INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW second edition

The publication of the second edition of International Criminal Law coincides withthe first real work of the International Criminal Court ICC, now that the fanfaresthat accompanied its c

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW

Second Edition

Cavendish Publishing Limited

London • Sydney • Portland, Oregon

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW

Cavendish Publishing Limited, The Glass House, Wharton Street, London WC1X 9PX, United Kingdom Telephone:+44 (0)20 7278 8000 Facsimile:+44 (0)20 7278 8080

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© Bantekas, I, Nash, S 2003 First edition 2001 Second edition 2003

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Bantekas, Ilias International criminal law—2nd ed

1 Criminal jurisdiction 2 International offenses

I Title II Nash, Susan, barrister

341.7’7 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

Data available

ISBN 1-85941-776-0

1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Printed and bound in Great Britain

The publication of the second edition of International Criminal Law coincides with

the first real work of the International Criminal Court (ICC), now that the fanfaresthat accompanied its creation and the swearing-in of the judges have died away.The presidency is now permanently installed in The Hague; the prosecutor has begunthe task of sifting the many referrals that have been made by a myriad of differentorganisations and individuals; and the judges are engaged in the crucial task ofwriting the regulations for this new court Elsewhere, the International CriminalTribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal forRwanda are working under tight timetables within which they aim to conclude theirtrials, and the Special Court for Sierra Leone is preparing to try the defendants whohave been both identified and indicted by the prosecutor At this moment in ourlegal history it is particularly critical that there is detailed information readilyavailable about the role, the power and the limitations of these new internationalcriminal courts and tribunals There is much misunderstanding, unrealisticexpectations abound, and there is a great danger that the gap between the achievableand the hoped-for will undermine the credibility and importance of these fledglinginstitutions, and particularly the ICC

Just to take some examples, Stalin and Napoleon will not be tried posthumously

in The Hague and the court has no jurisdiction over international money launderers

or drug-traffickers Inevitably, it will take time for investigations to be followed bycompleted trials, particularly given that the ICC only has jurisdiction over eventsthat occurred after July 2002 Before the court can be expected to intervene in a country,

it will often be necessary for a significant degree of stability and maturity to bedemonstrated on the part of the post-conflict regime Investigators, lawyers andjudges cannot operate in conditions of significant lawlessness, and witnesses andvictims must be provided with appropriate protection and assistance Perpetratorswill be brought to justice, but the ICC should not be expected to provide a quick fix.History is firmly on the side of the remarkable developments that have occurred inthe field of international criminal justice, but it is critical that measured and carefuldecisions are taken as to when prosecutions are launched

This book is an excellent and detailed guide to the realities of this new and rapidlychanging legal landscape One of its many strengths is that it draws together a widevariety of different subjects that are not usually found under the same cover and as

a result both the new student and the seasoned practitioner will find invaluableassistance on subjects as diverse as the courts and the tribunals, extradition andabduction, mutual legal assistance and relevant European Union material The firstedition was a constant companion to this judge, and the authors are to be commendedfor producing a second edition so quickly, expanding on and updating the original

The Hon Mr Justice Fulford British Judge at the International Criminal Court

Although the second edition of this book has been significantly restructured andexpanded, our aim remains to provide a book that introduces both students andpractitioners to international criminal law It explores and links together a range oftopics which until recently could only be found in separate texts Until the 1990s,international criminal law was not generally considered to be a discrete topic forinclusion in either the undergraduate or postgraduate law curriculum However,the need to study certain particularities of the international criminal justice processhas been highlighted by lawyers and non-lawyers working for intergovernmentalorganisations and academic institutions not only in the field of human rights andcriminal justice, but also in diverse fields, such as commerce, energy and theenvironment Furthermore, the growth in both the volume and diversity oftransnational crime and the increased mobility of suspects and witnesses continues

to result in international criminal law and procedure assuming critical importancefor domestic lawyers and law enforcement agencies In the second edition we takeaccount of the legal cataclysm in the aftermath of 11 September 2001, thejurisprudence emanating from the International Criminal Tribunal for the FormerYugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and developmentsrelating to the International Criminal Court and other international tribunals Inorder to reflect these developments we have added chapters on defences, evidencebefore the ad hoc tribunals and an introduction to internationalised domestictribunals We have also developed several topics introduced in the first edition,including torture, apartheid, enforced disappearances, transnational criminaloffences and mutual legal assistance mechanisms In order to reflect the variousstrands of international criminal law we have re-organised this edition intosubstantive, procedural and enforcement sections While the limitations of this broadcategorisation in the horizontal law making framework of international law are self-evident, the gradual evolution of international criminal justice into a coherent systemcannot be underestimated As demonstrated throughout the book, the internationalcriminal process is shaped not only by traditional participants, but also by non-traditional actors, including organisations such as the Organisation for EconomicCo-operation and Development and the European Union

