23 materials on criminal law fourth edition

New features include: • revised text design with clear page layout, headings and boxed and shaded sections to aid navigation and readability • chapter introductions to highlight the sali

C RIMINAL L AW Fourth Edition

This new edition of Cases and Materials on Criminal Law has been thoroughly updated to

provide a comprehensive selection of key materials drawn from law reports, legislation, Law Commission consultation papers and reports and Home Office publications.

Clear and highly accessible, this volume is presented in a coherent structure and provides full coverage of the topics commonly found in the criminal law syllabus The range of thoughtfully selected materials and authoritative commentary ensures that this book provides

an essential collection of materials and analysis to stimulate the reader and assist in the study

of this difficult and challenging area of law.

New features include:

• revised text design with clear page layout, headings and boxed and shaded sections to aid navigation and readability

• chapter introductions to highlight the salient features under discussion

• short chapter table of contents to enable easier navigation

• “Comments and Questions” sections to encourage students to reflect on their reading

• expanded further reading to encourage students to engage further with the subject

• a Companion Website to provide regular updates to the book

This book is an invaluable reference for students on undergraduate or CPE/PG Diploma in Law criminal law courses, particularly those studying independently or on distance learning programmes.

Professor Mike Molan, BA, LLM, FHEA, Barrister, is Acting Executive Dean of the

Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences at London South Bank University.

CRIMINAL LAW

Fourth Edition Mike Molan

Third edition published 2005 by Cavendish Publishing LimitedFourth edition published 2008 by Routledge-Cavendish

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge-Cavendish

270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016

Routledge-Cavendish is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

fourth edition © Molan, Mike T 2008first edition © Taylor, Alan and Hungerford-Welch, Peter 1997

second edition © Molan, Mike T 2001third edition © Molan, Mike T 2005All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or

reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,

mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter

invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any

information storage or retrieval system, without permission in

writing from the publishers

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN10: 0–415–42461–5 (pbk)ISBN13: 978–0–415–42461–5 (pbk)

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008

“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s

collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”

ISBN 0-203-88583-X Master e-book ISBN

As with previous editions, this sourcebook seeks to provide a handy set of reference materials for students studying criminal law on undergraduate or CPE programmes It does not seek to provide the more lengthy discourse one might expect from a traditional textbook, but does provide extended extracts on key topics enabling the reader to gain a better understanding of the rationale for the development of the law and the policy issues underpinning the leading cases Coverage is therefore provided of the mainstream criminal offences through statutory and case law materials along with a comprehensive selection of key materials drawn from Law Commission consultation papers and reports, and Home Office publications.

Since the publication of the 3rd edition there have been a number of significant ments in the field of substantive criminal law and these are reflected in the structure and content of this new edition The long awaited reform of the law relating to deception offences has now come into effect in the shape of the Fraud Act 2006 and this has had the effect of replacing all the previous deception offences with new offences under the 2006 Act These changes are fully reflected in the text.

develop-Recent decisions of note that are extracted and analysed include R v Kennedy (manslaughter based on supply of heroin); Attorney General for Jersey v Holley (provocation); R v Mark and

R v Willoughby (elements of killing by gross negligence); R v Barnes (consent as a defence

to sporting injuries); Attorney General’s Reference (No 3 of 2004) (accessorial liability) and R v Hatton (intoxicated mistake in self-defence cases) Consideration is also given to the likely

changes to the law relating to corporate manslaughter, at the time of writing contained in the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Bill currently before Parliament.

Two major law reform publications are extensively extracted and contextualised in this 4th edition: the Law Commission’s report on Murder, Manslaughter and Infanticide (Law Com No 304) – and the Law Commission’s Report on Inchoate Liability for Assisting and Encouraging Crime (Law Com 300).

I would like to extend my thanks to staff at Routledge for their support and encouragement

in producing this new edition, and as always love to my ‘pit lane’ crew, Alison, Grace, Joy, Miles and Parker who is still a mad hound I have endeavoured to state the law as of 1st February

2007 although some later developments have been incorporated where possible.

Professor Mike Molan London South Bank University

May 2007

Preface v

1 Introduction to criminal law: framework and procedures 1

2 Actus reus: the external elements of an offence 54

11 Robbery, blackmail, burglary and going equipped 583

13 Defences where mens rea is denied 631

Preface v

1 Introduction to criminal law: framework and procedures 1

1.7 Establishing criminal liability – the burden and standard of proof 16

1.10 The impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on substantive

2 Actus reus: the external elements of an offence 54

2.2 A state of affairs amounting to an actus reus 55

3.2 Mens rea: intention – the background to the current law 72

4.4 The gap in time between the defendant’s act and the victim’s death 174

4.7 Involuntary manslaughter: unlawful act manslaughter 224 4.8 Involuntary manslaughter: killing by gross negligence 234 4.9 Causing or allowing the death of a child or vulnerable adult 243

5 Non-fatal offences against the person 252

5.2 Section 18 Offences Against the Person Act 1861 – wounding or

5.3 Section 20 Offences Against the Person Act 1861 – malicious

5.4 Section 47 Offences Against the Person Act 1861 – assault

7.2 Modes of participation: counselling 360

7.5 Presence at the scene of the crime and failing to prevent the

7.6 How can an accomplice withdraw from participation in the

7.9 Where the principal commits acts outside the contemplation

9.8 Taking a motor vehicle or other conveyance without authority 549

10.8 Should dishonesty have been retained as an element of the Fraud

11 Robbery, blackmail, burglary and going equipped 583

12.6 Other offences under the Criminal Damage Act 1971 628

13 Defences where mens rea is denied 631

14.3 The availability of the defence of duress per minas: murder and

14.4 The availability of the defence of duress per minas: where a

defendant voluntarily exposes himself to the risk of threats 710 14.5 Duress by threats – codification and law reform proposals 714

14.13 Self-defence – codification and law reform proposals 768

A [2001] UKHL 25 48

Re A (Children) (Conjoined Twins: Surgical Separation) [2000] 4 All ER 961 61, 151, 693, 732, 767 A v UK (1999) 27 EHRR 611 41

Abbott v R [1977] AC 755 699, 704, 705, 707, 708 Abdul-Hussain and Others [1999] Crim LR 570 695, 740, 741 Abdullahi [2006] All ER (D) 334 355

