RELATIVE CLAUSES - Mệnh đề quan hệ hay mệnh đề tính ngữ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó.. - Mệnh đề quan hệ được đặt sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa, được bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ:
Trang 1CHUYÊN ĐỀ : MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ
A RELATIVE CLAUSES
- Mệnh đề quan hệ (hay mệnh đề tính ngữ) bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó
- Mệnh đề quan hệ được đặt sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa, được bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, và trạng từ quan hệ: WHERE, WHY, WHEN
Danh từ đứng trước
(Antecedent)
Chủ ngữ (Subject)
Tân ngữ (Object)
Sở hữu cách (Possesive Case)
Vật (Thing) Which/That Which/That Of which/ whose
1 Đại từ quan hệ (Relative Clauses)
a WHO: thay thế cho người, làm chủ từ trong MĐQH.
Ex: - I need to meet the boy The boy is my friend’s son
à I need to meet the boy who is my friend’s son
- The woman is standing over there She is my sister
àThe woman who is standing over there is my sister
b WHO/ WHOM: thay thế cho người, làm túc từ trong MĐQH.
Ex:- I know the girl I spoke to this girl.
à I know the girl who/ whom I spoke to.
- The man is my teacher Your father is talking to him
à The man who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher
c WHICH: - thay thế đồ vật, làm chủ từ, túc từ trong MĐQH.
Ex: - She works for a company It makes cars
à She works for a company which makes cars
- The elephants are big People keep the elephants in iron cages
à The elephants which people keep in iron cages are big
- Thay thế cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó
Ex: He passed his exam This pleased his parents.
He passed his exam, which pleased his parents (dùng dấu phẩy trước đại từ quan hệ)
d THAT: thay thế cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH trong MĐQH hạn định
Ex: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friend’s son
- The woman that/ who is standing over there is my sister
- I know the girl that/ who/ whom I spoke to.
- The man that/ who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher
- She works for a company that/ which makes cars.
- The elephants that/ which people keep in iron cages are big
* Những trường hợp thường dùng THAT:
- Sau cụm từ quan hệ vừa chỉ người và vật:
Ex: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London.
- Sau đại từ bất định: something, aynyone, nobody, all, much
Ex: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.
All that is mine is yours.
- Sau các tính từ so sánh nhất, only, first, last
Ex: - This is the most beautiful dress that I have.
- You are the only person that can help us.
- Trong cấu trúc It + be + … + that … (chính là …)
Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence.
Trang 2(Chính là bạn tôi đã viết câu này.)
* Những trường hợp không dùng THAT:
- Trong mệnh đề tính từ không xác định.
Ex: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher
- Sau giới từ
Ex: The house in that I was born is for sale
e WHOSE (OF WHICH): thay thế cho sở hữu của người, vật (his-, her-, its-, their-).
Ex: - John found the cat Its leg was broken
à John found the cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken
- This is the student I borrowed his book
àThis is the student whose book I borrowed
f OF WHICH / OF WHOM:
Ex: - Daisy has three brothers All of them are teachers.
à Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers
- He asked me a lot of questions I couldn’t answer most of them.
à He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer
g Giới từ đặt trước mệnh đề tính ngữ: (WHOM/WHICH)
Ex: - The man speaks English very fast I talked to him last night.
à The man to whom I talked last night speaks English very fast
- The house is for sale I was born in it.
à The house in which I was born is for sale
* LƯU Ý: KHÔNG dùng THAT sau giới từ.
2 Trạng từ quan hệ (Relative Adverbs)
a WHERE (in/ on/ at which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn
Ex: - The movie theater is the place We can see films at that place
à The movie theater is the place where we can see films
b WHEN (in/ on which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ thời gian
Ex: - Do you remember the day We first met on that day
à Do you remember the day when we first met?
c WHY (for which): thay thế cho cụm trạng từ chỉ lí do
Ex: - Tell me the reason You are so sad for that reason
à Tell me the reason why you are so sad
CÓ 2 LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ LIÊN HỆ:
RESTRICTIVE & NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES
I Restrictive Relative Clauses:
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước chưa được xác định rõ, nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính sẽ không rõ nghĩa
Ex: - I saw the girl She helped us last week.
à I saw the girl who/that helped us last week
* LƯU Ý: Ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT khi chúng làm tân ngữ trong
MĐQH xác định
II Non-restritive Relative Clauses:
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước đã được xác định rõ (nó chỉ là phần giải thích thêm), nếu
bỏ đi mệnh đề chính vẫn rõ nghĩa
- Mệnh đề này ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy
- Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định khi:
+ Trước đại từ quan hệ có: this/that/these/those/my/her/his/…
Trang 3+ Từ trước đại từ quan hệ là tên riêng, danh từ riêng, vật duy nhất, cụm trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn
Ex: - My father is a doctor He is fifty years old.