In the preparation of this edition the authors are both jointly responsible for thecontent and any errors are ours alone However, Ilias Bantekas is primarilyresponsible for Chapters 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 12–15, and the material on organisedcrime, bribery, postal offences and obscene publications in Chapter 3 Susan Nash isprimarily responsible for Chapters 8, 9 and 10, and the material on cybercrime andmoney laundering in Chapter 3 We would like to express our gratitude to CarolineBuisman for contributing Chapter 11 While we have made changes to materialincluded in the first edition, where it has been retained we remain grateful to MarkMackarel for his work on the first edition In the preparation of this new edition thepublication team at Cavendish Publishing have done an excellent job in dealingwith a significant number of changes, and we are grateful to them for their patienceand professionalism

The date of completion of this edition was 25 March 2003

Ilias Bantekas, Susan Nash

July 2003

Foreword v

Table of EC Decisions, Directives, Regulations and ICTY/ICTR/ICC Rules of Procedure lxiii

2.4.1 Offences against civil aviation 232.4.2 Hostage taking and attacks against

internationally protected persons 282.4.3 Terrorist bombings and nuclear terrorism 302.4.4 Terrorist financing and Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001) 322.4.5 Establishment of regional mechanisms 35

2.6 Terrorism and National Liberation Movements 402.7 Organised Crime and its Relation to Terrorism 432.8 Terrorist Acts as Political Offences 44

CHAPTERS 3 TRANSNATIONAL OFFENCES 49

3.1 Transnational Organised Crime 49

3.1.1 The additional CATOC Protocols 52

CHAPTER 4 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW OF THE SEA 93

4.1 Introduction: The Law of the Sea 93

4.2.1 Definition of piracy under international law 954.2.2 Mutiny and other violence against ships not amounting to piracy 984.2.3 Mechanisms for the prevention and eradication of piracy 994.3 Offences Against Submarine Cables and Pipelines 1004.4 Unauthorised Broadcasting from the High Seas 103

5.2 Slavery and Related Practices 109

5.2.1 The slave trade and similar institutions 1115.2.2 Remedies and international enforcement measures 116

5.3 Torture as a Crime under International Law 117

5.3.2 The ‘public official’ requirement of torture 120

5.5 Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances 122

CHAPTER 6 DEFENCES IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW 127

6.1 Theoretical Underpinnings of Criminal Defences 127

6.1.1 Is there a place for domestic defences in the ICC Statute? 129

CHAPTER 7 STATE JURISDICTION AND IMMUNITIES 143

7.1 Criminal Jurisdiction: An Introduction 143

7.2.1 Subjective territoriality 1457.2.2 Objective territoriality 1467.2.3 Territorial jurisdiction in the UK 1487.2.4 The ambit of national territory 1497.3 The Active Personality Principle 1517.4 The Passive Personality Principle 152

7.8 Jurisdiction With Respect to Crimes Against Civil Aviation 1627.9 International Criminal Jurisdiction 1627.10 Immunities from Criminal Jurisdiction 165

7.10.1 General conception of immunity in international law 1657.10.2 Immunity from criminal jurisdiction 1687.10.3 Act of State doctrine 1697.11 Immunity Under Domestic Law and Jus Cogens Norms 170

7.12 Foreign and Multinational Forces Abroad 1737.13 Diplomatic and Consular Immunities 1747.14 Immunity from International Criminal Jurisdiction 176

CHAPTERS 8 EXTRADITION AND ABDUCTION 179

8.4.1 Expulsion of nationals 2038.4.2 The right to free movement 2048.5 Extradition and International Human Rights Instruments 205

8.5.1 European Convention on Human Rights 2068.5.2 Prohibition against torture and inhuman and degrading treatment 2078.5.3 The Soering principle and deportation 2098.5.4 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 2118.5.5 1984 UN Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel,

Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 2128.6 Extradition Proceedings and Domestic Fair Trial Safeguards 213

