Introduction to strategic management accounting Chapter learning objectives... Defining strategic management accounting Historically the role of the management accountant was often limit
Trang 1ACCA
Paper P5
Advanced performance management (APM)
Trang 2Wokingham Berkshire RG41 2QZ
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Page Chapter 1 Introduction to strategic management accounting 1
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Trang 6(3) Study skills and revision guidance(4) Complete text or essential text(5) Question practice
which have been carefully mapped to the examining body's own syllabus learning objectives or outcomes.
You should use these to check you have a clear understanding of all the topics on which you might be assessed in the examination
the content in the chapter, giving an overview of the topics and how they link together
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brief explanation or definition to put the topic into context before covering the topic in detail. You should follow your studying of the content with a review of the illustration/s. These are worked examples which will help you to understand better how to apply the content for the topic
opportunity to assess your understanding of the key topics by applying what you have learned to short questions. Answers can be found at the back of each chapter
the important links between topics and the overall content of the paper. These diagrams should be used to check that you have covered and understood the core topics before moving on
Trang 8For more details about the syllabus and the format of your exam please see your Complete Text or go online
Online subscribers The Syllabus Paper background Objectives of the syllabus Core areas of the syllabus Syllabus objectives and chapter references The examination
Examination format Paperbased
examination tips Study skills and revision guidance Preparing to study
Effective studying Further reading
You can find further reading and technical articles under the student section of ACCA's website
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Trang 9Introduction to strategic management accounting
Chapter learning objectives
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Defining strategic management accounting
Historically the role of the management accountant was often limited to the implementation stage summarised above with a focus on operational budgeting, target setting and control. In many respects this is the emphasis
of the F5 paper
The term ‘strategic management accounting’ has come into common use more recently. It refers to the full range of management accounting practices used to provide a guide to the strategic direction of an organisation
strategic management and control, providing information on the financial aspects of strategic plans and planning financial aspects of their implementation
competitors and the economy in general as much as on the organisation itself
Introduction to strategic management accounting
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Illustration 1 – Defining strategic management accounting
Trang 14As a result the company finds itself with high inventory levels of some items of furniture which are not selling, and is unable to meet demand for others. A decision is needed on the future strategic direction and
The description of the role of a corporate planning department of a hospital might read:
The corporate planning department supports senior management in making decisions to ensure corporate objectives are met. Its main roles are:
objectives of individual clinical departments and support services are agreed
Trang 15Clarifying corporate objectives
Illustration 4 – Clarifying corporate objectives
Trang 16Gap analysis
Gap analysis is useful for showing how (whether) strategies will enable the firm to meet targets for key objectives (or at least those that can be easily quantified)
The existence of the gap may or may not lead to the revision of objectives.
(There are after all two ways of closing a gap – revising objectives or taking action to improve performance expectations.)
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Expandable text
Trang 17Making strategic decisions
Trang 18Checking progress towards objectives
Trang 20Potential Problems Mission statements may:
Trang 22This process will involve moving from general broad aims to more specific objectives and ultimately to detailed targets
Objectives Goal 1: Shareholders’ return on investment
Goal 2: Security of shareholders’ investments
(1) We will provide our shareholders with a return on their investment which is commensurate with their expectations
unless required for exceptional circumstances of a shortterm nature
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Illustration 7 – The performance heirarchy
Trang 233 Planning and control
Characteristics of planning and control
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Trang 26Understanding and responding to these risks is vital for the future success of the organisation
Performance objectives and the product life cycle
The following table shows orderwinning and orderqualifying factors at different stages in the product life cycle
Suggest key operational performance objectives for each stage.
Likely to be an orderwinning factor
Features of the product or service
QualityAvailability
Low price
Reliable supply
Low price
Likely to be a qualifying factor
Trang 27phase should be regarded as low risk because the organisation knows that the product is dying and its strategy should be tailored accordingly.
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known examples include Ford, Shell, Nestlé, General Motors, Toyota and Microsoft. By the early 1990s, 37,000 multinational companies with annual sales of $5.5 billion controlled about onethird of the world’s private sector assets. The advent of these multinationals is associated with the apparent globalisation of the world economy. Various factors have contributed to this development, but one factor is critical. Increases
in the scale of technology (in terms of cost, risk and complexity) have rendered even the largest national markets too small to be meaningful economic units on a standalone basis. Companies must expand internationally to support the technological development that is needed
to remain competitive in many fields
The modern trend in international business seems to be away from the old multinational corporations and towards networks and alliances.
of Europe – because the UK was perceived as a lowcost area. The UK’s nonadoption of the Euro and the appreciation of the pound in the late 1990s suddenly made the UK a highcost area. For a time, the viability of several highprofile plants was brought into question.
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A multinational company with subsidiaries in North America and
Europe is considering launching its products in South America
As a management accountant supporting senior managers in
making strategic decisions, what factors would you need to
consider in your assessment of the options facing the company?
6 Longterm and shortterm conflicts
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Because of the potential for conflict between longterm strategy and local decisions most parent companies adopt the strategic control parenting style with which you will be familiar from your earlier studies in the P3 paper
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Illustration 11 – Longterm and shortterm conflicts
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subsidiaries must develop and be responsible for their own strategies, while being able to draw on headquarters' expertise
targets to embrace strategic objectives such as growth in market share and technology development, which are seen to support long
How might an organisation take steps to avoid conflict between
strategic business plans and shortterm localised decisions?