Absolom 498

Acott [1997] 1 All ER 706 206

Adams [1995] 1 WLR 52 561

Adomako [1994] 3 All ER 79; [1995] 1 AC 171; [1994] 3 WLR 288 44, 46, 141, 153, 238, 240 ADT v United Kingdom [2000] Crim LR 1009 47

Ahluwalia [1992] 4 All ER 889 208, 212, 215 Airedale National Health Service Trust v Bland [1993] 1 All ER 82 67, 740, 767 Aitken, Bennet and Barson (1992) 95 Cr App R 304 643

Aitken and Others [1992] 1 WLR 1066 300

Albert v Lavin [1982] AC 546 316

Alford (JF) Transport Ltd; Alford; Payne [1997] 2 Cr App R 326 370

Allan [1965] 1 QB 130 370

Allen [1985] AC 1029 547

Allen [1988] Crim LR 698 645, 646 Allsop 64 Cr App R 29 458

Alphacell Ltd v Woodward [1972] AC 824 122

Altham [2006] EWCA Crim 7 728

Ambler [1979] RTR 217 554

Anderson; Morris [1966] 2 QB 110 396, 397, 398, 399 Anderson [1986] AC 27 441, 443, 446, 448 Anderton v Ryan [1985] AC 560 476, 477, 479, 480, 481 Andrews [2003] Crim LR 477 231, 233 Andrews v DPP [1937] AC 576 232, 238, 241, 623 Andronicou v Cyprus [1998] Crim LR 823 40

Appleyard 617

Armstrong [2000] Crim LR 379 430, 434 Ashford and Smith [1988] Crim LR 682 617, 618 Ashingdane v United Kingdom (1985) 7 EHRR 528 21

Associated Octel Ltd [1996] 4 All ER 846, [1996] 1 WLR 1543 143

Atakpu and Abrahams [1994] QB 69 520

Attorney General for Jersey v Holley (Jersey) [2005] UKPC 23 213, 220, 714, 721 Attorney General for Northern Ireland’s Ref (No 1 of 1975) [1977] AC 105 752, 753 Attorney General for South Australia v Brown [1960] AC 432 649, 659 Attorney General v Lockwood 9 M & W 378 126

Attorney General’s Reference (No 1 of 1975) [1975] QB 773 361

Attorney General’s Reference (No 1 of 1982) [1983] QB 751 456

Attorney General’s Reference (No 1 of 1983) [1985] QB 182 530

Attorney General’s Reference (No 1 of 1985) 562

Attorney General’s Reference (No 1 of 1992) [1993] 1 WLR 274 465

Attorney General’s Reference (No 2 of 1982) [1984] QB 624 532, 533 Attorney General’s Reference (No 2 of 1992) [1994] QB 91 657

Attorney General’s Reference (No 2 of 1999) [2000] 3 All ER 182 139, 240, 242 Attorney General’s Reference (No 2 of 2004) [2005] EWCA Crim 1415 728

Attorney General’s Reference (No 3 of 1992) [1994] 1 WLR 409 471, 474, 626 Attorney General’s Reference (No 3 of 1994) [1997] 3 All ER 936 31, 101, 104, 149, 151, 176, 233 Attorney General’s Reference (No 3 of 2004) [2005] EWCA Crim 1882 400, 407 Attorney General’s Reference (No 4 of 1980) [1981] 1 WLR 705 99

Attorney General’s Reference (No 4 of 2004) [2005] EWCA Crim 889 286

Attorney General’s Reference (No 6 of 1980) [1981] QB 715 295, 304 Attorney General’s Reference (No 28 of 1996) [1997] 2 Cr App R (S) 206 340

Attorney General’s Reference (No 79 of 2006) Whitta [2006] EWCA Crim 2626 340,

341, 349, 351 Attorney General’s References (Nos 1 and 2 of 1979) [1980] QB 180 599

Ayres [1984] AC 447 456

Aziz [1993] Crim LR 708 545

B (Court of Appeal, Criminal Division) 16 October 2006 332

B v DPP [2000] 1 All ER 833 92, 93, 115 Bailey (1978) 66 Cr App R 31 193

Bailey (John) [1983] 1 WLR 760 641, 655, 663 Baillie [1995] 2 Cr App R 31 209

Bainbridge [1960] 1 QB 129 364, 383, 387 Baker [1994] Crim LR 444 380

Baker and Ward [1999] 2 Cr App R 335 712

Baker and Wilkins [1997] Crim LR 497 619, 629 Baldessare (1930) 22 Cr App R 70 390

Ball [1989] Crim LR 730 231

Bamborough [1996] Crim LR 744 402

Bank of New South Wales v Piper [1897] AC 383 93

Barnes [2004] ECA Crim 3246 301, 305, 311 Bateman (1925) 19 Cr App R 8; [1925] All ER Rep 45; [1925] 94 LJKB 791 45, 142, 234, 238, 239, 240, 241 Re Beaney 517

Beard [1920] AC 479 632, 633, 635, 637, 638, 639, 647, 659 Becerra and Cooper (1975) 62 Cr App R 212 372, 375, 377, 379 Beckford v R [1988] AC 130 95, 757, 766, 770 Beech (1912) 7 Cr App R 197 273

Beecham (1851) 5 Cox CC 181 542

Bell [1984] Crim LR 685 682

Bell [1992] RTR 335 727

Bell v Lever Brothers [1932] AC 161 512

Benge (1865) 4 F & F 594 58

Bentley [1999] Crim LR 330 30

Betts and Ridley (1930) 22 Cr App R 148 390

Bevans (1988) 87 Cr App R 64 589

Bingham [1991] Crim LR 433 662, 682 Bird [1985] 1 WLR 816 747

Blackburn v Bowering [1994] 1 WLR 1324 95

Black-Clawson International Ltd v Papierwerke Waldhoff-Anschaffenburg AG [1975] AC 591 7, 510 Blaue [1975] 1 WLR 1411 155, 163 Board of Trade v Owen [1957] AC 602 463, 464 Bogacki and Others [1973] QB 832 551

Boggeln v Williams [1978] 1 WLR 873 495

Bolton (1992) 94 Cr App R 74 440, 441 Bolton (HL) (Engineering) Co Ltd v T J Graham and Sons Ltd [1957] 1 QB 159 135

Bonner [1970] 1 WLR 838 532

Bourhill v Young [1943] AC 92 271

Bourne [1939] 1 KB 687 422, 734, 737 Bow (1976) 64 Cr App R 54 551, 552 Bowden [1993] Crim LR 380 645