8.7 Applicability of Domestic Exclusionary Rules of Evidence 2148.8 Review by Domestic Authorities 216

8.9.1 The male captus, bene detentus rule 2188.9.2 Approach taken by courts in the US 2198.9.3 Approach taken by the European Court of Human Rights 2218.9.4 The doctrine of abuse of process 2228.9.5 Collusion by law enforcement agencies 2238.9.6 Seriousness of the crime 2248.10 Extradition and the Case of Senator Pinochet 225

is irregular under local law 2469.7 Evidence Obtained in Breach of International Human Rights standards 254

9.8 Failure to Use Mutual Legal Assistance Provisions 256

9.10 Informal Methods of Mutual Assistance 261

CHAPTER 10 INTERNATIONAL POLICE CO-OPERATION 265

10.2.1 Organisation of Interpol 26610.2.2 Interpol operational activities 268

10.3.1 The European Court of Justice 272

10.3.4 The Schengen Information System 279

10.3.6 The European Public Prosecutor 28110.3.7 The European arrest warrant 28210.3.8 The European Judicial Network 28310.3.9 The European Police College 28310.3.10 1959 European Convention on Mutual Assistance in

10.3.12 Common procedural safeguards 285

CHAPTER 11 EVIDENCE BEFORE THE AD HOC TRIBUNALS 287

11.2 The Legal Framework of Evidence 289

11.2.1 The Rules of Evidence of the ad hoc tribunals 29011.2.2 Analysis of the Rules of Evidence of the ad hoc tribunals 295

11.8 Expert Evidence 30911.9 Exclusion of Improperly Obtained Evidence 31311.10 Determination of Weight of Evidence 315

11.10.3 Documentary evidence 31611.10.4 Weight of hearsay evidence 317

CHAPTER 12 NUREMBERG, TOKYO AND THE BIRTH OF MODERN

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW 325

12.5 The ILC’s Role in the Post-Nuremberg Era 335

CHAPTER 13 THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNALS FOR

YUGOSLAVIA AND RWANDA 339

13.4 Rape and Sexual Violence as International Offences 364

13.5 The Doctrine of Superior Responsibility 36813.6 Enforcement Capacity of the Tribunals 369

CHAPTER 14 THE PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT 375

15.7 National Truth Commissions and Amnesties 411

A v UK (1998) 27 EHRR 611 120Abbasi and Another v FCO Secretary of State and Others, Judgment

Advisory Opinion Concerning Exchange of Greek and

Turkish Populations (1925) PCIJ Reports, Ser B, No 10 4Advisory Opinion Concerning Reparation for Injuries Suffered

in the Service of the UN (1949) ICJ Reports 174 377Advisory Opinion on Interference Relating to Immunity from

Legal Process of a Special Rapporteur of the Commission on

Advisory Opinion on Judgments of the Administrative Tribunal

Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Use or Threat of Use of

Nuclear Weapons (Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion),

Advisory Opinion Concerning Legal Consequences for States

of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia

Advisory Opinion Concerning Reservations to the Genocide

Advisory Opinion in the Genocide case (1951) ICJ Reports 15 394Advisory Opinion on the Effect of Awards of Compensation Made

by the United Nations Administrative Tribunal

AG of the Government of Israel v Eichmann (Eichmann case)

(1961) 36 ILR 5; (1962) 36 ILR 277 133, 155, 219AG’s Reference (No 1 of 1982) [1983] 2 All ER 721 148

AG’s Reference (No 5 of 1980) [1985] 3 All ER 816 90Ahlstrom v Commission (Wood Pulp case) [1988] 4 CMLR 901 147

Akayesu

See Prosecutor v Akayesu

Alejandre v Republic of Cuba, 996 F Supp 1239 (1997) 152Aleksovski

See Prosecutor v Aleksovski

Al-Adsani v UK, Judgment (21 November 2001)

Al-Fawwaz v Governor of Brixton Prison and Another

Amministrazione delle Finanze v Simmenthal [1978] ECR 629 201Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries (UK v Norway) (1951) ICJ Reports 116 143

Athens Maritime Enterprises Corp v Hellenic Mutual

War Risks Association Ltd [1983] 1 All ER 590 97

Aujla

See R v Aujla

Austrian Universal Jurisdiction case, 28 ILR 341 159–60

Azanian Peoples Organisation v President of the Republic of

Baader-Meinhof Group Terrorist case (1977) 74 ILR 493 45Bagosora

See Prosecutor v Bagosora

Banco Nacional de Cuba v Sabbatino, 376 US 398 (1964) 169Bankovic and Others v Belgium and Sixteen Others,

