1.3 General assessment of research on value chains, pharmaceuticals and medicinal value chains

1.3.1 For the research on value chains

In general, the research on the value chain that researcher presented: Firstly, some studies on the theory of value chain Secondly, a number of studies focus on the overall value chain which researches on a specific commodity Thirdly, a number of in-depth studies analyzing commodity value chains; Fourthly, several studies analyzing the value chain for specific livestock crops

1.3.2 Researches on Medical plants

Oversea researches only focus on fuctions or trend of medical herb for heath Researching on mediacl plants just focus on survey, and function of medical plants and produce medicinces

1.3.3 Researches on medicinal value chains

Researching on pharmaceutical value chains in foreign countries, the authors focus

on analyzing the value chain structure, describing the actors in the value chain and roles The role of different intermediaries, procurement methods, production costs and prices of plant medicinal plants, in order to increase the supply of medicinal plants to the pharmaceutical industry, research and propose protective solutions Researching on the value chain of medicinal materials in the country has not been much, the researcher has synthesized the results of two studies, one study on the chain of medicinal plants used to make bath medicines in Sa Pa district, Lao Cai province; and a study on the chlorophyll pharmaceutical chain by the authors of the Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, these studies also stop at describing the activities of the value chain

1.4 Identify gaps in research

Research on the value chain of medicinal materials in the country is too little, has not covered all types of pharmaceutical materials, and has not studied in depth the effectiveness of chain actors as well as in-depth analysis and evaluation on factors that have affected the development of medicinal value chains and the extent of their impact on the operation of specific medicinal value chains Author found that, domestic and foreign

studies, especially domestic ones, there are too few studies analyzing the specific value chain of medicinal materials as well as the value chain analysis of the pharmaceutical industry Most of the researches that focused on the value chain of agricultural products

or the agricultural product chain in general There is no researching on the value chain of Tra Hoa Vang and Ba kich as well as research on developing value chain of medicinal plants in Quang Ninh from the perspective of economic management

Chapter 2: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BACKGROUND ON DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL VALUES CHAIN

2.1 Theoretical issues on the development of medicinal value chains

2.1.1 Theory of medicinal plants

2.1.2 Theory of chains and chain development

A chain is an interrelated business activity, from providing inputs to a product, to preliminarily processing, transporting, marketing to finally selling products for consumers Chains often bases on two concepts: Value chain and supply chain The series

is understood in the broad and narrow sense In this study, author focused direction on developing the value chain in a broad sense Broad-based approaches do not take into account the activities carried out by a single enterprise, but rather the vertical and vertical linkages until raw materials are produced and connected with final consumers

From the above concepts, author introduces the concept of the value chain of medicinal plants in the broadest sense as a series of closed activities from manufacturing, purchasing, processing to consumption of pharmaceutical materials and herbal products

as many different participants in the same implementation: producers, collectors, processors and consumers

The concept of developing the pharmaceutical value chain: Developing the pharmaceutical value chain is understood as a process that changes both the quantity and quality of activities related to development of pharmaceutical production along the value chain In particular, the increase in scale is considered to be the creation of new value chains (value chains of Que, Anise, Lemongrass, climbing vines, tablespoons .), the change in quality of development is upgrading the existing value chain (value chain of Ba kich, Tra Cam Vang)

2.1.1.2 Value chart

Chart 2.1 Value chart of planting sector

2.1.2.3 The factors in the value chain

"Producers"; "Collectors"; "Processors"; "Buyer"

2.1.2.4 The meaning and benefits of value chain analysis

* Value chain analysis helps identify competitive advantages; * Value chain analysis to improve the activities of actors * Value chain analysis provides an opportunity to reevaluate the capabilities of the actors: * Value chain analysis creates income distribution reasonable

2.1.3 Content development value chain

2.1.3.1 Value stream mapping

2.1.3.2 Quantify and describe in detail value chains

2.1.3.3 Economic analysis of value chains

2.1.3.4 Developing value chain

of Harvest

Collections Logistics

Cleanning Labelling Packaging

ction

Mar keti

ng

Consumer

Domes tic

Expor

t

Local government, related departments, projects, banks

Schools, institutes

2.2 Practical basis for developing the pharmaceutical value chain

2.2.1 Experience in developing medicinal materials along the value chain of some localities in the country

(1) Experience in developing medicinal plants in Yen Bai: (2) Experience in developing medicinal plants of Ha Giang: (3) Experience in developing pharmaceutical materials of Lao Cai: (4) Experience in developing medicinal materials of Da Lat