Bowen [1997] 1 WLR 372 702, 721 Boyle (1986) 84 Cr App R 270 468

Bradish (1990) 90 Cr App R 271 130

Brady [2006] EWCA Crim 2413 262

Bratty v AG for Northern Ireland [1963] AC 386 633, 658, 660, 661, 670, 671, 672, 676, 678 Bravery v Bravery [1954] 3 All ER 59; [1954] 1 WLR 1169 306

Breaks and Huggan [1998] Crim LR 349 531

Briggs [2004] 1 Cr App R 34 518 British Steel plc [1995] 1 WLR 1356 141, 143

Brooks and Brooks (1982) 76 Cr App R 66 546

Broome v Perkins 665

Brown [1985] Crim LR 212 596, 601 Brown and Others [1994] 1 AC 212 235, 296, 299, 300, 304, 306, 307, 311, 312 Brown v Stott [2001] 2 All ER 97 PC; [2001] 2 WLR 817 21, 39, 42, 49 Brutus v Cozens (1972) 56 Cr App R 799, [1973] AC 854 277

Bryce [2004] EWCA Crim 1231 385

Bundy [1977] 1 WLR 914 607

Burgess [1991] 1 QB 92 674

Burns (1973) 58 Cr App R 364 653

Burstow [1997] 1 Cr App R 144 259, 260, 272 Burton v Islington Health Authority [1993] QB 204 151

Button 3 Cox CC 229 455

Byrne [1960] 2 QB 396; (1960) 44 Cr App R 246 191, 194, 659 Byrne v Kinematograph Renters Society Ltd [1958] 2 All ER 579 597

C [2005] EWCA Crim 2817 430

C (A Minor) v Eisenhower (sub nom JJC v Eisenhower) [1983] 3 WLR 537 253

C v DPP [1995] 2 All ER 43; [1996] AC 1 6, 142, 144 Caldwell [1981] 1 All ER 961; [1982] AC 341 83, 142, 262, 610, 623, 640, 641 The Calgarth [1926] P 93 598

Calhaem [1985] 1 QB 808 360

Cambridge [1994] 2 All ER 760, [1994] 1 WLR 971 206

Campbell [1997] Crim LR 495 195

Camplin [1978] AC 705 207, 211, 213 Carter [1959] VR 105 661

Castle [2004] All ER (D) 289 90

Cato [1976] 1 All ER 260; (1976) 62 Cr App Rep 41; [1976] 1 WLR 110 226,

227, 277 Chan Wing-Siu v R [1985] AC 168 391, 393, 397, 399, 410 Chan-Fook [1994] 1 WLR 689 260, 271, 273 Charlson [1955] 1 WLR 317 676, 679, 680 Cheshire [1991] 1 WLR 844 167, 171, 171 Church [1966] 1 QB 59 101, 232, 408, 633 Churchill [1967] 2 AC 224 450

Clarence (1888) 22 QBD 23; [1886] All ER Rep 133 259, 306, 308, 310 Clarke [1972] 1 All ER 219 667

Clarkson and Others [1971] 1 WLR 1402 369

Clear [1968] 1 QB 670 587, 588 Clegg [1995] 1 AC 482 751

Clouden [1987] Crim LR 56 585

Codere (1916) 12 Cr App R 21 680

Cogan and Leak [1976] 1 QB 217 420 Cole [1994] Crim LR 582 237, 694, 696, 697

Cole and Others [1993] Crim LR 300 644

Collins (1864) 9 Cox CC 497 479, 480 Collins (1972) 56 Cr App R 554; [1973] QB 100 592, 597, 598, 601 Collins v DPP (1987) The Times, 20 October 495

Collins v Wilcock [1984] 1 WLR 1172 280

Collister and Warhurst (1955) 39 Cr App Rep 100 587

Colohan (2001) The Times, 14 June 284

Concannon [2002] Crim LR 213 251, 402 Condron [2000] Crim LR 679 26, 195 Coney and others (1882) 8 QBD 534 295, 365, 366, 369 Conway [1989] 1 QB 290; [1988] 3 WLR 1238; (1989) 88 Cr App R 159 693, 723, 724, 725, 726, 738 Cooper and Compton [1947] 2 All ER 701 440

Cooper v McKenna ex p Cooper [1960] Qd LR 406 659

Corbett [1996] Crim LR 594 163

Corcoran v Anderton (1980) 71 Cr App R 104 584

Cort [2004] QB 388 314

Cottle [1958] NZLR 999 659, 661 Court [1989] AC 28 349

Cousins [1982] 1 QB 526 742

Cox v Riley (1986) 83 Cr App R 54 612, 614 CR v UK (1995) 21 EHHR 363 52

Croft [1944] 1 KB 295 373, 376 Cuerrier [1998] 2 SCR 371, [1999] 2 LRC 29 309

Cullen [1993] Crim LR 936 645

Cunningham [1957] 2 QB 396 84, 85, 261, 278, 303 Cunningham [1982] AC 566 76, 176 Curley (1909) 2 Cr App R 96 166

Curr [1968] 2 QB 944 428

D [2005] EWCA 1981 412

Dalby [1982] 1 All ER 916 157, 227, 228 Davey v Lee [1968] 1 QB 366 465, 468 Davies v Flackett (1972) 116 Sol Jo 526 564

Davies v Harvey Law Rep 9 QB 433 126

Davis (1881) 14 Cox CC 563 639

Davis (2000) The Times, 25 July 27

Dawson, Nolan and Walmsley (1985) 81 Cr App R 150 229

Dawson and James (1978) 68 Cr App R 170 585

De Freitas (1960) 2 WLR 523 743

Denton [1981] 1 WLR 1446 616

Dhaliwal [2006] EWCA CRIM 1139 163 Dias [2002] Crim LR 490 157, 225 Dica [2004] 3 All ER 593 264, 302, 305, 340

Dietschmann [2003] 1 All ER 897 199

Diggin (1980) 72 Cr App R 204 554

Dobson v General Accident Fire and Life Assurance Corp plc [1990] 1 QB 274 503, 507 Dobson v North Tyneside Health Authority [1996] 4 All ER 474 494

Donovan [1934] 2 KB 498 270, 294, 299, 300, 307, 315 Doodeward and Spence (1908) 6 CLR 406 492, 494 Doorson v Netherlands (1996) 22 EHRR 330 42