Admissibility Decision (13 December 2001),

Barayagwiza v Prosecutor, Appeals Decision

(Barayagwiza decision) (3 November 1999),

Barbie case

See Federation Nationale de Deportes et Internes Resistants

et Patriotes and Others v Barbie

Barcelona Traction case

See Belgium v Spain (Barcelona Traction Light and Power

House Co Ltd)

Beckford v R [1988] AC 130 141Belgian Arrest Warrant case

See Democratic Republic of Congo v Belgium

Belgium v Spain (Barcelona Traction Light and Power House Co Ltd)

(Barcelona Traction case) (1970) ICJ Reports 3 9, 110, 358Bennett v Horseferry Road Magistrates’ Court

See R v Horseferry Road Magistrates’ Court ex p Bennett

Bosnia and Herzegovina v FRY (1993) ICJ Reports 3 359Bouchereau

See R v Bouchereau

Brdanin and Talic

See Prosecutor v Brdanin and Talic

Budlong

See R v Governor of Pentonville Prison ex p Budlong

Burgos v Uruguay (1981) 1 Selected Decisions Human

See Prosecutor v Delalic and Others

Chahal v UK (1996) 23 EHRR 413; EurCtHR, Ser A, No 22 117, 209

Chaudhary v State of Madhya Pradesh (1948) 3 SCC 243 112Chinoy, Ex p

See R v Governor of Pentonville Prison ex p Chinoy

Chow Hung Ching v R (1948) 77CLR 449; 15 AD 47 173

Chung Chi Cheung v R [1939] AC 160 150Cicippio v Islamic Republic of Iran, 18 F Supp 2d 62 (1998) 40Cloutier

See R v Cloutier

Compania Naviera Vascongando v SS Cristina [1938] AC 485 144Conegate Ltd v HM Customs & Excise [1986] ECR 1007 90Connelly v Director of Public Prosecutions [1964] AC 1254 222

Cuba Submarine Co Ltd Claim (1923–24) 2 AD 419 102

Delalic

See Prosecutor v Delalic and Others

Democratic Republic of Congo v Belgium (Arrest Warrant of

11 April 2000), Judgment (14 February 2002), Separate Opinion

Denmark, Norway, Sweden and The Netherlands v Greece

(Greek case) (1969) 12 ECHR Yearbook 134 11, 118

Dole v New England Mutual Marine Insurance Co

Dombo Beheer BV v The Netherlands (1993) 18 EHRR 213 254

Driver, Ex p

See R v Plymouth Justices ex p Driver

Dunlayici, Ex p

See R v Governor of Belmarsh Prison and Another

Duvalier and Madam Duvalier, Re, 111 ILR 528 172Eastern Extension, Australasia and China Telegraph Co Ltd Claim

Eck and Others, Re (The Peleus) (1945) 13 AD 248 133

Einsatzgruppen case

See USA v Ohlendorf and Others

Elliniki Radiophonia Tileorassi AE v Ypourgeio Pliroforissis

Erdemovic case

See Prosecutor v Erdemovic

Federal Democratic Republic of Germany v Denmark;

Federal Democratic Republic of Germany v Netherlands (North Sea

Continental Shelf cases) (Merits) (1969) ICJ Reports 3 2Federation Nationale de Deportes et Internes Resistants et

Patriotes and Others v Barbie (Barbie case)

