UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATIONHOANG VAN HAI STUDY SOME BASIC CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPOSE MEASURES TO CONSERVE AND DEVELOP SUSTAINABLY THE VEGETATION ON LIMESTONE MOUNTAIN AREA IN CAM PHA CITY,
Trang 1UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
HOANG VAN HAI
STUDY SOME BASIC CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPOSE MEASURES TO CONSERVE AND DEVELOP SUSTAINABLY THE VEGETATION ON LIMESTONE MOUNTAIN AREA IN
CAM PHA CITY, QUANG NINH PROVINCE
Speciality: Ecology Code: 9420120
DISSERTATION SUMMARY
THAI NGUYEN - 2019
Trang 2THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY - UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
Supervisors:
1 Assoc Prof Ph.D Nguyen The Hung
2 Assoc Prof Ph.D Le Ngoc Cong
Reviewer 1:………
Reviewer 2:………
Reviewer 3:………
The dissertation will be defended in the university committee:
THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY - UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
At ……… , 2019
The dissertation can be read at:
- National library of Vietnam;
- Thai Nguyen University - Learning Resource Center;
- Library of University of Education
Trang 31 Hoang Van Hai, Nguyen The Hung, Le Ngoc Cong (2016),
“Diversity of vegetation and flora in Bai Tu Long bay, Quang
Ninh Province”, Journal of Science and Technology, Thai
Nguyen University, vol 4 (2016): 89-94
2 Hoang Van Hai, Nguyen The Hung, Le Ngoc Cong, Do Thi
Ha (2017), “Features of vegetation structure on the limestone
in Cam Pha, Quang Ninh”, Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, vol 306+307 (2017): 210-216
3 Hoang Van Hai, Nguyen The Hung, Do Thi Ha (2017),
“Characteristics on regeneration of the wood- species of
limestone vegetation in Cam Pha City (Quang Ninh
province)”, Journal of Science and Technology, Thai Nguyen
University, vol 161(2017): 133-138
4 Hoang Van Hai, Bui Manh Hung (2017), “Forecasting the
tree growth for forests on limestone mountains in Cam Pha,
Quang Ninh Province”, Journal of Forestry Science and Technology, vol 4 (2017): 54-63
Trang 41 The urgency of the thesis
Cam Pha city with Bai Tu Long Bay (buffer zone of Ha LongBay) is one of Quang Ninh's tourism areas, currently limestonemountain vegetation is being degraded in both area and quality due tosome causes such as exploiting plant resources used as firewood,limestone exploitation for the industry of construction materialproduction, encroaching on sea, expanding residential land fund
To contribute to improving the effectiveness of management,conservation and sustainable development of vegetation on limestone
mountains in Cam Pha city, Quang Ninh province, the thesis "Study
some basic characteristics and propose measures to conserve and develop sustainably the vegetation on limestone mountain area in Cam Pha city area, Quang Ninh province ” was performed.
2 Objectives of the study
Determining the basic characteristics of vegetation on limestonemountains in Cam Pha city area, Quang Ninh province Proposing thedirections of reasonable use and protection, meeting economic, socialand environmental development needs
3 The meaning of the thesis
Quantifying the structural characteristics and growth capacity oftimber trees in the vegetation on limestone mountains in Cam Pha city,Quang Ninh province The research results are the basis to orientconservation solutions in order to sustainably develop the vegetation onlimestone mountains in Cam Pha city
4 New contributions of the thesis
- In terms of theory: Provide scientific data on species composition,structural characteristics, geographical factors, growth and regenerationcapacity of woody trees, and the distribution of the vegetation onlimestone mountains in Cam Pha city, Quang Ninh province
- In terms of practicality: Contributing solutions for conservation andsustainable development of the vegetation on limestone mountains inCam Pha city area in particular and Quang Ninh province in general
Chapter 1 OVERVIEW 1.1 Studies on the vegetation on limestone mountains
1.1.1 In the world
In the world, limestone mountains account for about 10% of thetotal land area Limestone mountains play an important role for
Trang 5humans, a quarter of the world's population living depends ongroundwater originated from the limestone mountains Many limestonemountains in the world and in the country are recognized as landscapes
or world heritage such as: Port Campbel National Park (Australia), agroup of Buddha worship caves in Pak Ou (Laos), Que Lam inGuangxi province (China), Thach Lam in Van Nam province (China) Hon Phu Tu (Kien Giang), Ha Long Bay (Quang Ninh), Non Nuoc (DaNang), Phong Nha (Quang Binh), Vong Phu (Lang Son), the old cave
in Cuc Phuong (Ninh Binh)