Dougal [2005] 337

Doughty (1986) 83 Cr App R 319 210

Doukas [1978] 1 WLR 372 579

Doyle [2004] EWCA Crim 2714 255

DPP (Jamaica) v Bailey [1995] 1 Cr App R 257 742

Dryden [1995] 4 All ER 987 212

Du Cros v Lambourne [1907] 1 KB 40 370

Dudley and Stephens (1884) 14 QBD 273 704, 726, 730, 733, 735, 738, 767 Duffy [1949] 1 All ER 932 205, 208 Dume (1987) The Times, 16 October 282

Dunlop [2006] EWCA 1354 33

Dunnington (1984) 482

Duru (1972) 58 CAR 151; [1974] 1 WLR 2 540, 560 Dyke and Munroe [2002] Crim LR 153 531

Dytham [1979] QB 722 58

Eagleton (1855) Dears CC 515 468

Easom [1971] 2 QB 315 543

Edmeads and Others (1828) 3 C & P 390 372

Edwards [1975] QB 27 18

Edwards v Ddin [1976] 1 WLR 942 545

Eldredge v US (1932) 62 F 2d 449 377

Ellames [1974] 1 WLR 1391 608

Elliot v C [1983] 1 WLR 939 83, 86 Elliott (1889) 16 Cox 710 58

Emmett (unreported, 18 June 1999) 307

Environment Agency v Empress Car Company [1999] 2 AC 22, [1998] 1 All ER 481 157

Re F (Mental Patient: Sterilisation) [1990] 2 AC 1 740

Fagan (1974) unreported, 20 September 707, 708 Fagan v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1969] 1 QB 439 67, 265, 268, 280 Feely [1973] QB 530 458, 536 Fernandez [1996] 1 Cr App R 175 540

Fiak [2005] All ER (D) 103 614

Finlay [2003] EWCA Crim 3868 157, 159 Firth (1990) 91 Cr App R 217 571

Fitzmaurice [1983] QB 1083 431, 483

Fitzpatrick v Kelly Law Rep 8 QB 337 126

Flatt [1996] Crim LR 576 702

Forde (1923) 17 Cr App R 99 119

Francom (2000) The Times, 24 October 26

Franklin (1883) 15 Cox CC 226

G [2003] 4 All ER 765; [2003] UKHL 50, [2004] 1 AC 1034 84, 88, 89, 186, 237, 241, 610, 623 Gallagher [1963] AC 349 633, 637, 647 Gamble [1989] NI 268 397, 399, 400, 409 Gammon (Hong Kong) Ltd v AG of Hong Kong [1985] 1 AC 1 125

Gannon (1988) 87 Cr App R 254 554

Gantz [2004] All ER (D) 69 279

Garwood [1987] 1 WLR 319 588

Gateway Foodmarkets Ltd [1997] 3 All ER 78 143

Gauthier (1943) 29 Cr App R 113 659

Geddes (1996) 160 JP 697 469

Ghosh [1982] 1 QB 1053 515, 533, 536, 537, 547, 566, 580, 581, 582 Gibbins and Proctor (1918) 13 Cr App R 134 60, 61 Gilks [1972] 1 WLR 1341 526, 529 Gill (1993) 97 Cr App R 215 440

Gillard (1988) 87 Cr App R 189 276

Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority and Department of Health and Social Security [1986] 1 AC 112 388

Gilmour [2000] 2 Cr App R 407 406

Gittens [1984] 1 QB 698 196, 200 Goldman [2001] Crim LR 822 430

Goldstein [2004] 2 All ER 589 51

Gomez [1993] AC 442 505, 510, 511, 521, 532 Goodfellow (1986) 83 Cr App R 23 229

Gotts [1992] 2 AC 412 704, 707, 740 Graham [1982] 1 WLR 294; (1981) 74 Cr App R 235 697, 698, 702, 705, 724 Greatrex and Bates [1999] 1 C App R 126 409

Gregory (1981) 77 Cr App R 41 600

Grigson [2006] All ER (D) 99 219

Grundy [1977] Crim LR 543 375, 378 Gullefer [1990] 1 WLR 1063 465, 468, 469 H (1997) The Times, 2 May 666

H [2002] 1 Cr App R 59 304

H [2005] All ER (D) 16 349, 350 H (Reasonable Chastisement) (2001) The Times, 18 May 41

Halai [1983] Crim LR 624 561

Hale (1978) 68 Cr App R 415 586, 600

Hall (1972) 56 Cr App R 547 526

Hancock and Shankland [1986] 1 AC 455 73, 77, 81, 392, 393 Handyside v UK (1976) 1 EHRR 737 52

Hardie [1985] 1 WLR 64 631, 640, 645, 655 Hardman and Others v The Chief Constable of Avon and Somerset Constabulary [1986] Crim LR 330 614

Hargreaves v Diddams Law Rep 10 QB 582 126

Harley and Murray [1967] VR 526 693, 695 Harrow LBC v Shah [1999] 3 All ER 302 131

Harvey (1980) 72 Cr App R 139 588

Hasan [2005] UKHL 22 693, 698, 701, 711 Hashman and Harrup v UK [2000] Crim LR 185 50

Hatton [2005] All ER (D) 308 764

Haughton v Smith [1973] 3 All ER 1109 476

Haystead v DPP [2000] 2 Cr App R 339 282

Hegarty [1994] Crim LR 353 702

Henderson and Battley (unreported, 29 November 1984) 612

Hennessy [1989] 1 WLR 287 672, 682 Hill; Hall (1989) 89 Cr App R 74 617

Hill (1986) 83 Cr App R 386 278

Hill v Baxter [1958] 1 QB 277 656, 659, 674 Hillen and Pettigrew v ICI (Alkali) Ltd [1936] AC 65 598

Hills [2001] Crim LR 318 284

Hilton [1997] 2 Cr App R 445 519

Hinks [2000] 4 All ER 835; [2000] 2 Cr App R 1; [1998] Crim LR 904 50, 501, 509, 510, 522, 532 HM Advocate v Ritchie 1926 SC (J) 45 659

HM Coroner ex p Spooner (1989) 88 Cr App R 10 143

Hobson (1997) The Times, 25 June 195

Holden [1991] Crim LR 478 533

Holland (1841) 2 Mood & R 351 156

Hollinshead [1985] AC 975; [1985] 1 All ER 850 454, 456, 461 Holt and Another [1981] 1 WLR 1000 563

