Contents Page Chapter 1 The concept of strategy and the rational approach to strategy development 1 Chapter 2 Alternative approaches to strategy 49... The concept of strategy and the ra
Trang 2Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the CIMA for permission to reproduce past examination questions. The answers to CIMA Exams have been prepared by Kaplan Publishing, except in the case of the CIMA November
2010 and subsequent CIMA Exam answers where the official CIMA answers have been reproduced
Notice
The text in this material and any others made available by any Kaplan Group company does not amount to advice on a particular matter and should not be taken as such. No reliance should be placed on the content as the basis for any investment or other decision or in connection with any advice given to third parties. Please consult your appropriate professional adviser as necessary. Kaplan Publishing Limited and all other Kaplan group companies expressly disclaim all liability to any person in respect of any losses or other claims, whether direct, indirect, incidental, consequential or otherwise arising in relation to the use of such materials
Kaplan is not responsible for the content of external websites. The inclusion of a link to a third party website in this text should not be taken as an endorsement
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 9781784152970
Printed and bound in Great Britain.
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Page Chapter 1 The concept of strategy and the rational
approach to strategy development 1 Chapter 2 Alternative approaches to strategy 49
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Trang 6How to use the materials
These official CIMA learning materials have been carefully designed to make your learning experience as easy as possible and to give you the best chances of success in your Objective Test Examination.
The product range contains a number of features to help you in the study process. They include:
This Study Text has been designed with the needs of home study and distance learning candidates in mind. Such students require very full coverage of the syllabus topics, and also the facility to undertake extensive question practice. However, the Study Text is also ideal for fully taught courses.
The main body of the text is divided into a number of chapters, each of which is organised on the following pattern:
• Stepbystep topic coverage. This is the heart of each chapter, containing detailed explanatory text supported where appropriate by worked examples and exercises. You should work carefully through this section, ensuring that you understand the material being explained and can tackle the examples and exercises successfully. Remember that in many cases knowledge is cumulative: if you fail to digest earlier
material thoroughly, you may struggle to understand later chapters
• Activities. Some chapters are illustrated by more practical elements, such as comments and questions designed to stimulate discussion
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Trang 8Exclamation mark – This symbol signifies a topic which can be more difficult to understand. When reviewing these areas, care should be taken.Study technique
Passing exams is partly a matter of intellectual ability, but however accomplished you are in that respect you can improve your chances significantly by the use of appropriate study and revision techniques. In this section we briefly outline some tips for effective study during the earlier stages of your approach to the Objective Test Examination. We also mention some techniques that you will find useful at the revision stage. Planning
To begin with, formal planning is essential to get the best return from the time you spend studying. Estimate how much time in total you are going to need for each subject you are studying. Remember that you need to allow time for revision as well as for initial study of the material.
With your study material before you, decide which chapters you are going to study in each week, and which weeks you will devote to revision and final question practice.
Prepare a written schedule summarising the above and stick to it!
It is essential to know your syllabus. As your studies progress you will become more familiar with how long it takes to cover topics in sufficient depth. Your timetable may need to be adapted to allocate enough time for the whole syllabus.
Students are advised to refer to the notice of examinable legislation published regularly in CIMA’s magazine (Financial Management), the students enewsletter (Velocity) and on the CIMA website, to ensure they are uptodate.
The amount of space allocated to a topic in the Study Text is not a very good guide as to how long it will take you. The syllabus weighting is the better guide as to how long you should spend on a syllabus topic.
Tips for effective studying
(1) Aim to find a quiet and undisturbed location for your study, and plan as far as possible to use the same period of time each day. Getting into a routine helps to avoid wasting time. Make sure that you have all the materials you need before you begin so as to minimise interruptions
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Trang 10Guidance re CIMA onscreen calculator
As part of the CIMA Objective Test software, candidates are now provided with a calculator. This calculator is onscreen and is available for the duration of the assessment. The calculator is available in each of the Objective Test Examinations and is accessed by clicking the calculator button in the top left hand corner of the screen at any time during the assessment.
All candidates must complete a 15minute tutorial before the assessment begins and will have the opportunity to familiarise themselves with the calculator and practise using it.