7 SWOT analysis and performance management
The purpose of a SWOT analysis
Trang 32Positive factors or distinctive attributes or competencies that provide a significant competitive advantage that the organisation can build on
Weaknesses
Negative aspects in the organisation, such as deficiencies in the present competencies or resources, or its image or reputation, which limit its effectiveness and which need to be corrected
Opportunities
Favourable conditions that usually arise from the nature of changes in the external environment such as new markets, improved economic factors or a failure of competitors
Threats
Opposite of opportunities and also arise from external developments
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Test your understanding 7
Test your understanding 8
Trang 34Benchmarking at Xerox Corporation
Among the pioneers in the benchmarking ‘movement’ were Xerox, Motorola, IBM and AT&T. The best known is the Xerox Corporation
Some years ago, Xerox confronted its own unsatisfactory performance
in product warehousing and distribution. It did so by identifying the organisation it considered to be the very best at warehousing and distribution, in the hope that ‘best practices’ could be adapted from this model. The business judged to provide a model of best practice in this area was L L Bean, a catalogue merchant. Xerox approached Bean with
a request that the two engage in a cooperative benchmarking project.
The request was granted and the project yielded major insights in inventory arrangement and order processing, resulting in major gains for Xerox when these insights were adapted to its own operations
The critical observation here is that Xerox did not select another office machine manufacturer as its benchmarking partner. Rather, it selected
as its model a business in an entirely unrelated sector. The commonality was in the activities being benchmarked rather than in the output of the operation
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Illustration 12 – What is benchmarking?
Expandable text
Trang 36The benefits of benchmarking
The potential benefits to be obtained from a benchmarking exercise are:
performance with the performance of the organisation acting as the benchmark
reflecting the fact that it is the relative position of a company which matters in assessing its capabilities
Difficulties in benchmarking
There are a number of difficulties and issues facing organisations wishing to undertake a benchmarking exercise
necessary to consider whether the value of the exercise is sufficient to justify its cost
must be prepared to make changes in response to the results of benchmarking
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The impact of exogenous variables
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A hospital has developed a new surgical technique as a more expensive alternative to existing treatments. It is considering whether to begin to provide the treatment to all its patients, which would mean building a new facility. In order to inform the decision, the hospital is considering the likely effect of a number of variables
analysis which can be used to quantify the impact of different factors on the longterm plan
environment
taking a more general view of the longterm direction. Precise objectives are not specified in the longerterm
allows for flexibility in response to changes in the environment
organisation, in particular with operational staff who are closer to customers and may understand more about the environment than senior managers
forecasting ability
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Expandable textIllustration 14 – The impact of exogenous variables
Trang 40Discuss the impact of the possible changes in the quantity of timber and number of cuts in the Shaping process caused by the redesign of component A on the total cost per unit of component A.
You should incorporate an analysis of statistics from the datatable and probability information contained in the model into your discussion with specific reference to the impact of management attitude to risk when deciding whether or not to change from the existing quantity of timber and number of cuts for component A
that a reduction of at least 12% from the existing total unit cost is achieved;
(ii) Others in the management team are not in favour of change if it might lead to an increase in total unit cost from the current level of
$41.21; and(iii) The remainder of the management team are of the view that they are willing to consider the redesign change if the expected value (EV) solution is less than the current value of total unit cost
10 The impact of government policy
The role of government policy
As discussed earlier, the ways in which government policies might influence future corporate strategy are difficult to forecast
political environment facing enterprises. Such policy areas could include:
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Trang 42One organisation, Central Television, was preparing a bid for the Birmingham franchise. Through discreet enquiries it found that no other bids were going to be made for the franchise. So, it submitted a bid for
£2,000 – which the government had to accept. A rich franchise, worth millions, was thereby acquired without any significant capital outlay
The performance of Central Television on the basis of ROCE would have been phenomenal – but this had nothing to do with commercial success or efficiency. It was just an accident of the way that the industry
is regulated
Strategic planners cannot plan intelligently without a good working knowledge of the laws and regulations that affect their own companies and the businesses they operate in
affect business enterprises in domestic, national or international dimensions. The main categories are listed below:
Trang 43Give some examples of areas of government policy are likely to
affect a multinational electronics company and how will the
impact will be felt?
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Expandable text
Trang 45Test your understanding answers
Test your understanding 1
Test your understanding 2
Test your understanding 3
Trang 46QualityAvailability
Low priceReliable supply
Low price
Likely to be a qualifying factor
Price
supplyLikely to be key
operational performance objectives
FlexibilityQuality
SpeedAvailabilityQualityReliability
CostReliability
Product
In addition to changes in manufacturing costs due to the location of manufacture there may be additional costs if products need to be tailored for the South American market. These need to be estimated
Test your understanding 4
Test your understanding 5
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Strengths:
Successful company Steady increase in market share Experience in the market
Founder’s entrepreneurial skills Good designs
Good quality control Keen to exploit to technology Strong IT
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Test your understanding 7
Test your understanding 8
Trang 49Opportunities:
Etrading can provide a new sales channel and revenue stream Identification and recording of customer details to enhance customer relationships
Extension of customer base Global market potential Cut costs in many areas Create a vision of a modern company Develop product range further
Look at employing an IT specialist
Threats:
Customer resistance to online shopping Loss of unique identity; may become just another website trader Resistance within the company
Effects on existing personnel and working conditions Costs of developing the website may outweigh the benefits Security issues
Loss of competitive edge
The above are suggested answers
Management can make an assessment of the feasibility of required actions in order that the company may capitalise upon opportunities whilst considering how best to negate or minimise the effect of any threats
(b) The use of SWOT analysis will focus management attention on
current strengths and weaknesses of the organisation which will be
of assistance in formulating the business strategy. It will also enable management to monitor trends and developments in the changing business environment. Each trend or development may be
classified as an opportunity or a threat that will provide a stimulus for
an appropriate management response
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