Based on the reference of 24 research works of foreign authors,the thesis has reviewed the research results in the world related to thisresearch field, including: (1) Determining name of plant species onlimestone mountains; (2) Division of vegetation types on limestonemountains; (3) Determination of vegetation structure on limestonemountains; (4) Evaluating the regeneration capacity of woody trees invegetation on limestone mountains In general, the authors in the worldonly focus on naming species and identification of vegetation types onlimestone mountains, but no one research on the structure of height anddiameter of woody trees in vegetation on limestone mountains
1.1.2 Studies on the vegetation on limestone mountain in the country
In Vietnam, the majority of limestone mountains and limestoneforest and mountains concentrate mainly in the provinces of theNortheast, Northwest and North Central regions with a total of1,152,200 ha, limestone mountains account for only 3.5 % of thenatural area in the whole country and distributed in the following areas:North West 229,100 ha; Northeast 638,900 ha; Northern Delta 19,200ha; North Central Region 246,800 ha; Central Coast 3,800 ha; CentralHighlands 8,400 ha; Southeast 600 ha; Mekong Delta 300 ha
On the basis of referring to the research results of 15 domesticauthors, the thesis has synthesized the research results related to thiswork: (1) Determining the composition of plant species on limestonemountains; (2) Determination of vegetation type; (3) Determine thegroup of plants on limestone mountains; (4) Determine the structure of
D1.3 and Hvn; (5) Evaluate the regeneration capacity of woody trees.Most authors in the country only study the vegetation on limestonemountains in mainland Some authors have also published researches
on the vegetation on limestone mountains in the sea, however, those
Trang 6only aimed at the determination of plant species composition, but notresearch deeply on vegetation structure.
1.2 Studies on the vegetation on limestone mountains in Quang Ninh province
There are very few authors studying the vegetation on limestonemountains in Quang Ninh province Of them, the research performed
by Nguyen Tien Hiep (2005) and reported in the "Proceedings of theconference on biodiversity of Ha Long Bay World Natural HeritageSite" is the most typical He divided the vegetation on limestone
mountains in the area of Ha Long Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay into: The vegetation of the coastal sandy beach; Vegetation in the valley; Vegetation on the slopes; Cliff plants; Vegetation growing in rocks and cave gates; Vegetation on the top of the mountain.
In the world, limestone mountains are mainly concentrated inAsia Therefore, studies on vegetation on limestone mountains arelimited Only some Japanese and Chinese researchers published theirresearch on vegetation on limestone mountains However, their worksonly focused on the identification of plant species There is not anyresearch on the structure of vegetation on the limestone mountains InVietnam, there are also some scientists studying the vegetation on
limestone mountains as Nguyen Nghia Thin (Evaluating the diversity
of flora belonging to the drought ecosystem on Vietnam's limestone mountains), or Tran Huu Vien 2004 (Scientific basis for building sustainable forest management solutions on limestone mountains in Vietnam), or Le Tran Tran 2003; (Investigation of biodiversity of the forest on limestone mountains in Thanh Son - Ha Nam).
The above researches only focus on evaluating speciescomposition, mosaic type, composition of alive organisms,geographical factors There is not any work studying on the structure ofdiameter, height and growth capacity of woody trees in the vegetation
on limestone mountains to use as a basis for proposing conservationmeasures and sustainable development Therefore, the thesis will focus
on the following issues:
- Study on the vegetation structure according to diameter, height,correlation between diameter and height of woody trees in thevegetation at different terrain locations
- Evaluating the natural regeneration capacity of woody trees inthe vegetation on the limestone mountains in Cam Pha city, QuangNinh province
Trang 7- Study on the growth ability of woody trees in the vegetation onthe limestone mountains in Cam Pha city, Quang Ninh province
- General assessment of the value, management and use situationand determine the risks of degradation of the vegetation on limestonemountains in Cam Pha city, Quang Ninh province
- Proposing measures to manage, conserve, use and sustainablydevelop the vegetation on the limestone mountain in Cam Pha city,Quang Ninh province
Chapter 2: SUBJECT, SCALE AND CONTENTS
AND RESEARCH METHOD 2.1 Object and scale of the study
Natural vegetation on limestone mountains in Cam Pha City,Quang Ninh Province
2.2.2 Study the structure of vegetation on the limestone mountains through the structure of some indicators of density and growth (N-D, N-H, H-D)
2.2.3 Evaluating the natural regeneration capacity of woody trees in the vegetation on the limestone mountain in Cam Pha city, Quang Ninh province.