Fernando and Raquel Mejia v Peru, Decision

(1 March 1996), Report No 5/96, Case No 10,970 119

Flatow v Islamic Republic of Iran, 999 F Supp 1 (1998) 40

Former Syrian Ambassador to the German Democratic

Forti v Suarez-Mason, 672 F Supp 1531 (1987) 123, 171

France v Turkey (Lotus case) (1927) PCIJ Reports, Ser A, No 10 143, 146, 150,

153, 164Francis, Ex p

See R v Governor of Belmarsh Prison ex p Francis

Frisbie v Collins, 342 US 519 (1952); 1 L Ed 541 220

Furundzija

See Prosecutor v Furundzija

Germany v Poland (1928) PCIJ Reports, Ser A, No 15 361

Grand Jury Proceedings; Marsoner v USA, Re,

Gulay Asliturk v Government of Turkey [2002] EWHC 2326 179

HM Advocate v Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi and Al Amin

Hartford Fire Insurance Co v California, 113 S Ct 2891 (1993) 147

Healy, Ex p

See R v Guildford Justices ex p Healy

Hirsch v State of Israel and State of Germany, 113 ILR 543 168

Honecker Prosecution case (2000) 100 ILR 393 171

Hostages case

See USA v List

Howard Martin v Jamaica, Application No 317/1988 211

ICI v Commission (Dyestuff case) [1972] ECR 619 147ICTY Prosecutor v Blaskic

See Prosecutor v Blaskic

ICTY Prosecutor v Delalic and Others

See Prosecutor v Delalic and Others

ICTY Prosecutor v Kanyabashi

See Prosecutor v Kanyabashi

ICTY Prosecutor v Karadzic and Mladic

See Prosecutor v Karadzic and Mladic

ICTR Prosecutor v Kayishema and Ruzindana

See Prosecutor v Kayishema and Ruzindana

ICTY Prosecutor v Erdemovic

See Prosecutor v Erdemovic

ICTY Prosecutor v Furundzija

See Prosecutor v Furundzija

ICTY Prosecutor v Krnojelac

See Prosecutor v Krnojelac

ICTY Prosecutor v Kunarac and Others

See Prosecutor v Kunarac and Others

ICTY Prosecutor v Kvocka and Others

See Prosecutor v Kvocka

ICTY Prosecutor v Plavsic

See Prosecutor v Plavsic

ICTY Prosecutor v Tadic

See Prosecutor v Tadic

ICTY Prosecutor v Vasiljevic

See Prosecutor v Vasiljevic

I Congresso del Partido [1981] 2 All ER 1064 167Illich Sanchez Ramirez v France, Application No 28780/95 206I’m Alone case

See Canada v USA

In the Matter of Extradition of Atta, 104 ILR 52 44–45, 153Ireland v UK (1978) 2 EHRR 25 46, 118–19, 210, 342Islamic Republic of Iran v USA, Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 26

Kostovski v The Netherlands, Judgment (20 November 1989) 303

Kovacevic, Official Transcript (6 July 1998) 310Krupp and Eleven Others, Trial of, 10 LRTWC (1949), 147 136Kurt v Turkey, Judgment (25 May 1998), Case No 15/1997/799/1002 124Kuwait Airways Corp v Iraqi Airways Co [1995] 1 WLR 1147 166

See R v Governor of Brixton Prison ex p Levin

Levinge v Director of Custodial Services, Department of Corrective

Liangsiriprasert v Government of USA [1990] 2 All ER 866 149

Libya v USA; Libya v UK (Lockerbie case) (1992) ICJ Reports 3 12, 27, 39,

161, 409Liechtenstein v Guatemala (Nottebohm case) (Merits)

Llandovery Castle case, 16 AJIL (1922), 708 132, 326Lockerbie case

See Libya v USA; Libya v UK

Lodhi v Governor of Brixton Prison [2002] EWHC 2029 223Los Palos case

See Prosecutor v Joni Marques and Others

Lüdi v Switzerland, ECHR Judgment (15 June 1992) 302

Macleod v AG for New South Wales [1891] AC 455 143

MacNeil and Others v HM Advocate [1986] SCCR 288 248

Malek Adhel case

See USA v Cargo of the Brig Malek Adhel

Mamatkulov and Abdurasulovic v Turkey, Application Nos 46827/

Mannington Mills Inc v Congoleum Corp, 595 F 2d 1287 (1979) 147Marcos, Re Estate of, 25 F 3d 1467 (1994) 123, 171Martin Ex p

See R v Governor of Belmarsh Prison ex p Martin

See Prosecutor v Mrksic and Others

Mullen [1999] 3 WLR 777; 2 Cr App R 143 218, 224, 243, 260Munyeshyaka, Re

See Javar, Re and Munyeshyaka, Re

Naletilic

See Prosecutor v Naletilic and Martinovic

Neil Walker v Governor of HM Prison Nottingham

Nicaragua v USA (1986) ICJ Reports 14 31, 38, 351

Niyitegeka

See Prosecutor v Niyitegeka

North Sea Continental Shelf cases

See Federal Democratic Republic of Germany v Denmark; Federal

Democratic Republic of Germany v Netherlands

Nottebohm (Guatemala v Liechtenstein) (1955) ICJ Reports 4 143Nulyarimma v Thompson [1999] FCA 1192; 39 ILM (2000), 20 32Nunez Chipana v Venezuela, Case No 110/1998,

