Main capabilities Core areas of the syllabus • Discuss the role and purpose of the financial management function.. Syllabus learning objective and Chapter reference: A FINANCIAL MANAGEME
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chapter
Introduction
Trang 6How to Use the Materials
These Kaplan Publishing learning materials have been carefully designed
to make your learning experience as easy as possible and to give you the best chances of success in your examinations.
The product range contains a number of features to help you in the study process. They include:
The sections on the study guide, the syllabus objectives, the examination and study skills should all be read before you commence your studies.
They are designed to familiarise you with the nature and content of the examination and give you tips on how to best to approach your learning.
The complete text or essential text comprises the main learning materials and gives guidance as to the importance of topics and where other related resources can be found. Each chapter includes:
(1) Detailed study guide and syllabus objectives(2) Description of the examination
(3) Study skills and revision guidance(4) Complete text or essential text(5) Question practice
• The learning objectives contained in each chapter, which have been carefully mapped to the examining body's own syllabus learning objectives or outcomes. You should use these to check you have a clear understanding of all the topics on which you might be assessed
in the examination
• The chapter diagram provides a visual reference for the content in the chapter, giving an overview of the topics and how they link together
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Trang 8(1) Online referenceware: reproduces your Complete or Essential Text online, giving you anytime, anywhere access
(2) Online testing: provides you with additional online objective testing
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Syllabus
Aim The aim of ACCA Paper F9, Financial management, is to develop the knowledge and skills expected of a financial manager, relating to issues affecting investment, financing, and dividend policy decisions.
Main capabilities
Core areas of the syllabus
• Discuss the role and purpose of the financial management function
• Assess and discuss the impact of the economic environment on financial management
Trang 9Syllabus learning objective and Chapter reference:
A FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT FUNCTION
1 The nature and purpose of financial management
2 Financial objectives and the relationship with corporate strategy
3 Stakeholders and impact on corporate objectives
(ii) changes in dividends and share prices as part of total
shareholder return
Trang 104 Financial and other objectives in notforprofit organisations
B FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENT
1 The economic environment for business
2 The nature and role of financial markets and institutions
objectives, including:[2]Ch 1 (i) managerial reward schemes such as share options and performancerelated pay
(ii) regulatory requirements such as corporate governance codes of best practice and stock exchange listing regulations
(a) Discuss the impact of notforprofit status on financial and other
objectives.[2]Ch 1 (b) Discuss the nature and importance of Value for Money as an
objective in notforprofit organisations.[2]Ch 1 (c) Discuss ways of measuring the achievement of objectives in not
forprofit organisations.[2]Ch 1
(a) Identify and explain the main macroeconomic policy targets.[1]Ch 11(b) Define and discuss the role of fiscal, monetary, interest rate and exchange rate policies in achieving macroeconomic policy targets
[1] Ch 11(c) Explain how government economic policy interacts with planning and decisionmaking in business.[2]Ch 11
(d) Explain the need for and the interaction with planning and decision
making in business of:[1]Ch 11 (i) competition policy
(ii) government assistance for business(iii) green policies
(iv) corporate governance regulation.[2]
(a) Identify the nature and role of money and capital markets, both nationally and internationally.[2]Ch 12
(b) Explain the role of financial intermediaries.[1]Ch 12(c) Explain the functions of a stock market and a corporate bond market
[2]Ch 12(d) Explain the nature and features of different securities in relation to the risk/return tradeoff.[2]Ch 15
Trang 113 The nature and role of the money market
C WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
1 The nature, elements and importance of working capital
2 Management of inventories, accounts receivable, accounts
payable and cash
(c) Discuss, apply and evaluate the use of relevant techniques in
managing inventory, including the Economic Order Quantity model
and JustinTime techniques.[2]Ch 8
Trang 123 Determining working capital needs and funding strategies
managing accounts receivable, including:Ch 9 (i) assessing creditworthiness[1]
(i) using trade credit effectively[1]
(ii) evaluating the benefits of discounts for early settlement and bulk purchase[2]
(iii) managing foreign accounts payable.[1]
(f) Explain the various reasons for holding cash, and discuss and apply the use of relevant techniques in managing cash, including:[2]Ch 10 (i) preparing cash flow forecasts to determine future cash flows and cash balances
(ii) assessing the benefits of centralised treasury management and cash control
(iii) cash management models, such as the Baumol model and the MillerOrr model
(iv) investing shortterm
(a) Calculate the level of working capital investment in current assets and discuss the key factors determining this level, including:[2] Ch.7 (i) the length of the working capital cycle and terms of trade(ii) an organisation’s policy on the level of investment in current assets
(iii) the industry in which the organisation operates
Trang 13D INVESTMENT APPRAISAL
1 Investment appraisal process techniques
2 Allowing for inflation and taxation in DCF
Trang 143 Adjusting for risk and uncertainty in investment appraisal