2.2.4 Study on the growth ability of timber trees in the vegetation on the limestone mountains in Cam Pha city, Quang Ninh province 2.2.5 General assessment of the value, situation of management and use, and identification of degradation risks of the vegetation on limestone mountains in Cam Pha city, Quang Ninh province.
2.2.6 Proposing measures to manage, preserve, use and develop the vegetation on the limestone mountains in Cam Pha city, Quang Ninh province
2.3 Research methods
Trang 82.3.1 Inheritance method
Inheriting the results of previous research on species composition,biological diversity and vegetation types related to the vegetation onthe limestone mountains in Cam Pha city, Quang Ninh province
2.3.2 Method of standard plot, method of investigation by route
- Method of investigation by route: Applied for the vegetation onthe cliff slopes Depending on the terrain of the mountain, we designedroutes with a distance of 50-100 m, with a line width of 5 m On thelines, investigating, sampling and measuring were carried out at 18random survey lines on the cliff slopes in both the sea and mainland inCam Pha city, Quang Ninh province
- Method of standard plot: Applied for the vegetation at the down
of mountain and limestone valley Standard plots cover an area of 2500
m2 (50m x 50m), set up 50 standard plots, equally divided into 2 types
of terrain: at the down of mountain and valley, each with 25 plotstypes At the PLOT, investigating, measuring, data recording andsampling were conducted
Samples were collected, preserved and processed as reported byMary Susan Taylor (1990), The Herb Society of America (2005) andNguyen Nghia Thin (2007)
2.3.3 Method of classifying and determining the coverage of vegetation
- Dividing vegetation types based on topographical elements and theoccurrence of plant species involved in saltwater intrusion
- Coverage is determined by the coverage of the trunk and the canopy
- Vegetation structure was drawn by Autocad 2007 software
2.3.4 Identification of species composition and plant life form components
- Species classification by morphological comparison method;Nomenclature and arrangement of taxons are processed according tothe List of Vietnamese plants The name of the tree was determined byPham Hoang Ho (1999-2000), Tran Dinh Ly (1995), Nguyen NghiaThin (1997), Nguyen Tien Ban (2003, 2005,1997)
- The rare and precious plant species identified by the VietnamRed Book (2007) - the plant part, the Red List of IUCN; Decree No.32/2006-CP of the Government on management of endangered and rareforest plants and animals; Circular No 40/2013 / TT-BNNPTNT; TheCircular issued a list of wild fauna and flora specified in the annexes to
Trang 9the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of WildFauna and Flora (CITES).
- Plant geographic elements are determined as described by LeTran Chan (1999)
- Types of plant life form are divided as described byRaunkiaer (1934)
2.3.5 Method of calculating Sorenssen index
Sorenssen index (SI)
In which, c is the number of species appearing in both area a and
b, a is the number of species in area a, b is the number of species in thearea b
2.3.6 Methods of determining structural elements
- Vegetation in the valleys: The elements of the IVIi% value(Importance Value Index) is calculated according to the formula below(Pham Xuan Hoan, 2003):
IVIi %
In which: IVIi is the important level index (rate of composition) ofthe species i
Ai is the relative abundance of the species i
Di is the relative superiority of the species i
With: Ai % (Ni is the number of individuals of thespecies i; s is the number of species in the population)
Di % (Gi is the stem section of the species i; s
is the number of species in the population) In which, Gi is calculatedaccording to the formula : Gi (cm2) (D1.3 is 1.3m diameter ofthe tree i)
- The vegetation at the foot of mountain and cliff slopes: Thecomposition is calculated according to the formula (described by TranHuu Vien) [94]:
Trang 10In which: Ci is IVI%, Ni the individuals number of species i; s isthe number of species in the vegetation Conclusion: Which species hasthe value of Ci% ≥ 5, that species participates in the formula ofcomposition.