O/C Depot Battalion, RASC, Colchester ex p Elliott [1949] 1 All ER 138 219

Pinochet (No 1), Re

See R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate and Others

ex p Pinochet Ugarte (No 1)

Pinochet (No 3), Re

See R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate and Others

ex p Pinochet Ugarte (No 3)

Plavsic case

See Prosecutor v Plavsic

Prefecture of Voiotia and Others v Federal Republic of Germany,

Prosecutor v Aleksovski (Aleksovski appeals decision

on admissibility) (16 February 1999), Case No IT-95–14/1-AR73 298, 301–03

Prosecutor v Aleksovski, Judgment (15 June 1999),

Prosecutor v Aleksovski, Appeals Judgment (Aleksovski judgment)

(25 June 1999), Case No IT-95–14/2-A 367–69, 372Prosecutor v Aleksovski, Appeal Judgment (24 March 2000),

Prosecutor v André Ntagerura and Others,

Defence Motion Decision, Case No ICTR-99–46-T 296Prosecutor v Bagilishema, Ignace, Judgment (7 June 2001),

Prosecutor v Bagosora, Bagosora Pre-Determination Decision

Prosecutor v Bagosora and Others Decision on

Prosecutor’s Motion (5 December 2001),

Prosecutor v Bagosora and Others, Oral Decisions on

Defence Objections (4 September 2002),

Prosecutor v Blaskic (Blaskic appeals subpoena decision),

Appeals Judgment (29 October 1997) (1997) 110 ILR 607 164, 370, 393Prosecutor v Blaskic (Blaskic hearsay decision)

(21 January 1998), Case No IT-95–14-T 296–97, 303–04Prosecutor v Blaskic, Trial Chamber Decision (25 March 1999),

Prosecutor v Blaskic (Blaskic judgment), Judgment

(3 March 2000), Case No IT-95–14-T

368–69, Prosecutor v Brdanin and Talic, Brdanin and Talic

391-Admission of Evidence Order (15 February 2002),

301–02, 315–17Prosecutor v Delalic and Others, Preliminary Judgment

Prosecutor v Delalic and Others, Decision on

Prosecutor v Delalic and Others, Delalic Decision on

Exclusion of Evidence (2 September 1997) 301, 314Prosecutor v Delalic and Others, Decision on Defence Motion

Prosecutor v Delalic and Others, Decision re Exclusion and

Restitution of Evidence (25 September 1997) 314Prosecutor v Delalic and Others, Delalic Decision on Admission

of Evidence (19 January 1998), Case No IT-96–21-T 288, 300–01Prosecutor v Delalic, Decision on Admission of Evidence

Prosecutor v Delalic and Others, Decision re Tendering of

Prosecutor v Delalic and Others, Delalic Decision

Prosecutor v Delalic and Others (Celebici case), Judgment

(16 November 1998), 38 ILM (1998), 57 118, 128, 142, 290, 294,

297, 314, 318, 368–69, 391Prosecutor v Delalic, Appeal Judgment (20 February 2001),

Prosecutor v Erdemovic, Sentencing Judgment

Prosecutor v Galic, Appeal Judgment (7 June 2002),

Prosecutor v Jelisic (Jelisic judgment), Judgment

(14 December 1999), Case No IT-95–10-T 357–58, 360–62Prosecutor v Jelisic (Jelisic appeals judgment), Appeals

Chamber Judgment (5 July 2001), Case No IT-95–10-A, 360–61Prosecutor v Kajelijeli, Decision (8 May 2000),

Prosecutor v Kambanda, Judgment (4 September 1998),

Prosecutor v Karadzic and Mladic (Karadzic and

Mladic decision), r 61 Decision (11 July 1996),

Case Nos IT-95–5-R61 and IT-95–18-R61; (1996)

Prosecutor v Kayishema and Ruzindana

(Kayishema and Ruzindana judgment), Judgment

(21 May 1999), Case No ICTR-95–1-T 14, 290, 316, 318–21,

352–53, 356–57, 361–63, 365Prosecutor v Kayishema and Ruzindana, Appeal

Judgment (1 June 2001), Case No ICTR-95–1-A 315–16, 318, 323Prosecutor v Kordic and Cerkez, Prosecutor’s