à My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor
- Mr Brown is a very nice teacher We studied English with him.
à Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a very nice teacher
- The sun made the traveller thirsty It was hot at midday
à The sun, which was hot at midday, made the traveller thirsty
- The boys in the next room are my students They are making noise
à The boys in the next room, who are making noise, are my students
NHỮNG LƯU Ý KHI DÙNG ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ ( WHO ,WHICH ,WHOM )
1.Khi nào dùng dấu phẩy ?
Khi danh từ đứng trước who ,which,whom là :
+ Danh từ rieng ,ten
Ha Noi, which
Mary, who is
+ Có this ,that ,these ,those đứng trước danh từ :
This book, which
+ Có sở hửu đứng trước danh từ :
My mother, who is
+ Là vật duy nhất ai cũng biết : Sun ( mặt trời ), moon ( mặt trăng )
The Sun, which
2 Đặt dấu phẩy ở đâu ?
- Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ ở giữa thì dùng 2 dấu phẩy đặt ở đầu và cuối mệnh đề
My mother , who is a cook , cooks very well
- Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ ở cuối thì dùng một dấu phẩy đặt ở đầu mệnh đề ,cuối mệnh đề dùng dấu chấm
This is my mother, who is a cook
3.Khi nào có thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ WHO ,WHICH ,WHOM
- Khi nó làm túc từ và phía trước nó không có dấu phẩy ,không có giới từ ( whose không được bỏ ) This is the book which I buy
Ta thấy which là túc từ ( chủ từ là I ,động từ là buy ) ,phía trước không có phẩy hay giới từ gì cả nên
có thể bỏ which đi :
-> This is the book I buy
This is my book , which I bought 2 years ago
Trước chữ which có dấu phẩy nên không thể bỏ được
This is the house in which I live
Trước which có giới từ in nên cũng không bỏ which đựơc
This is the man who lives near my house
Who là chủ từ ( của động từ lives ) nên không thể bỏ nó được
4 Khi nào KHÔNG ĐƯỢC dùng THAT :
- Khi phía trước nó có dấu phẩy hoặc giới từ :
This is my book , that I bought 2 years ago (sai) vì phía trước có dấu phẩy -.> không đượdùng
THAT mà phải dùng which
This is the house in that I live (sai) vì phía trước có giới từ in -> không được dùng THAT mà phải dùng which
5 Khi nào bắt buộc dùng THAT
Trang 4- Khi danh từ mà nó thay thế gồm 2 danh từ trở lên trong đó vừa có ngừơi vừa có vật
The men and the horses that
That thay thế cho : người và ngựa
6.Khi nào nên dùng THAT
- Khi đầu câu là IT trong dạng nhấn mạnh (Cleft sentences)
It is my father that made the table
- Khi đứng trước đó là : all, both, each, many, most, neither, none, part, someone, something, so sánh nhất
There is something that must be done This the most beautiful girl that I've ever met
EXERCISE 1 : Combine each pair of sentences, using a relative pronoun.
I. Fill in the blank with a Relative pronoun or a Relative Adverb.
1. The man, _is sitting on the chair, is a teacher
2. The dog, _ is eating, belongs to Mike
3. This actor, _ films are very bad, is really rich
4. People _ the company employs are expected to sign a contract
5. The house _ you saw belongs to my brother
6. The only thing _ matters is to tell the truth
7. That's the house _ I was born
8. The girl _ phoned to my sister is her best friend
9. Ann, _ children are now grown up, is looking for a job
10. I told the police _ happened
11. Peter, _ I met yesterday, is sick
12. These pupils, _ come into the classroom, are disruptive
13. My car, _ I crashed in a roundabout, is broken
14. That is the bus _ I usually take
15 Here is a game the rules _ I don't understand
1. John, _ appetite is spectacular, is fat
2. My book, _ I put into the trash bag, has been stained
3. My father , _ is coming back, is in a bad mood
4. I comfort Maggy _ is crying
5. This child, _ school record book is awful, seems to be sad
Trang 56. The woman _ is reading a book is a friend of mine.
7. John, _ Father is a doctor, wants to be a doctor too
8. the book _ is on the table is not for sale
9. My sister, _ husband is inside the car, can't drive
10. He's the boy _ delivers the newspaper on Sundays
11. My friend Paul _ lives in London, always takes the bus to go to work
12. The Indian restaurant _ is in Green street is very expensive
13. Yes, this restaurant is expensive, but the Chef, _ is a native Indian, is a marvelous cook
14. Who is this man _ wife is looking so sad ?
15. Do you see the dog, _ is over there?
16. Is this the umbrella _ you lost ?
17. The man _ is sitting by the door takes a break
18. He reminds me of someone _ I used to know
19. The children played in the snow _ had fallen during the night
20. He is the doctor _ I will see this afternoon
21. John is the boy _ father is a painter
22. She is the girl _ I saw at the party last night
23. The student _ lent you his book, speaks Italian
24. The boy to _ you spoke is my cousin
25. Marco Polo was a young traveler _ father was a rich man
26. This is the painting _ Mr Cool showed us last week
27. The gloves _ I lost at school yesterday were not my best ones
28. The doctor _ she visited is famous
29. The flowers _ my boyfriend gave me have died
30. She doesn't know the person _ they mentioned
31. A chef is a person _ cooks food in a restaurant
Trang 632. He had to deliver a message to a person _ name was Mrs Smith.