2.2.2 Experiences development of medicinal value chains for Quang Ninh province

Firstly, identifying key pharmaceutical materials among thousands of different types of medicinal plants in localities (Quang Ninh has identified 6 essential pharmaceutical materials)

Second, to develop pharmaceutical production along the value chain, it is necessary to enter into joint ventures and direct links with enterprises

Thirdly, local governments at all levels proactively enact policies and mechanisms

to attract the participation of enterprises in the pharmaceutical value chain

Fourthly, attach importance to developing medicinal plants into commodities, in association with tourism development

Fifth, link and apply appropriate technological chains in production and processing to create high quality products

Sixthly, strengthening the link "Four factors" (Government - Scientists - Entrepreneurs - Farmers) and "many factors"

Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODS

3.1 Research question

(1) Developing product value chains, previous studies of medicinal value chains, what problems have been learned, and issued drawn from the research What is thesis? (2) What is the status of Quang Ninh medicinal value chain development? (3) What factors influence the development of medicinal value chain in Quang Ninh province? (4) What policies and solutions to develop the pharmaceutical value chain in Quang Ninh Province until 2025?

3.2 Research process of the thesis

Designed to answer the research questions posed in Section 3.1 (see appendix 1 thesis)

3.3 Approaches and analytical framework

3.3.1 Approach

Participatory approaches; System access; Institutional - policy approaches; Access

to economic analysis; Developing approaches

3.3.2 Analyzing framework

Figure 3.1 Analyzing Framework (source: Author’s Creation)

3.4 Methods of collecting information

3.4.1 Methods of collecting secondary information

3.4.2 Methods of collecting primary information

- Field survey method:

- Methods of survey by questionnaire: Subjects of investigation: Factors participating in the value chain of medicinal plants: Producers (farmer households,

Internal factor in Value chain Developing value

chains of medicinal plants Theories for

cooperatives and enterprises); Collectors (individuals, cooperatives, enterprises); Processors (Individuals, cooperatives, enterprises); Consumers (individuals, cooperatives, enterprises) and pharmaceutical production management agencies

+ Number of survey samples: Statistics of organizations and individuals involved

in manufacturing and trading in pharmaceutical materials in 8 research locations are 720, author did not fully investigate but only investigated sample selection in that population Use Slovin's sampling formula:

n = N / (1 + N.e2) In which: n: Number of samples to survey; N: The total is 720; e: Errors allowed (choose e = 5%)

In this study, the number of sample selected was 257 samples including farmer households and enterprises, of which farmers were the main ones, each site selected 30 households (with 240 households) and 17 enterprises and cooperatives due to the number the number of enterprises producing and trading in pharmaceutical materials is small, at the survey sites, the PhD investigates all businesses and cooperatives in the area

+ Survey location: Conducting surveys of the province's medicinal plantations, including Dong Trieu, Uong Bi, Hoanh Bo, Tien Yen, Dam Ha, Ba Che, Binh Lieu and Cam Pha City

+ The content of the questionnaire (questionnaire) consists of two parts: Part I: General information about the object of the investigation; Part II: The content of the survey on production of medicinal plants and cards is designed by subjects (farmers, businesses); Survey on production costs, product selling prices, the support of businesses, the state

3.5 Method of processing and analyzing information

3.5.1 Information processing method

For secondary information: Researcher did classify, synthesize and organize the collected information in specific groups, suitable to the content and time of research

For primary information: Author used Excel software to synthesize and process data The results obtained showed the average values, percentages and other necessary statistical parameters for the analysis of the thesis

3.5.2 Information analysis method

- Absolute numerical method: - Relative numerical method; - Average numerical method:

- SWOT analysis method:

ST: Adaptive solution (utilize strengths

to limit possible threats)

(W)

WO: Corrective measures (take advantage of opportunities to overcome weaknesses)

WT: Defensive solutions (overcome

weaknesses and limit possible risks)

3.6 Analytical analysis criteria

3.6.1 Indicators reflect the results of actors in the pharmaceutical value chain

The production value (GO) of each actor is calculated by the quantity of product multiplied by the unit price In the study, the PhD student calculated for 02 key products:

Ba size and Yellow flower tea GO is also the revenue for producers: GO = Qi* Pi

In which: Qi is the weight of product type i; Pi is the average selling price of type i products

Intermediary costs (IC): are all of the material and service costs that are regularly used in the manufacturing process, creating products in the value chain IC = Cj

In which: Cj is the jth expense in a link of the chain

Value-added (VA): The newly created value of a product that passes through each link in the value chain or is the value that each actor creates in a cycle of economic activity they guarantee responsibility, it is the difference between the total value of production produced by each unit of actors in the value chain and the material costs spent

on producing each product unit of each actor in the value chain: VA = GO – IC

Labor cost (LĐ): is the labor cost that agents have to hire, the labor unit price is calculated based on the actual labor cost in the study area in 2017 Unit price per day of labor is simple Force is 200,000 VND / day-person

Total TC cost: is the total material cost and labor cost that herbal producers have

to pay (IC + LD)

3.6.2 Indicators reflect the production efficiency of chain factor

- Rate (GO / TC): This criterion is to assess how much value each value of labor generates, including labor costs

- Rate (VA / TC): This indicator is to know how much VAT is generated by one production cost

- Rate (GO / LD): This indicator shows how much production value a labor day produces

- Rate (VA / LĐ): This indicator shows how much value added to a labor day

- Rate (VA / IC): This indicator shows how much VAT is spent on each dollar of material expenses

3.6.3 Indicators reflect the chain development

- Indicators reflecting the width chain development: Developing along the width means expanding the value chain in terms of scale: In this study, in addition to the two key product value chains: Ba kich and Tra hoa vang Researcher to develop chains in width by building a number of new medicinal value chains: Cinnamon, star anise, tablespoons, climbing vines (see solution)

- In-depth chain development targets: Developing the current medicinal value chain with increasing the added value of products, or producing more products in the value chain by investing more in science and technology With that perspective, the PhD student researches in developing the chain in depth with the solutions to upgrade the existing medicinal value chain: Ba kich and Tra hoa vang

Chapter 4: CURRENT SITUATION OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE VALUES OF PHARMACEUTICAL PLANTS IN QUANG NINH PROVINCE

4.1 Natural and socio-economic characteristics of Quang Ninh province

4.1.1 Natural features: Topography, climate; hydrology and soil

4.1.2 Socio-economic characteristics

Table 4.1 Economic of Quang Ninh Provinces (2013-2017); unit: billion VND

Year

Agriculture, forestry, fisheries

Industry,

Giá trị % Giá trị % Giá trị % Giá trị %

Population and Labor

Figure 4 1 Percentage of employed population aged 15 and over compared to the population in Quang Ninh in the period of 2013 - 2017 (Unit:%)

(Source: Quang Ninh Statistical Yearbook)

4.2 Position, role of the manufacturing medicinal plants in Quang Ninh province

4.2.1 The position of the manufacturing medicinal plants in Quang Ninh province

4.2.2 The role of the manufacturing medicinal plants in socio-economic development

of Quang Ninh province

4.3 Situation of developing manufacturing medicinal plants in Quang Ninh province in the period (2013-2017)

4.3.1 The situation of growing medicinal plants in Quang Ninh province (2013-2017)

Quang Ninh has 14 economic organizations involved in planting 35 species of medicinal plants In which businesses planted 14 species, households planted 21 species of medicinal plants There are many types of medicinal plants grown but mainly in Anise and Que, accounting for up to 95%, other medicinal plants only account for 5%, there are two types of medicinal plants classified by the province as three important ones: Ba kich only 160 ha and Tra hoa vang is 9.5 ha and is mainly distributed in Ba Che district In the period of 2015-2017, Ba Che district has provided more than VND 1.1 billion for 174 households to participate in projects of focusing on Tra Hoa Vang Thanks to that, Ba Che has become the locality with the largest area of Tra hoa vang in the province with more than 140 hectares, of which, the area for flower harvesting is 50 hectares, tea leaves over 60 hectares (see Appendix 3 thesis)

4.3.2 Production of medicinal plants in Quang Ninh province (2013-2017)

In Quang Ninh province, there are currently organizing production of medicinal plants in two forms: (i) Primary production: There are 14 economic organizations involved in primary production activities, planting 35 species of medicinal plants In which businesses planted 14 species, households planted 21 species of medicinal plants (ii) Secondary production: There are 18 economic organizations engaged in secondary production activities creating product groups such as packaging pharmaceuticals, medicinal highs, essential oils, tea bags and tablets