2.3.7 Simulation method rules law of tree diameter and height
Data were analyzed by software described by Bui Manh Hung(2005):
The appropriateness between theoretical distribution and empiricaldistribution was evaluated by criteria 2
1
2 2
In which: ft is the experimental frequency
fll is the theoretical frequency
m is the number of teams
If any team has a theoretical frequency of less than 5, then matchthe previous or next team so that fll> 5 If 2
05 2
which is looked up
in the table with degree of freedom k = m-r-1 (m is the number of teamsafter pooling, r is the number of parameter of the theory distribution),then the theory distribution is consistent with the experimentaldistribution (H0+) In contrast, if looking up tables with degrees offreedom k, then hypothesis H0 is rejected (H0-)
2.3.8 Simulation method of the correlation rule between height and diameter (H vn /D 1.3 )
Simulation of the correlation between height and diameteraccording to Bui Manh Hung's software (2005)
2.3.9 Evaluation method of growth capacity of the woody trees in the limestone mountain vegetation
In order to make an assessment of growth capacity of timber trees
in the vegetation on the limestone mountain in Cam Pha city, the authorused simulation method with mathematical expressions to represent thegrowth through two indicators: diameter growth (D1.3) and height (Hvn).The study was conducted with three common functions, including:Gompertz, Johnson-Schumacher and Verhults, to simulate the growth
of timber tree species in the vegetation on the limestone mountains
Trang 112.3.10 Study method of regeneration capacity of woody trees in the vegetation on the limestone mountains in Cam Pha city
- Investigating regenerated plants:
+ In each standard plot, make 5 cells: 4 cells in 4 corners and 1cell in the middle of the standard plot The area of each plot is 25 m2 (5
m x 5 m) In the cells, conducting statistics and recording data into thequestionnaire: height of regenerated trees, quality of regenerated trees,tree samples, and origin of regenerated trees
+ On the survey lines (5m line in width), make segmentscorresponding to the cells with dimensions of 5m x 5 m, each surveyline establishes 5 segments, the distance between segments depends onthe interval and rocky terrain
- The composition of regenerated trees is calculated as the formulabelow (according to Tran Huu Vien)
In which: Ni is the number of individuals of species i; s is thenumber of species in the population
- Determination of density of regenerated plants:
- Determination of quality of regenerated woody trees: Quality of
regenerated trees is determined by 3 levels: Good (plants with straight
trunks, trees with the top, free-pest, good growth and development),
Bad (including crooked trees, trees without the top, pestilent, poor growth and development) and Medium (the trees left).
The quality ratio of regenerated woody trees is determined by the
formula: Ni (%) = n/N x100
In which, Ni (%): Percentage of the trees i (with good, medium orbad quality), ni is the total number of trees i (with good, medium or badquality), N is the total number of regenerated trees
- Carrying out to classify regenerated trees according to theirheight: Because the trees on the limestone mountains grow slowly, we
Trang 12studied the height of regenerated trees with 4 levels (Level I: <50 cm;Level II: 50-100 cm; Level III: 100-150 cm; Level IV:> 150 cm).
- Study the distribution of regenerated trees on the soil surface
by determining the distance from a randomly selected regenerated tree
to the 6 nearest trees Use standard U of Clark and Evans
- Method identifying the origin of regenerated plants:Regenerated trees from buds: those are regenerated plants from thestem or roots of mother trees Regenerated trees from seeds: those grewfrom seeds of mother plants The origin of regenerated plants isdetermined according to the formula:
In which, N% is the percentage of trees regenerated from seeds
or buds; Ni is the number of trees regenerated from seeds or buds; N isthe total number of regenerated trees
Learn some factors impacting the natural regeneration capacity
of woody trees in the vegetation on the limestone mountains: the affect
of fresh vegetation layer, the affect of terrain factors
2.3.11 Assessment method of synthesizing value, situation of conservation management and identifying risks of degradation of vegetation on the limestone mountains in Cam Pha city, Quang Ninh.