Hope v Brown [1954] 1 WLR 250 468

Horne [1994] Crim LR 584 702

Horseferry Road Magistrates’ Court ex p K [1997] QB 23 666

Howe and Others [1987] 1 AC 417 423, 696, 697, 701, 704, 707, 708, 709, 723, 733, 738, 740, 749 Hudson and Taylor [1971] 2 QB 202 694, 696, 698, 738 Hughes (1857) Dears & B 248 58

Hui Chi-Ming v R [1992] 1 AC 34 393, 404 Humphreys [1965] 3 All ER 689 422

Humphreys [1995] 4 All ER 889 210

Hunt (1978) 66 Cr App R 105 617 Hunt [1987] AC 352 18 Hurst [1995] 1 Cr App R 82 696 Husseyn (1977) 67 Cr App R 131 599 Hyam v DPP [1975] AC 55 176, 472 Hyde [1991] 1 QB 134 392, 396, 398, 399 Ibrams and Gregory (1981) 74 Cr App R 154 207 Ilyas (1984) 78 Cr App R 17 468 Instan [1893] 1 QB 450 60 Invicta Plastics Ltd and Another v Clare [1976] RTR 251 427 Ireland; Burstow [1997] 4 All ER 225 258, 267, 270 Jackson [1983] Crim LR 617 563 Jaggard v Dickinson [1981] QB 527 624, 652 James: Karimi [2006] EWCA 14 218 Johnson [1989] 1 WLR 740 210 Johnson v Youden and Others [1950] 1 KB 544 380, 381 Jones; Smith [1976] 1 WLR 672 597 Jones [1990] RTR 33 727 Jones [2004] EWCA Crim 1981 629, 741 Jones [2006] UKHL 16 754 Jones (Kenneth Henry) [1990] 1 WLR 1057 465, 466 Jones (Terence) 83 Cr App R 375 301 Jordan (1956) 40 Cr App R 152 167, 168, 170 Julien [1969] 1 WLR 839 747, 749 Kai-Whitewind [2005] EWCA Crim 1092 187 Kansal (2001) The Times, June 11 30 Kelleher [2003] EWCA Crim 2846 629 Kelly [1992] 97 Cr app R 245 604 Kelly [1999] 2 WLR 384 490, 525 Kelt [1977] 1 WLR 1365 605, 607 Kemp [1957] 1 QB 399 661, 667, 671, 678, 679 Kennedy [1999] Crim LR 65 226, 227 Kennedy [2005] EWCA Crim 685 159 Kennedy v HM Advocate 1944 SC (J) 171, 177 659 Khan [1990] 1 WLR 813 471, 473, 475 Khan [1998] Crim LR 830 236 Kimber [1983] 1 WLR 1118 94, 314 Kingston [1995] 2 AC 355 645, 646 Kiszko (1979) 68 Cr App R 62 194 Kitson (1955) 39 Cr App R 66 738 Knuller v DPP [1973] AC 435 459

Kohn (1979) 69 Cr App R 395 487, 489, 530 Konzani [2005] EWCA Crim 706 310, 313 Kumar [2006] EWCA CRIM 1946 350 Lacis v Cashmarts [1969] 2 QB 400 504 Lamb [1967] 2 QB 981 226, 231 Lambert [2001] 3 All ER 577; [2001] 1 All ER 1014 17, 48, 195 Lambie [1982] AC 449; [1981] Crim LR 712 561, 566 Landy [1981] 1 WLR 355 457 Larkin (1942) 29 Cr App R 18 232 Larsonneur (1933) 24 Cr App R 74 55, 56 Latif & Others [1996] 2 Cr App R 92 160 Latimer (1886) 17 QB 359 (CCR) 103, 107 Lawrence [1971] 1 QB 373 514 Lawrence [1981] 1 All ER 974; [1982] AC 510 142, 241 Lawrence and Pomroy (1971) 57 Cr App R 64 587 Lawrence v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1972] AC 626 501

Le Brun [1992] 1 QB 61 100 Leahy [1985] Crim LR 99 402 Leathley [1979] Crim LR 314 591 Lee [2000] Crim LR 991 282 Lee Chun-Chuen v R [1963] AC 220 207 Lee v Simpson 3 CB 871 126 Lennard’s Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd [1915] AC 705 135 Lewin v CPS [2002] EWHC 1049 237 Lim Chin Aik v R [1963] AC 160 116, 127 Linekar [1995] 3 All ER 69 340 Linneker [1906] 2 KB 99 468 Lipman [1970] 1 QB 152 632, 636, 641, 662, 663 Lloyd, Bhuee and Ali [1985] QB 829 541 Lloyd [1967] 1 QB 175 194, 196 Lloyd v Director of Public Prosecutions [1992] 1 All ER 982 629 Lobell [1957] 1 QB 547 659 Lolley’s case R & R 237 126 Lomas (1913) 9 Cr App R 220 389 Loughnan 696 Loukes [1996] 1 Cr App R 444 417 Lovesey 405 Low v Blease [1975] Crim LR 513 486 Lowe [1973] QB 702 57, 224 Luc Thiet Thuan v R [1997] AC 131 212, 216, 217 Lynch [1975] 1 All ER 913; [1975] AC 653 693, 696, 699, 704, 705, 706, 707,

708, 710 Lynsey [1995] 2 All ER 654 264

McAuliffe v R (1995) 69 ALJR 621 391 McCann v United Kingdom (1996) 21 EHRR 97 40 McCreadie and Tume (1992) 96 Cr App R 143 495 McCready [1978] 1 WLR 1376 263 McDavitt [1981] Crim LR 843 546, 547 M’Growther (1746) Fost 13 694 McInnes [1971] 1 WLR 1600 748, 750 M’Loughlin (1838) 8 Car & P 635 253 McLoughlin v O’Brian [1983] 1 AC 410 271 M’Naghten’s case (1843) 10 Cl & F 200 647, 666, 680, 681 M’Pherson (1857) Dears & B 197 544 MacPherson [1973] RTR 157 554 Maginnis (1987) 85 Cr App R 127 277 Majewski [1977] AC 443 392, 624, 625, 633, 640, 641, 643, 645, 647, 648, 663, 765 Majoram [2000] Crim LR 372 163 Malcherek; Steel [1981] 1 WLR 690 169 Mandair [1994] 2 WLR 700; [1995] 1 AC 208; [1994] 2 WLR 1376 257, 259, 260, 264 Marchant and McCallister (1984) 80 Cr App R 361 552 Mark [2004] All ER (D) 35 237 Marks [1998] Crim LR 676 210 Marsh (1996) 160 JP 721 556 Marshall; Coombes; Eren [1998] 2 Cr App R 282 538 Martin [1989] 1 All ER 652 697, 724, 728, 730, 738, 741 Martin [2001] All ER (D) 435 755, 761, 766 Matheson (1958) 42 Cr App R 145; [1958] 2 All ER 87 193 Matthews; Alleyne [2003] 2 Cr App R 30 79 Maughan (1934) 24 Cr App R 130 119 Maxwell [1978] 1 WLR 1350 387 May [1912] 3 KB 572 315 Mazo [1997] 2 Cr App R 518 514 Meade [1909] 1 KB 895 638 Meade’s and Belt’s Case (1823) 1 Lew CC 184 268, 269 Mellor [1996] 2 Cr App R 245 172 Meridian Global Funds Management Asia v Securities Commission [1995]