Prosecutor v Kordic and Cerkez, Decision re Trial

Prosecutor v Kordic and Cerkez, Kordic and Cerkez

Decision on the Tulica Report (29 July 1999),

Prosecutor v Kunarac, Kovac and Vukovic, Judgment

(22 February 2001), Case Nos IT-96–23-T and

355–56, 366–68Prosecutor v Kunarac, Appeal Judgment (12 June 2002),

Prosecutor v Mrksic and Others (Vukovar Hospital case),

r 61 Decision (3 April 1996) (1996) 108 ILR 53 355, 357Prosecutor v Milosevic and Others, Decision on Review

of Indictment and Application for Consequential

Prosecutor v Musema (Musema judgment), Judgment

320–21, 363, 366Prosecutor v Musema, Appeals Judgment

(16 November 2001), Case No ICTR-96–13-A 301, 317, 319–20, 322–23Prosecutor v Nahimana, Oral Decision (20 May 2002) 310Prosecutor v Nahimana, Barayagwiza, Ngeze, Expert

Witnesses Decision (24 January 2003),

Prosecutor v Nahimana and Others, Decision to

Reconsider Trial Chamber’s Decision

Prosecutor v Naletilic and Martinovic (10 November 2000),

Prosecutor v Ndayambaje, Kanyabashi and Others, Motion

to Remove Decision (22 January 2003),

Prosecutor v Nikolic (Nikolic decision), r 61 Decision

(20 October 1995), Case No IT-94–2-R61 (1995) 108 ILR 21 343, 356, 360Prosecutor v Niyitegeka, Decision on Prosecutor’s Motion

Prosecutor v Ntahobali and Others (1 July 2002),

Prosecutor v Plavsic, Sentencing Judgment (27 February 2003),

Prosecutor v Ruggiu, Judgment (1 June 2000),

Prosecutor v Rutaganda (Rutaganda judgment), Judgment

(6 December 1999), Case No ICTR-96–3-T 295, 297–98, 316,

319–21, 361–62

Prosecutor v Semanza (20 October 2000), Case No ICTR-97–20-I 305Prosecutor v Serushago, Judgment (5 February 1999),

Prosecutor v Sikirica and Others (3 September 2001),

Prosecutor v Simic and Others, Decision on the Prosecution

Motion Under r 73 for a Ruling Concerning the Testimony

Prosecutor v Tadic, Decision for Deferral to International

Criminal Tribunal of Yugoslavia (8 November 1994),

(5 August 1996), Case No IT-94–1-T 288, 295, 301, 303–04Prosecutor v Tadic, Judgment (7 May 1997),

Prosecutor v Tadic, Appeal Judgment (15 July 1999),

Prosecutor v Tadic, Appeals Judgment on Allegations

of Contempt Against Prior Counsel, Tadic Judgment

on Allegations of Contempt (31 January 2000),

307, 315, 318Prosecutor v Vasiljevic, Judgment (29 November 2002),

Public Prosecutor v Antoni (1960) 32 ILR 140 152Public Prosecutor v Ashby, 93 AJIL (1999), 219 173Public Prosecutor v Djajic, 92 AJIL (1998), 528 160, 344, 362Public Prosecutor v Eichmann, Judgment (1962) 36 ILR 277 363Public Prosecutor v Grabec, 92 AJIL (1998), 78 160, 344

R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate and

Others ex p Pinochet Ugarte (No 1) [1998] 3 WLR 1456 226

R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate and Others

ex p Pinochet Ugarte (Amnesty International and

Others Intervening) (No 3) [1999] 2 WLR 827;

R v Finta (Finta case) (1994) 104 ILR 284 134, 354

R v Governor of Ashford ex p Postlethwaite [1988] AC 924 180

R v Governor of Belmarsh Prison ex p Dunlayici

R v Governor of Belmarsh Prison ex p Francis

R v Governor of Brixton Prison ex p Kotronis [1971] AC 250 216

R v Governor of Brixton Prison ex p Levin [1996] 3 WLR 657;

R v Governor of Brixton Prison ex p Osman (No 3)