4 Specific investment decisions (Lease or buy, asset replacement, capital rationing, etc)
E BUSINESS FINANCE
1 Sources of and raising business finance
(a) Describe and discuss the difference between risk and uncertainty in relation to probabilities and increasing project life.[2]Ch.6
(b) Apply sensitivity analysis to investment projects and discuss the usefulness of sensitivity analysis in assisting investment decisions
[2]Ch.6(c) Apply probability analysis to investment projects and discuss the usefulness of probability analysis in assisting investment decisions
[2]Ch.6(d) Apply and discuss other techniques of adjusting for risk and uncertainty in investment appraisal, including:Ch.6
(i) simulation[1]
(ii) adjusted payback[1]
(iii) riskadjusted discount rates.[2]
(a) Evaluate leasing and borrowing to buy using the beforeand aftertax costs of debt.[2]Ch.5
(b) Evaluate asset replacement decisions using equivalent annual cost
[2]Ch.5(c) Evaluate investment decisions under singleperiod capital rationing, including:[2]Ch.5
(i) the calculation of profitability indexes for divisible investment projects
(ii) the calculation of the NPV of combinations of nondivisible investment projects
(iii) a discussion of the reasons for capital rationing
(a) Identify and discuss the range of shortterm sources of finance available to businesses, including:[2]Ch.15
(i) overdraft(ii) shortterm loan(iii) trade credit(iv) lease finance
Trang 15Islamic financial securities(iii) Islamic financial instruments available to businesses including
dividend decision, including legal constraints, liquidity, shareholding expectations and alternatives to cash dividends
[2]Ch.16
Trang 162 Estimating the cost of capital
3 Sources of finance and their relative costs
(a) Estimate the cost of equity, including:[2]Ch.17 (i) Application of the dividend growth model and discussion of its weaknesses
(ii) Explanation and discussion of systematic and unsystematic risk(iii) Relationship between portfolio theory and the capital asset pricing model (CAPM)
(iv) Application of the CAPM, its assumptions, advantages and disadvantages
(b) Estimating the cost of debt[2]Ch.17 (i) irredeemable debt
(ii) redeemable debt(iii) convertible debt (iv) preference shares(v) bank debt
(c) Estimating the overall cost of capital, including:[2]Ch.17 (i) Distinguishing between average and marginal cost of capital
(ii) Calculating the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) using book value and market value weightings
(a) Describe the relative riskreturn relationship and the relative costs of equity and debt.[2]Ch.17
(b) Describe the creditor hierarchy and its connection with the relative costs of sources of finance.[2]Ch.17
(c) Identify and discuss the problem of high levels of gearing.[2]Ch.18(d) Assess the impact of sources of finance on financial position, financial risk and shareholder wealth using appropriate measures, including:Ch.19
(i) ratio analysis using statement of financial position gearing, operational and financial gearing, interest coverage ratio and other relevant ratios[2]
(ii) cash flow forecasting[2]
(iii) leasing or borrowing to buy.[2]
Trang 174 Capital structure theories and practical considerations
5 Finance for small and mediumsized entities (SMEs)
projectspecific cost of capital (iv) application of CAPM in calculating a project specific discount
Trang 182 Models for the valuation of shares
3 The valuation of debt and other financial assets
4 Efficient market hypothesis (EMH) and practical considerations
in the valuation of shares
(a) Assetbased valuation models, including:[2]Ch.20 (i) net book value (statement of financial position basis)
(ii) net realisable value basis
(iii) net replacement cost basis
(b) Incomebased valuation models, including:[2]Ch.20 (i) price/earnings ratio method
(ii) earnings yield method(c) Cash flowbased valuation models, including: [2]Ch.20 (i) dividend valuation model and the dividend growth model(ii) discounted cash flow basis
(a) Apply appropriate valuation methods to:[2]Ch.20 (i) irredeemable debt
(ii) redeemable debt(iii) convertible debt(iv) preference shares
(a) Distinguish between and discuss weak form efficiency, semistrong form efficiency and strong form efficiency.[2]Ch.20
(b) Discuss practical considerations in the valuation of shares and businesses, including:[2]Ch.20
(i) marketability and liquidity of shares(ii) availability and sources of information(iii) market imperfections and pricing anomalies(iv) market capitalisation
(c) Describe the significance of investor speculation and the explanations of investor decisions offered by behavioural finance
[1]Ch.20
Trang 203 Hedging techniques for foreign currency risk
4 Hedging techniques for interest rate risk
The superscript numbers in square brackets indicate the intellectual depth
at which the subject area could be assessed within the examination. Level
1 (knowledge and comprehension) broadly equates with the Knowledge module, Level 2 (application and analysis) with the Skills module and Level 3 (synthesis and evaluation) to the Professional level. However, lower level skills can continue to be assessed as you progress through each module and level.
(a) Discuss and apply traditional methods of foreign currency risk management, including:Ch.13
(c) Identify the main types of foreign currency derivates used to hedge foreign currency risk and explain how they are used in hedging.[1](No numerical questions will be set on this topic)Ch.13
(a) Discuss and apply traditional methods of interest rate risk management, including:Ch.14
(i) matching and smoothing[1]
(ii) asset and liability management[1]
(iii) forward rate agreements.[2]
(b) Identify the main types of interest rate derivates used to hedge interest rate risk and explain how they are used in hedging.[1](No numerical questions will be set on this topic) Ch.14
Trang 21Paperbased examination tips
Spend the fifteen minutes of reading time reading the paper and
If you get completely stuck with a question, leave space in your answer
book and return to it later.