33. Luckily he had never met the boy _ had just died
34. He is famous now for a theory _ has changed our ideas of time space and universe
35. Men _ lead are never good followers
36. The women _ I saw in the house, were quiet
37. The book _ I had given to him was well-written
38. The town _ I saw in Italy were beautiful
39. The towns _ I saw in Greece were beautiful
40. Where's that book _ was here a moment ago?
41. The soldier _ son I knew was brave
42. The woman _ house was large lived close by
43. The women _ I saw in town were quite angry
44. The women _ voices were pleasant sang at the concert
45. Animals _ run wild in the streets are never fun
46. The animals _ I saw in the streets were wild
47. The woman _ I praised was happy
48. The animal _ I saw was tame
49. The man _ I saw was tall
II. Rewrite as directions :
i. Use a Relative pronoun or a Relative adverb to combine each pairs of the sentences below
1. A dictionary is a book It gives you the meaning of words
………
2. The man was very kind I talk to him yesterday
………
3. Nam is an excellent student His father’s death made him sad a lot
………
4. The children are playing soccer in the stadium Do you know them?
………
5. The little boy lost his way He is crying over there
………
6. Kim Lien is a village Ho Chi Minh was born and lived there
………
Trang 77. Ha Noi is an ancient city Many customs are still on this lovely area.
………
8. Vu Quoc Viet is a famous artist I love his works very much
………
9. Teacher’s Day is a day All the students show their gratitude to their teacher on that day
………
10. Quynh Dao is a famous writer Quynh Dao’s works are widely read all over the world
………
11. Sa Pa is a famous city Many visitors travel to this city for their holiday
………
12. Easter is a festival People will have a lot of fun in this occasion
………
13. The river is the Saigon river It flows through Ho Chi Minh city
………
14. Mona was painted by Leonardo De Vinci It has been popular for long
………
15. The lady in black is a famous writer You met her at the party last night
………
16. The little boy lost his way He is crying over there
………
17. Children like to eat ice-cream It can cause toothache if they have too much everyday
………
18. Mr Quang is a famous chef cook His food can be enjoyed all over the world
………
19. Mrs Lien is very smart I met the son of her on the stage last night
………
20. Dolphins are sometimes caught and killed in fishing nets They often swim with other fish
………
21. The tourists visited China They went to see the Great Wall and the old Kingdom in Beijing
………
22. My classmates had so much fun at the carnival They wanted to go there again
………
23. A typhoon is a violent tropical storm It can cause great destruction
………
24. The victims of the club need help They were half-starved for many days
………
25. The Southam Chess Club meets weekly on Friday evenings It has more than 50 members
………
26. Lan is my classmate She lives near my parents’ house
………
27. Ninety per cent of the earthquakes occur around the Pacific Rim It is known as the Ring of Fire
………
28. The weather forecast program take place at 8:oo pm every day Some people like to watch it
Trang 829. The female mosquito can suck blood and transmit malaria It can survive in new and different environments
………
30. Her book is widely read It is well- written
………
31. Cuc Phuong is a famous nation park I came there along time ago
………
32. He is a manager in this factory You have talked to his mother in the company
………
33. Trinh Cong Son composed songs They are greatly liked by millions of Vietnamese people
………
34. John Bridge is one of my oldest friends He has just gone to live in Canada
………
35. The Earth is a planet It can support life
………
36. The man works in the hospital I told you about him
………
37. He is a famous doctor inmy neighbor You have just met his daughter last night
………
38. Tet is a big occasion The members of family gather on this occasion
………
39. New York is a famous city Everybody want to live in this city
………
40. The scientists are making progress They are researching the causes of cancer
………
41. The movie Harry Potter is coming soon I’m longing to see it
………
42. Then he was caught in the mouth of a white shark It is one of the most dangerous sea
creatures
………
43. The most beautiful park is opposite my house It has a lot of big trees
………
44. A waitress served us She was very impolite and impatient
………
45. A building was destroyed in the fire It has now been rebuilt
………
46. Some people were arrested They have now been released
………
47. A bus goes to the airport It runs every half an hour
………
48. Peter is studying French and German He has been abroad
………
49. Chinese people have a very special kind of soup This kind of soup is made from shark’s fin
Trang 950. Many people get sick or die every year These people eat puffer fish, a very poisonous
species
………