3 WLR 413 137, 140 Metropolitan Police Commissioner v Charles [1997] AC 177 561, 565, 566 Middleton (1873) LR 2 CCR 38 529 Millard and Vernon [1987] Crim LR 393 471, 474 Miller [1954] 2 QB 282 270 Miller [1983] 2 AC 161; [1983] 1 All ER 978 54, 64, 70 Millward [1994] Crim LR 527 418, 420 Minor (1955) 15 WWR (NS) 433 659 Misra; Srivastava [2004] EWCA Crim 2375 44, 241 Mitchell [1983] QB 741 105, 229

Mitchell [1999] Crim LR 496 380, 540 Mitchell and King (1998) 163 JP 75 379, 380 Mohammed [2005] EWCA 1880 218 Mohan [1976] QB 1 472 Moloney [1985] 1 AC 905 73, 74, 77, 78, 81, 392, 393 Moore (1852) 3 Car & Kir 319 638 Moore v I Bresler Ltd [1944] 2 All ER 515 139 Morden v Porter 7 CB (NS) 641; 29 LJ (MC) 213 126 Morgan [1975] 2 All ER 347; [1976] AC 182 92, 94, 118, 315, 326, 341, 343,

421, 624, 632, 634 Morhall [1996] AC 90 214 Morris (David) [1984] AC 320 504, 539 Morris v Tolman [1923] 1 KB 166 417 Moses [1991] Crim LR 617 454 Most (1881) 7 QBD 244 427 Mousell Brothers Ltd v London and North-Western Railway Co [1917] 2 KB 836 124 Mowatt [1968] 1 QB 421 261, 262, 303 Moynes v Cooper [1956] 1 QB 439 529 Multinational Gas and Petrochemical Co v Multinational Gas and Petrochemical Services Ltd [1983] Ch 258 137 Murphy 6 C & P 103 367 Mwai [1995] 3 NZLR 149, [1995] 4 LRC 719 309 National Coal Board v Gamble [1959] 1 QB 11 382, 389 Naviede [1997] Crim LR 662 519 Navvabi [1986] 1 WLR 1311 489 Nedrick [1986] 1 WLR 1025 74 Newbury and Jones [1977] AC 500 232 Newell (1980) 71 Cr App R 331 212 Nicholls (1875) 13 Cox 75 58 Nichols v Hall Law Rep 8 CP 322 126 Nock [1978] AC 979 431, 433, 462, 600 Norfolk Constabulary v Seekings [1986] Crim LR 167 591 Oatridge (1992) 94 Cr App R 367 758 O’Flaherty; Ryan; Toussaint [2004] EWCA Crim 526 378 O’Grady [1987] 1 QB 995 645, 653, 764, 765 O’Leary (1986) 82 Cr App R 341 603 Olugboja [1982] QB 320 325 Ortiz (1986) 83 Cr App R 173 693 Owino [1996] 2 Cr App R 128 760 Oxford v Moss (1978) 68 Cr App R 183 490, 498

P & O European Ferries (Dover) Ltd (1991) 93 Cr App R 72 143, 247

Pagett (1983) 76 Cr App R 279 164, 172 Palmer v R [1971] AC 814 742, 743, 744, 746, 750, 753, 783 Parke Alder [1899] 1 QB 20 130 Pawlicki [1992] 1 WLR 827 605, 607 Pearman (1984) 80 Cr App R 259 471, 472 Pearson 2 Lew 144 648 Pembliton (1874) LR 2 CCR 119 102, 103, 107 Perka et al v R (1985) 13 DLR (4th) 1 152, 726, 740 Perman [1996] 1 Cr App R 24 378, 380, 405 Peterson 405 Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Storkwain Ltd [1986] 1 WLR 903 113 Phekoo [1981] 1 WLR 1117 94, 316 Pickford [1995] 1 Cr App R 420 434 Pilgram v Rice-Smith [1977] 2 All ER 659 496 Pitts (1842) C & M 284 166 Pittwood (1902) 19 TLR 37 58 Podola [1960] 1 QB 325 659 Pommell [1995] 2 Cr App R 607 696, 697, 725, 738 Powell and Daniels; English [1999] AC 1 176, 391, 402, 406, 409, 410 Pratt v DPP (2001) The Times, 22 August 284 Preddy [1996] 3 WLR 255; [1996] AC 815 539, 540, 560 Priestnall v Cornish [1979] Crim LR 310 766 Prince (1875) LR 2 CCR 154 117, 119, 121, 126 Quick and Paddison [1973] 1 QB 910 660, 673

Richards [1974] QB 776 424 Richardson [1998] 3 WLR 1292 313 Richardson and Irwin [1999] 1 Cr App R 392 642, 645 Roberts, Stephens and Day [2001] EWCA Crim 1594 412 Roberts (1971) 56 Cr App R 95 161, 273, 275 Roberts v Egerton Law Rep 9 QB 494 126 Robinson [1915] 2 KB 342 468 Robinson [1977] Crim LR 173 585 Rodger and Another (1997) The Times, 30 July 728 Roe v Kingerlee [1986] Crim LR 735 614 Roger and Rose 697 Rogers [2003] 1 WLR 1374 228 Rogers [2005] EWCA Crim 2863 286 Rook [1993] 1 WLR 1005 375, 386 Rook [1997] Cr App R 327 409 Rossiter [1994] 2 All ER 752 206 Rouse (William) v The Bradford Banking Co Ltd [1894] AC 586 488 Rowland [2003] EWCA Crim 3636 213 Rowley (1992) 94 Cr App R 95 482 Rubie v Faulkner [1940] 1 KB 571 371 Russell v HM Advocate [1946] SC (J) 37 659 Ryan (1996) 160 JP 610 596