Trang 22reasonable.
You should do everything you can to make things easy for the marker. The marker will find it easier to identify the points you have made if your answers are legible.
Essay questions: Some questions may contain short essaystyle requirements. Your essay should have a clear structure. It should contain a brief introduction, a main section and a conclusion. Be concise. It is better
to write a little about a lot of different points than a great deal about one or two points.
Computations: It is essential to include all your workings in your answers. Many computational questions require the use of a standard format. Be sure you know these formats thoroughly before the exam and use the layouts that you see in the answers given in this book and in model answers.
Case studies: Most questions will be based on specific scenarios. To write a good case study, first identify the area in which there is a problem, outline the main principles/theories you are going to use to answer the question, and then apply the principles/theories to the case.
Reports, memos and other documents: some questions ask you to present your answer in the form of a report or a memo or other document.
So use the correct format – there could be easy marks to gain here.
Study skills and revision guidance
This section aims to give guidance on how to study for your ACCA exams and to give ideas on how to improve your existing study techniques.
Preparing to study Set your objectives
Before starting to study decide what you want to achieve – the type of pass you wish to obtain. This will decide the level of commitment and time you need to dedicate to your studies.
Trang 23Devise a study plan
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Summarise the key points of a chapter
Make linear notes – a list of headings, divided up with subheadings listing the key points. If you use linear notes, you can use different colours
to highlight key points and keep topic areas together. Use plenty of space
to make your notes easy to use.
Try a diagrammatic form – the most common of which is a mindmap.
To make a mindmap, put the main heading in the centre of the paper and put a circle around it. Then draw short lines radiating from this to the main subheadings, which again have circles around them. Then continue the process from the subheadings to subsubheadings, advantages, disadvantages, etc.
Highlighting and underlining
You may find it useful to underline or highlight key points in your study text – but do be selective. You may also wish to make notes in the margins.
Revision The best approach to revision is to revise the course as you work through
it. Also try to leave four to six weeks before the exam for final revision.
Make sure you cover the whole syllabus and pay special attention to those areas where your knowledge is weak. Here are some recommendations: Read through the text and your notes again and condense your notes into key phrases. It may help to put key revision points onto index cards to look
at when you have a few minutes to spare.
Review any assignments you have completed and look at where you lost marks – put more work into those areas where you were weak.
Trang 25Practise exam standard questions under timed conditions. If you are
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Trang 29The financial management function
Chapter learning objectives
Upon completion of this chapter you will be able to:
• explain the nature and purpose of financial management
• distinguish between financial management and financial and management accounting
• discuss the relationship between financial objectives, corporate objectives and corporate strategy
• identify and describe a variety of financial objectives, including:
– shareholder wealth maximisation– profit maximisation
– earnings per share growth
• identify stakeholders, their objectives and possible conflicts
• discuss the possible conflict between stakeholder objectives
• discuss the role of management in meeting stakeholder objectives, including the use of agency theory
• explain ways to encourage the achievement of stakeholder objectives, including:
– managerial reward schemes– regulatory requirements
• discuss the impact of notforprofit status on financial and other objectives
• discuss the nature and importance of Value for Money as an objective in notforprofit organisations
Trang 301 The nature and purpose of financial management
Financial management is concerned with the efficient acquisition and deployment of both short and longterm financial resources, to ensure the objectives of the enterprise are achieved.
Decisions must be taken in three key areas:
• investment – both longterm investment in noncurrent assets and shortterm investment in working capital;
• finance – from what sources should funds be raised?
• dividends – how should cash funds be allocated to shareholders and how will the value of the business be affected by this?
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The investment decision
Trang 32management of liquidity – ensuring debts are collected, inventory levels are kept at the minimum level compatible with efficient production, cash balances are invested appropriately and payables are paid on a timely basis
Before a business can invest in anything, it needs to have some finance.
A key financial management decision is the identification of the most appropriate sources (be it long or short term), taking into account the requirements of the company, the likely demands of the investors and the amounts likely to be made available.
Having invested wisely, a business will hopefully be profitable and generate cash. The final key decision for the financial manager is whether to return any of that cash to the owners of the business (in the form of dividends) and if so, how much
The alternative is to retain some of the cash in the business where it can
be invested again to earn further returns. This decision is therefore closely linked to the financing decision.
The decision on the level of dividends to be paid can affect the value of the business as a whole as well the ability of the business to raise further finance in the future.
Financial management should be distinguished from other important financial roles:
• management accounting – concerned with providing information for the more day to day functions of control and decision making
• financial accounting – concerned with providing information about the historical results of past plans and decisions
The financing decision
The dividend decision
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information used and reported is common to both functions.
The main difference is in the time scales. Financial management is
concerned with the longterm raising of finance and the allocation
and control of resources; it involves targets, or objectives, that are
generally longterm by nature, whilst management accounting usually
operates within a 12month time horizon.
Management accounting is concerned with providing information
for the more daytoday functions of control and decision making.