Candidates may practise using the calculator by downloading and installing the practice exam at http://www.vue.com/athena/. The calculator can be accessed from the fourth sample question (of 12).
Please note that the practice exam and tutorial provided by Pearson VUE at
http://www.vue.com/athena/ is not specific to CIMA and includes the full range of question types the Pearson VUE software supports, some of which CIMA does not currently use.
Fundamentals of Objective Tests The Objective Tests are 90minute assessments comprising 60 compulsory questions, with one or more parts. There will be no choice and all questions should be attempted.
• True/false questions, where you state whether a statement is true or false
• Matching pairs of text, for example, matching a technical term with the correct definition
• Other types could be matching text with graphs and labelling graphs/diagrams
Structure of subjects and learning outcomes
Each subject within the syllabus is divided into a number of broad syllabus topics. The topics contain one or more lead learning outcomes, related component learning outcomes and indicative knowledge content.
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Trang 12Level 2: COMPREHENSION What you are expected to understand.
For example you may be asked to distinguish between different aspects of the global business environment by dragging external factors and dropping into a PEST analysis.
Level 3: APPLICATION How you are expected to apply your knowledge.
For example you may need to calculate the projected revenue or costs for a given set of circumstances.
VERBS USED DEFINITION Describe Communicate the key features of.
Distinguish Highlight the differences between.
Explain Make clear or intelligible/state the meaning or purpose of. Identify Recognise, establish or select after consideration.
Illustrate Use an example to describe or explain something.
VERBS USED DEFINITION Apply Put to practical use.
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Trang 15implemented through people, projects, processes and relationships It provides the basis for developing further insights into how to formulate and implement organisational strategy, which is covered in E3
Summary of syllabus
Weight Syllabus topic
30% A Introduction to strategic management and assessing the global environment 20% B The human aspects of the organisation
20% C Managing relationships
30% D Managing change through projects
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Trang 23The concept of strategy and the rational/formal approach
to strategy development
Chapter learning objectives
Discuss the concept of strategy and the rational/formal approach to strategy development.
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chapter
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• purpose and longterm direction
• scope of the organisation's activities
• meeting the challenges from the firm's external environment
• using the organisation's internal resources and competencies effectively
• delivering value to the people who depend on the firm – various stakeholders
Drucker's five fundamental questions
Drucker suggested that an organisation needed to ask five fundamental questions in relation to its strategy.
The concept of strategy and the rational/formal approach to strategy development
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Trang 25Mintzberg's five Ps of strategy
Trang 262 Strategic management
The strategic management process is essentially concerned with the decisions organisations make about their future direction and the development and implementation of strategies which will enhance the competitiveness of organisations. There are many different approaches to strategic management but they all have the aim of establishing the purpose
of the organisation and guiding managers on how to implement strategies
to achieve organisational goals.
There are many questions that you could ask about the organisations that surround us:
All of these questions address different but interrelated aspects of an organisation and all these aspects come together to influence how effective the organisation will be in achieving its objectives. How these strategic decisions are made and how they are implemented is the process of strategic management.
This is something that is applicable to all organisations whether large or small, public or private, profit or notforprofit
3 Levels of strategy
Strategy occurs at different levels in the organisation. For large organisations, the top of the hierarchy is where corporate strategy is made. This provides the framework for the development of business strategy, which looks at the strategy for each Strategic Business Unit (SBU). The business strategy in turn provides the framework for functional
or operational strategies.
Smaller organisations may not have all three levels.
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Trang 28Corporate strategy
The corporate centre is at the apex of the organisation and will contain the corporate board. Corporate strategy is typically concerned with determining the overall purpose and scope of the organisation, in other words what type of business or businesses should the organisation be
in. Common issues at this level include:
Decisions at this level tend to be complex and non routine in nature because they often involve a high degree of uncertainty based on what might happen in the future.