S v UK App No 17634/91 (2 September 1991, unreported) 53 Saik [2006] UKHL 18 442, 449

St George (1840) 9 C & P 483 266

St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust v S [1999] Fam 26 740, 741 Salabiaku v France (1988) 13 EHRR 379 17, 20, 43 Salisbury [1976] VR 452 259, 260 Sanders (1991) 93 Cr App R 245 193 Sanderson (1994) 98 Cr App R 325 197 Santana-Bermudez [2003] All ER (D) 168 (Nov) 70 Sargeant (1997) 161 JP 127 351 Saric v Denmark Application 31913/96 46 Saunders and Archer (1573) 2 Plowd 473 106, 372, 402 Savage; Parmenter [1992] 1 AC 699; [1991] 4 All ER 698 262, 263, 274, 275, 303, 643 Scarlett [1993] 4 All ER 629 760, 761 Scott v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1975] AC 819 454, 458, 561, 562 Seaboard Offshore Ltd v Secretary of State for Transport [1994] 2 All ER 99; [1994]

1 WLR 541 141 Seaboyer (1991) 83 DLR (4th) 193 347 Secretary of State for the Home Department ex p Simms [1999] 3 WLR 328 115 Self [1992] 1 WLR 657 282 Shadbolt (1833) 5 Car & P 504 254

Shannon (1980) 71 Cr App R 192 743, 746 Sharp (1857) Dears & Bell 160 494 Sharp [1987] 1 QB 853 710 Shaw (Norman) v R [2002] Crim LR 140 766 Shaw v DPP [1962] AC 220 6, 459 Shayler [2001] All ER (D) 99 741 Sheldrake v Director of Public Prosecutions [2003] 2 All ER 497 22 Shendley [1970] Crim LR 49 585 Sheppard [1981] AC 395 61 Sherras v De Rutzen [1895] 1 QB 918 122, 123, 124, 126 Shivpuri [1987] 1 AC 1 476, 477 Shohid and another [2003] All ER (D) 216 167 Shortland [1996] 1 Cr App Rep 116 577 Silverman (1988) 86 Cr App R 213 564 Singh [1999] Crim LR 582 237 Siracusa (1990) 90 Cr App R 340 441, 443, 446, 482 Sirat (1986) 83 Cr App R 41 482, 483 Skelton [1995] Crim LR 635 419 Small (1988) 86 Cr App R 170 535 Smethurst (2001) The Times, 13 April 51 Smith [1959] 2 QB 35 154, 168 Smith [1961] AC 290 73, 255 Smith [1979] Crim LR 251 70 Smith [2001] 1 CAR 31 762, 763 Smith [2004] All ER (D) 79 427 Smith [2006] All ER (D) 69 270 Smith (David Raymond) [1974] QB 354 95, 623 Smith (Morgan) [2000] 4 All ER 289 204, 212, 220 Smith (Roger) [1975] AC 476 433, 481 Smith (Sandie) [1982] Crim LR 531 663 Smith v Chief Superintendent, Woking Police Station (1983) 76 Cr App R 234 266 Smith (Wesley) [1963] 1 WLR 1200 391 Sodeman v The King [1936] 2 All ER 667 Sofroniou [2004] 1 Cr App R 35 575 Southwark LBC v Williams [1971] 1 Ch 734 696, 733 Spriggs [1958] 1 QB 270 192 Spriggs [1994] RTR 1 552 Steer [1988] AC 111 620, 622 Stephens Law Rep 1 QB 702 126 Stephenson [1979] QB 695 625 Stewart [1995] 4 All ER 999 206 Stewart and Schofield [1995] 3 All ER 159 403, 407 Stone and Dobinson [1977] QB 354 62, 69, 237, 240 Stone and West London Coroner, ex parte Grey 241

Stonehouse [1978] AC 55 468, 471 Stones [1989] 1 WLR 156 603 Subramaniam v Public Prosecutor [1956] 1 WLR 965 695 Sullivan [1981] Crim LR 46 264 Sullivan [1984] 1 AC 156 669, 674, 676 Sunday Times v UK (1979) 2 EHRR 245 51

In Re Supply of Ready Mixed Concrete (No 2) [1995] 1 AC 456 138, 139

SW v United Kingdom (1996) 21 EHRR 363 43, 52 Sweet v Parsley [1970] AC 132 93, 94, 95, 111, 113, 116, 118, 121, 122, 124,

125, 128, 242

T [1990] Crim LR 256 663

T v United Kingdom; V v United Kingdom (1999) The Times, 17 December 96 Tabassum [2000] Crim LR 686; [2000] 2 Cr App R 328 313, 350 Tandy [1989] 1 WLR 350 195 Tarling (1978) 70 Cr App R 77 561 Taylor; Little [1992] 1 QB 645 279 Taylor (1779) 1 Leach 214 457 Terry [1984] AC 374 461 Tesco Ltd v Nattrass [1971] 2 All ER 127; [1972] AC 153 132, 138, 141, 142 Thabo Meli and Others v R [1954] 1 WLR 228 98, 100 Thomas v R (1937) 59 CLR 279 119 Thomson v HM Advocate (1983) SCCR 368 707 Thornton v Mitchell [1940] 1 All ER 339 (KBD) 416, 418, 420 Togher and Others (2000) The Times, 21 November 26 Tolson (1889) 23 QBD 168; [1886] All ER Rep 26 54, 93, 113, 315, 658 Torkington v Magee [1902] 2 KB 427 486 Troughton v The Metropolitan Police [1987] Crim LR 138 546 Tuck v Robson [1970] 1 WLR 741 370, 371 Turner (1973) 57 Cr App R 932; [1974] AC 357 487 Turner (No 2) [1971] 1 WLR 901 522, 525 Tyler and Price (1838) 8 C & P 616 704 Tyrrell [1894] 1 QB 710 371 Uddin [1998] 2 All ER 744 401 United States v King 34 F302, 309 (CCEDKY 1888) 347 Vasquez v The Queen [1994] 1 WLR 1304 49 Velumyl [1989] Crim LR 299 544 Venna [1976] QB 421 274, 315, 635 Vickers [1957] 2 QB 175, 176 Vincent [2001] Crim LR 488 549