2.3.11.1 Evaluation of synthesizing value, management and conservation of the vegetation on the limestone mountains
In order to evaluate synthesizing value and situation ofmanagement and conservation of the vegetation on limestonemountains in Cam Pha city, rural assessment method with theparticipation of people was used
2.3.11.2 Assessment of degradation of the vegetation on the limestone mountains
To assess the level of vegetation degradation, the methoddescribed by Ngo Dinh Que (2011) was applied
2.3.11.3 Method determining the risk of degradation of the vegetation
on the limestone mountains
Trang 13To find out the risk of degradation of the vegetation on thelimestone mountains in Cam Pha city, KIP (Key Informant Panel)technique was used.
Chapter 4 RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Characteristics of spatial structure of the vegetation on the limestone mountains in Cam Pha city, Quang Ninh province
The vegetations on the limestone mountains area in Cam Pha cityincludes valley vegetation, down of mountain vegetation andvegetation on limestone cliff slopes: (i) Vegetation at the down ofmountain (from the edge of the water to a height of 10m), with the
participation of mangrove plants such as Hibiscus tiliaceus, Thespesia populnea; (ii) Shrub vegetation on limestone cliff slopes (from a height
of 10m up to 150-200m), without the participation of mangrove plantsand (iii) Vegetation in the limestone valleys
The vegetation on the limestone mountains in Cam Pha city isoften affected by extreme weather conditions, with the impact ofstorms so, in the vegetation, tall trees are few, most of them are thetrees with average height of 10-15 m, a diameter of 10-25 cm
4.2 Characteristics of plant species composition on the limestone mountains in Cam Pha city, Quang Ninh province
Flora of the limestone mountains in Cam Pha city is relativelyabundant, with 608 species, 370 genera, 118 families, belonging tovascular plants In particular, Magnoliophyta comprises the most offamilies, genera and species (109 families, 354 genera and 577species) Following by Polypodiophyta, which comprises 4 families, 11genera and 24 species, the other branches having the number of genera,
of families and of species are fewer
4.3 Characteristics of life forms of the vegetation on the limestone mountains in Cam Pha city
Using Raunkiaer's life style division scale (1934), life form in thelimestone mountain vegetation in Cam Pha city as follows: SB = 28Me+ 10Mi + 8Na + 8Ep + 12Lp + 12Hm + 11Ch + 7Cr + 4Th
Statistical results show that Phanerophyte (Ph) group accounts for the highest percentage, the lowest one is the Therophyte (Th) In the Phanerophyte group, Lianas phanerophytes (Lp) account for the
highest percentage
Trang 144.4 Characteristics of geographical factors in the vegetation on the limestone mountain in Cam Pha city, Quang Ninh province
The vegetation on limestone mountain in Cam Pha city wereeffected of the characteristics of Asia tropical flora, which has themixture nature of many plant types Compared to the flora of Vietnam(20 plant geographic factors), the flora on Cam Pha limestone mountainonly lacks 2 elements: Central endemic element and Southern endemicelement The diversity of plant geographic factors of limestonemountain flora in Cam Pha city plays a very important role forlandscape ecology and geological and geomorphological values
4.5 Characteristics of vegetation structure on the limestone mountains in Cam Pha city, Quang Ninh province
4.5.1 Characteristic of structure
- Vegetation in limestone mountain valley:
Research results at plots in Buom island, Vung Gieng island, etc.show that, in 25 plots, 42 species of timber trees participate in theformula of composition, in each plot the dominant woody species rangefrom 4 to 8 species
Figure 4.3 The vegetation in limestone mountain valley in Cam
Pha city (2016)
Note: Shl-Sung Ha Long; Trbđ- Tra bo đe; Trq- Trom quy; Vđmc- Vong đo mun coc; Vg- Vai guoc; Sa- Sang; Sqnh- Si qua nho; Sb- Sung bau; Sltr- Soi la tron; Trli- Trai li; Bbnh- Ba bet nhung;Blnh- Boi loi nhot; Ngph- Ngai phun; Ngml- Ngoai moc la; Sgđ- Sung gan đung; Chth- Cheo thuc; Mc- Mang cut;Thm- Thung muc.
- Vegetation at the down of limestone mountain:
The results show that, of total 25 plots surveyed in Beo Cay Ngo,Ong Be Con, there are 49 species of plants participating in theformula of composition, in each plot the dominant tree species rangefrom 4 to 9 species