Business strategy
This level of strategy is concerned with how an operating or strategic business unit approaches a particular market. Management of the SBU will be responsible for winning customers and beating rivals in its particular market. Consequently, it is at this level that competitive strategy is usually formulated. The considerations at this level will include:
Business strategy should be formulated within the broad framework of the overall objectives laid down by the corporate centre to ensure that each SBU plays its part. The extent to which the management of the SBU is free to make competitive strategy decisions varies from organisation to organisation and reflects the degree of centralisation versus decentralisation in the management structure of the firm.
• decisions on acquisitions, mergers and selloffs or closure of business units
• relations with key external stakeholders such as investors, the government and regulatory bodies
• decisions to enter new markets or embrace new technologies (sometimes termed diversification strategies)
• development of corporate policies on issues such as public image, employment practices or information systems
• marketing issues such as product development, pricing, promotion and distribution
• how should it segment the market and which segments should it operate in
Trang 294 The rational/formal approach to strategy development
The rational approach is also referred to as the formal, traditional or
Trang 30The rational/formal approach follows a logical stepbystep approach:
• Determine the mission of the organisation
• Set corporate objectives.
• Carry out corporate appraisal (SWOT) – involving analysis of internal and external environments.
• Identify and evaluate strategy options – select strategies to achieve competitive advantage by exploiting strengths and opportunities or minimising threats and weaknesses
• Evaluate each option in detail for its fit with the mission and circumstances of the business and choose the most appropriate option
• Implement the chosen strategy
• Review and control – reviewing the performance of the organisation to determine whether objectives have been achieved. This is a continuous process and involves taking corrective action if changes occur internally
or externally
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Trang 31this, and the following chapters.
Ensure you are comfortable with this model as you will refer back to
it throughout this syllabus area.
Trang 32(3) Collective decisiontaking by the senior management team. This
involves the senior management team working together to develop and agree business strategies. Techniques such as brainstorming ideas on flip charts and using visual graphical models to summarise complex ideas will assist this process. Also, arriving at a decision will involve considerable conflict as particular managers are reluctant to see their favoured proposal rejected and a different strategy adopted.
(4) A process of communicating and implementing the business
strategy. This can be accomplished using a combination of the
following methods:
(a) Writing a formal document summarising the main elements of the plan. This will be distributed on a confidential basis to other managers and key investors, and also perhaps to other key stakeholders such as labour representatives, regulatory bodies, major customers and key suppliers
(b) Briefing meetings and presentations to the stakeholders mentioned above. Frequently, reporters from the business press will be invited to ensure that the information reaches a broader public. Naturally, the fine detail will remain confidential.(c) The development of detailed policies, programmes and budgets based on achieving the goals laid out in the business strategy
(d) The development of performance targets for managers and staff. These ensure that everyone plays their part in the strategy (and perhaps receive financial rewards for doing so)
(5) Regular review and control of the strategy. Management will
monitor the success of the strategy by receiving regular reports on performance and on environmental changes. Today, the
sophisticated competitive strategies of many firms have necessitated the development of more complex performance measurement systems to supplement traditional budgetary control information, such as enterprise resource management systems and balanced scorecards. There has also been an increased emphasis
on competitor and other environmental information to assist managers in steering their businesses
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Trang 335 Mission, goals and objectives
Trang 34of mission statements will vary in terms of length, format and level of detail from one organisation to another.
Mission statements are normally brief and address three main questions:
• To provide a consistent purpose between different interest groups connected to the organisation
• To establish organisational goals and ethics
• To improve understanding and support from key groups outside the organisation
Roles of mission statements Mission statements help at four places in the rational model of strategy:
(1) Mission and objectives. The mission sets the longterm framework and direction for the business. It is the job of the strategy to progress the firm towards this mission over the coming few years covered by the strategy
(2) Corporate appraisal. Assessing the firm’s opportunities and threats, strengths and weaknesses must be related to its ability to compete
in its chosen business domain. Factors are relevant only insofar as they affect its ability to follow its mission
(3) Strategic evaluation. When deciding between alternative strategic options, management can use the mission as a benchmark against which to judge their suitability. The crucial question will be, ‘Does the strategy help us along the road to being the kind of business we want to be?’
The concept of strategy and the rational/formal approach to strategy development
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Role and content of a mission statement