4.3.3 Situation of processing and distributing marketing pharmaceutical plants in Quang Ninh province (2013-2017)

4.3.3.1 The situation of processing pharmaceuticals

The material of natural planting and harvesting is mostly processed on the spot by manual equipment, with low added value, and products without specific quality standards A small number of establishments apply machinery and equipment in processing and processing medicinal plants, creating products from medicinal materials with high added value such as: Tra hoa vang (filter bag), Ba kich tea, Moringa tea, Beetle tea (raw tea, tea bag) The Program (OCOP) has established or assisted many economic

organizations to apply technology to produce some herbal products and join the chain production value of medicinal plants in the province, such as: (1) Northeast Herbal Medicine Production, Processing and Processing Co., Ltd made out: Tra tui loc Giao co lam, Diep ha chau filter tea, Cao mem Giao co lam…(2) Dong Trieu Green Pharmaceutical Cooperative: Cao ba kich, Cao Tra Hoa Vang, (3) Nam Duoc Company Y Vo: Cao Thien Dong, Cao Lac Tien, Long thien huyet massage oil (4) Yen

Tu Herbal Cooperative: Yen Tu massage oil, (5) DTFopro Joint Stock Company: Tea bag of Tra hoa vang, flower of Tra hoa vang tea ; (6) Trach Thanh Forest Product Trading Joint Stock Company: Dried Hoa vang tra, Tra hoa vang bag (see Appendix 4 thesis)

4.3.3.2 Situation of distribution and marketing of pharmaceutical products

Activities of distribution, marketing of pharmaceutical materials and herbal products in localities are limited Raw medicinal materials are mainly sold "cutting lots"

to local collectors (or other destinations) often with low value The products from medicinal materials are mainly sold on the spot (production facilities), customers come to buy products at home or call to order There are a number of companies distributing pharmaceutical materials and products from medicinal plants in the province, but most of them import products from other places for distribution and marketing in Quang Ninh Many products from local plants are gradually known by consumers inside and outside the province: Giai doc gan tablets, Giao co lam tea, Moringa tea, Tra hoa vang

4.4 Developing the value chain of medicinal plants in Quang Ninh province

4.4.1 Quang Ninh medicinal value chain map

Based on practical research in Quang Ninh, the PhD student focused on analyzing the medicinal value chain of Tra Hoa Vang and Ba kich tea, including: (1) Planting and collecting activities picking, (2) Material collection activities; (3) Processing activities; (4) Product distribution activities, described as follows:

Chart 4.2 Value chart of planting sector in Quang Ninh Province

(Source: Author design)

4.4.2 Economic analysis of typical medicinal value chain in Quang Ninh province

4.4.2.1 Economic analysis of Ba kich chain in Quang Ninh province

a Economic efficiency of producers:

The total production value (or the total turnover) earned on 1 ha after 5 years is VND 1,512,000,000 Thus, on average, each year, the three size growers are 302,400,000 VND / ha, higher than that of other crops (interviewed by some households in Ba Che district)

To further clarify the effectiveness of actors participating in the Triple Trigger value chain, calculate the criteria in Table 4.2

of Harvest

Collections Logistics

Cleanning Labelling Packaging

ction

Mar keti

ng

Consumer

Domes tic

Expor

t

Local government, related departments, projects, banks

Schools, institutes

Table 4.2 Analyze the effectiveness of Ba kich’s farmers

(calculated on 1kg Ba kich fresh)

I Total production value GO Đồng/kg 120.000

II Total production costs TC Đồng/kg 21.375

1 Total production value / total cost GO/TC Lần 5,61

2 Added value / total cost VA/TC Lần 4,88

3 Production value / labor GO/LĐ Lần 30,23

5 VAT / intermediary stock VA/IC Lần 6,68

(Source: Summary and calculations from survey data, 2017)

b Economic efficiency of fresh Ba Kich collectors

Table 4.3 Analysis of the economic efficiency of the buyers Ba kich

(calculated on 1kg ba kich fresh)

1 Total production value / total cost GO/TC Lần 1,48

2 Added value / total cost VA/TC Lần 0,55

3 Production value / labor GO/LĐ Lần 20,00

5 VAT / intermediary stock VA/IC Lần 0,59 (Source: Summary and calculations from survey data, 2017)