W and another [2006] All ER (D) 76 262

Wacker [2002] Crim LR 839 234 Wai Yu-Tsang v R [1992] 1 AC 269 458, 562 Wain [1995] 2 Cr App R 660 528 Wakely [1990] Crim LR 119 396 Walkington [1979] 1 WLR 1169 591, 598 Waltham (1849) 3 Cox CC 442 254 Walton and Ogden (1863) Le & Ca 288 588 Walton v R (1978) 66 Cr App R 25; [1978] AC 788 194 Warburton and another [2006] EWCA Crim 627 155 Warner (1970) 55 Cr App R 93 540 Watkins [1989] QB 821 24 Watson [1989] 1 WLR 684 167, 230, 233 Webster and Others; Warwick [1995] 2 All ER 168 621 Welham v DPP [1961] AC 103 454, 457, 458 Weller [2004] 1 Cr App R 1 213 Wheelhouse [1994] Crim LR 756 419 Whelan [1934] IR 518 694 White [1908] All ER Rep 340 153 Whitefield (1983) 79 Cr App R 36 375 Whitehouse [1995] 1 Cr App R 420 431 Whitehouse (alias Savage) (1941) 1 WWR 112 373, 375, 376, 379 Whiteley (1991) 93 Cr App R 25 613, 614 Whittaker and Another v Campbell [1984] QB 318 553 Whyte [1987] 3 All ER 416 746 Whyte (1988) 51 DLR 4th 481 18 Widdowson (1986) 82 Cr App R 314 468 Wilcox v Jeffery [1951] 1 All ER 464 (KBD) 364 Willer (1986) 83 Cr App R 225 722, 723, 725, 726, 738 Williams [1980] Crim LR 589 532 Williams [1984] 3 All ER 411 761 Williams and Another [1992] 1 WLR 380 162 Williams (Gladstone) (1984) 78 Cr App R 276 94, 280, 757, 764, 770, 772 Williamson (1807) 3 C&P 635 45 Willoughby [2004] All ER (D) 79 237 Wilson, Jenkins & Jenkins (1984) 77 Cr App R 319 264 Wilson [1996] 3 WLR 125 299, 304 Wilson (Clarence) [1984] AC 242 257, 259 Wilsons and Clyde Coal Co Ltd v English [1937] 3 All ER 628, [1938] AC 57 143 Windle [1952] 2 QB 526 681 Wingrove v UK (1996) 1 BHRC 509 53 Wings Ltd v Ellis [1985] AC 272 123 Winza Chief Constable of Kent (1983) The Times, 28 March 56 Withers [1975] AC 751 455 Woodage v Moss (1974) 726

Woodman [1974] 2 All ER 955 523 Woodrow 15 M & W 404 126 Woodward [1995] Crim LR 487 419 Woollin [1999] 1 AC 82; [1998] 4 All ER 103 75, 174, 255 Woolmington v DPP [1935] AC 462 16, 25, 680 Wright [2000] Crim LR 510 693

X Ltd v UK (1982) 28 DR 77 51 Yip Chiu-Cheung v R [1994] 3 WLR 514 447 Young [1984] 1 WLR 654 653 Yule (1963) 47 Cr App R 229 527

Computer Misuse Act 1990 614

Crime and Disorder Act 1998 284

s 4(1) 193 Criminal Appeal Act 1968 26

s 36 105, 140, 361, 408, 533

s 36(1) 31, 474 Criminal Justice Act 1987

s 12 459 Criminal Justice Act 1988 280

471, 472 Criminal Justice Act 1994

s 34 20 Criminal Justice Act 2003 30, 32, 33

s 58 163 Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 284

s 42 284 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994

s 60(8)(b) 8

s 142 325 Criminal Justice (Terrorism and Conspiracy) Act 1998 452

s 5(1) 453, 454

s 5(2) 454 Criminal Law Act 1967 482, 483, 693,

451, 461

s 1 447

Criminal Procedure (Insanity and

Unfitness to Plead) Act 1991 666

Customs and Excise Management Act 1979

s 170(1)(b) 477

s 170(2) 447

Dangerous Drugs Act 1965

s 5 111–13

Data Protection Act 1984 499

Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims

Family Allowances Act 1945 429, 430

Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003 304

s 100 25 Fraud Act 2006 5, 6, 501, 545, 558, 559,

Human Fertilisation and Embryology

s 4 687 Mental Health Act 1983 649, 688, 689

s 12 683 Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 17, 226,

s 5 388 Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973 388 Offences Against the Person Act

Prosecution of Offences Act 1985 9

Protection from Harassment Act

Road Safety Act 2006 242

Road Traffic Act 1930

s 79 737 Sex Offenders Act 1997 118, 601 Sch 1

para 1(1)(b) 118 Sexual Offences Act 1956 119, 120, 121,

Act 1976 344 Sexual Offences (Amendment)

Act 2000 356 Sexual Offences (Conspiracy And Incitement) Act 1996

s 2 435

s 2(1)–(3) 435 Sexual Offences (Conspiracy and Incitement) Act 1996 452 Terrorism Act 2000 22

s 11(2) 22

s 57(2) 22

s 118(2) 22 Theft Act 1968 5, 487, 488, 490, 494,

s 20 137, 139

s 20(3) 139

s 20(4)(e) 139 Singapore Immigration Ordinance 127

First Amendment 40 Universal Declaration of Human

Rights 40 Art 29 40

I NTRODUCTION TO C RIMINAL L AW :

CONTENTS

1.4 Interpreting criminal statutes 7

1.7 Establishing criminal liability – the burden and standard of proof 16

1.9 Codification of the criminal law 34

1.10 The impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on substantive criminal

1.1 INTRODUCTION

As a source of reference materials this is not a book designed to be read from beginning to end

in a linear fashion Most readers will dip into the chapters that follow in search of material relating to a specific aspect of the substantive criminal law The substantive criminal law does not, however, exist in a vacuum It is hard to have an effective understanding of the doctrinal aspects of criminal law without also having a grasp of the operational context The materials that follow in this first chapter, therefore, provide a brief overview of the sources of criminal law, the approach taken by the courts in applying criminal statutes, the procedural options open to the prosecuting authorities, and the appeals processes that give rise to many of the precedents forming the backbone of the substantive law The materials also illustrate the impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on the operation of domestic substantive criminal law, and the contribution of the Law Commission to the on-going programme of law reform There are many other interesting aspects of the criminal justice system that could be considered, such as punishment, crime prevention, and theories of deviancy, but they lie beyond the scope

of this text.