R v Governor of Brixton Prison ex p Schtraks [1964] AC 556 44, 187

R v Governor of Pentonville Prison ex p Budlong

R v Governor of Pentonville Prison ex p Cheng [1973] AC 931 187

R v Governor of Pentonville Prison ex p Chinoy

R v Guildford Justices ex p Healy [1983] 1 WLR 108 219

R v Harrer (1995) 101 CCC 3d 193; 3 SCR 562 253, 314

R v Highbury Magistrates’ Court ex p Boyce

R v Horseferry Road Magistrates’ Court ex p Bennett

[1994] 1 AC 42; [1993] 3 All ER 138 215, 221–24, 243, 260

R v Horsham Justices ex p Bukhari (1981) 74 Cr App R 291 214

R v P and Others (2000) The Times, 19 December 260

R v Plymouth Justices ex p Driver [1986] QB 95 219

R v Radak [1999] 1 Cr App R 187; 3 E & P 195 241, 258

R v Secretary of State ex p Johnson [1999] 2 WLR 932 185

R v Secretary of State ex p Kirkwood [1984] 1 WLR 913 217

R v Secretary of State ex p Peter Elliot [2001] EWHC 559 179

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex p

(1) Mohammed Sani Abacha (2) Abubaker Baguda &

Federal Republic of Nigeria [2001] EWHC 787 232

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex p

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex p

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex p

R v X; R v Y; R v Z (2000) The Times, 23 May 251, 256, 259

R (On the Application of Saadi) v Secretary of State for the Home

Radak

See R v Radak

Rahimtoola v Nizam of Hyderabad [1958] 3 All ER 961 165

Rees v Secretary of State for the Home Department

Rein v The Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,

38 ILM (1999), 447; 119 S Ct 2337; 162 F 3d 748 (1998) 22, 40, 172Reparations case

See Advisory Opinion Concerning Reparation for Injuries

Suffered in the Service of the UN Republic of Bolivia v

Indemnity Mutual Marine Assurance Co Ltd [1909] 1 KB 785 96Request from L Kasper-Ansermet, 132 FRD 622 (1990) 232

Secretary of State for the Home Department v Rehman

Secretary of State for Trade v Markus [1976] AC 35 148

Siderman de Blake v Argentina, 965 F 2d 699 (1992) 117Sinclair, Ex p

See R v Governor of Pentonville Prison ex p Sinclair

Sinclair v HM Advocate (1890) 17 R(J) 38 219, 224, 243Smith v Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1997) 113 ILR 534 150, 168Soering v UK (1989) 11 EHRR 439 117, 188, 206–10, 213,

217, 222, 255State of Arizona v Willoughby (1995) 114 ILR 586 145

St John v Governor of HM Prison Brixton

Tel-Oren v Libyan Arab Republic, 726 F 2d 795 (1984) 18

Trendtex Trading Corp v Central Bank of Nigeria [1977] 1 All ER 881 167

Turkey v France (Lotus case) (1927) PCIJ Reports, Ser A, No 10 95Tyrer Case, Judgment (1978) EurCtHR, Ser A, No 26, para 31 342

Urios, Re (1920) 1 AD 107 154

United Brands Co v Commission [1978] ECR 207; 1 CMLR 429 148USA v Aluminium Co of America, 148 F 2d 416 (1945) 147–48USA v Alvarez-Machain, 112 S Ct 2188 (1992) 220, 258

USA v Bank of Nova Scotia, 740 F 2d 817 (1988) 257

USA v George G Davis, 767 F 2d 1025 (1985);

USA v Iran (US Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Iran),

Judgment (24 May 1980) (1980) ICJ Reports 3 29, 174

USA v Ohlendorf and Others (Einsatzgruppen case), 15 ILR 656 132–33

USA v Toscanino, 500 F 2d 267 (1974) 220, 252USA v Verdugo-Urquidez, 108 L Ed 2d 222 (1990); 939 F 2d 1341;

Van Droogenbroeck v Belgium, Application No 7906/77,

Van Mechelen and Others v The Netherlands, ECHR Judgment

Velasquez Rodriguez case (Merits) (29 July 1988) (1988) 95 ILR 232 123, 385Verdugo-Urquidez

Victory Transport Inc v Comisaria General De Abastecimientos

y Transpertos (Victory Transport case) (1963) 35 ILR 110 167Visser v The Netherlands, ECHR Judgment (14 February 2002) 307

See USA v Yunis (No 3)

1867 Code d’Instruction Criminelle

Belge (Criminal Procedure Code)—

1992 United Nations Transitional

Authority in Cambodia Supreme

National Council Decree on

Criminal Law and Procedure 407

2001 Law on the Establishment of

Extraordinary Chambers for the

Prosecution of Crimes Committed

During the Period of Democratic

1845 Prussian Military Code 131

1872 Military Penal Code—

1945 Allied ControlCouncil Law

No 10 164, 327, 331, 354

1987/2001 StrafprozessOrdnung (Code ofCriminal Procedure)—

paras 52–55 and 136(a) 296

1998 Federal Criminal Code—