Contents Page Chapter 1 The nature of strategic business analysis 1... Each chapter includes: 1 Detailed study guide and syllabus objectives2 Description of the examination 3 Study skil
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Paper P3
Business analysis
Essential text
Trang 2British library cataloguinginpublication data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Published by:
Kaplan Publishing UK Unit 2 The Business Centre Molly Millars Lane
Wokingham Berkshire RG41 2QZ ISBN 9781847105509
© Kaplan Financial Limited, 2008 Printed and bound in Great Britain.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants and the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants for permisssion to reproduce past examination questions. The answers have been prepared by Kaplan Publishing.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Kaplan Publishing.
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Page Chapter 1 The nature of strategic business analysis 1
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in the study process. They include:
The sections on the study guide, the syllabus objectives, the examination and study skills should all be read before you commence your studies. They are designed to familiarise you with the nature and content of the examination and give you tips on how to best to approach your learning
The complete text or essential text comprises the main learning materials and gives guidance as to the importance
of topics and where other related resources can be found.
Each chapter includes:
(1) Detailed study guide and syllabus objectives(2) Description of the examination
(3) Study skills and revision guidance(4) Complete text or essential text(5) Question practice
which have been carefully mapped to the examining body's own syllabus learning objectives or outcomes.
You should use these to check you have a clear understanding of all the topics on which you might be assessed in the examination
the content in the chapter, giving an overview of the topics and how they link together
brief explanation or definition to put the topic into context before covering the topic in detail. You should follow your studying of the content with a review of the illustration/s. These are worked examples which will help you to understand better how to apply the content for the topic
ACCA Introduction
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vi
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opportunity to assess your understanding of the key topics by applying what you have learned to short questions. Answers can be found at the back of each chapter
the important links between topics and the overall content of the paper. These diagrams should be used to check that you have covered and understood the core topics before moving on
Trang 8Core areas of the syllabus Syllabus learning objectives and chapter references The examination
Paperbased examination tips Study skills and revision guidance Preparing to study
Effective studying Further reading
You can find further reading and technical articles under the student section of ACCA's website
ACCA Introduction
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Trang 9The nature of strategic business analysis
Chapter learning objectives
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Think about what planning issues might currently be facing the newspaper industry
The nature of strategic business analysis
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Expandable text Kodak
Test your understanding 1Expandable text IBM
Trang 112 The common language of strategic planning
Trang 12How important is strategic planning likely to be to the following organisations?
(a) A health service
(b) A small building contractor
The rational ‘top down’ approach to strategic planning
This is the approach that will be of most relevance in the exam. It breaks down the process into three distinct steps:
This can be represented in the diagram on the following page. Broadly, information about the organisation and its environment is collected and rational decisions are made about future courses of action
Trang 14Incrementalism
Lindblom did not believe in the rational model to decision making as he suggested that in the real world it was not used, citing the following reasons
Lindblom believed that strategy making involving small scale extensions of past practices would be more successful as it was likely to be more
acceptable as consultation, compromise and accommodation were built into the process. He believed that comprehensive rational planning was impossible and likely to result in disaster if actively pursued
excitement of setting up new ventures. However, once the ventures are
up and running, the owners lose interest in the daytoday repetitive administration needed to run a business
The nature of strategic business analysis
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Trang 153 Levels of strategic planning
Corporate, business functional levels
Trang 16Consistency
The strategies at the different levels should be consistent. There’s no point having a corporate strategy that says that the organisation should move up
market, if the business strategy is to stay in cheap markets and operations provide lowquality products and services.
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The strategic position/analysis
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Implementing a strategy has three elements
into European, US and Asian divisions? How autonomous should divisions be?
strategy. For example, appropriate human resources and fixed assets need to be acquired
involve change, so managing change, in particular employees’ fears and resistance, is crucial
Illustration – Johnson, Scholes and Whittington model of strategic planning
A fullprice airline is considering setting up a ‘no frills’, lowfare subsidiary. The strategic planning process would include the following elements
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Illustration 1 – The JSW model of strategic planning
Expandable textExpandable text
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these lenses can mean that problems that the other lenses might show
up are missed. For example, too much reliance on incremental changes (strategy as experience) might overlook radical new developments that could be essential for the organisation’s success (strategy as ideas)
experience lenses have in large organisations and government departments. Often, the larger the organisation, the less able it is to adopt early essential but radical changes
Applying the strategic lenses to this modest planning exercise could result in the following approaches:
makes extensive queries on the internet. Checklists of family
members’ requirements are drawn up and the holidays are scored against these. Careful budgeting exercises are carried out. The result of this rational, logical process is that another resort, ‘Emerald Coast’ seems to be a better fit to what the family needs
of the family would like to return to Golden Sands. There is strong emotional attachment to that resort, the facilities and activities available are wellknown and holidays there have always been enjoyed
The nature of strategic business analysis
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Illustration 2 – The strategy lenses
Trang 21in interesting and attractive areas of their countries and the house swap would be cheap, comfortable and interesting.
Trang 22Three levels
The P3 syllabus can be understood as functioning on three levels, as shown
in the following relational diagram of main capabilities:
The ‘top layer’ of the relational model reflects a largely external and strategic perspective of business analysis.It is more concerned with the long term direction and scope of an organisation:
The ‘middle layer’ is an expansion of the implementation of strategy.
Understanding the strategic position of an organisation and considering the strategic choices open to it are of little value unless the preferred strategies can be turned into organisational action. The middle layer should be perceived as both the implementation of strategy handed down from above, and the source of emergent strategies as employees
go about their daily tasksKey aspects
Trang 23one suspects that many managers can come up with suitable, acceptable strategies that are not financially feasible!
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Trang 25Test your understanding answers
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(a) Health service
Strategic planning is vital. Hospitals are hugely expensive and take years to plan and build and their provision must be closely aligned with population trends and treatment advances. Training medical staff is also a longterm process. If hospital and other health service facilities are inadequate, many people will be adversely affected
Relatively little longterm planning is needed. If the builder buys and develops land, then some planning will be needed to ensure that land and planning permission can be acquired. Otherwise, many builders work from job to job using a high proportion of sub
(b) The nature of this decision is less clear. It’s probably a business
level decision that would be delegated to the management team of the new subsidiary
Suggestions are:
Strategic position: likely demand. Some type of cost/benefit analysis to show that the strategy is worthwhile. Safety of patients being treated in less wellresourced environments. Acceptability to patients.
Acceptability to staff
Strategic choices: which illnesses to treat? Where should the clinics be? How should the clinics be staffed? Opening hours?
Strategic implementation: acquiring and fitting out clinics. Hiring and/or transferring staff. Publicity, so that patients know where and when
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Trang 29The environment and competitive forces
Chapter learning objectives
Trang 30The PESTEL model looks at the macroenvironment, using the following headings:
stability and foreign trade regulations
business cycles, unemployment, disposable income and energy availability and cost
demographics, social mobility, income distribution, lifestyle changes, attitudes to work and leisure, levels of education and consumerism
government spending on research, new discoveries and development, government and industry focus of technological effort, speed of
technological transfer and rates of obsolescence
just referred to as ‘the environment’, considers ways in which the organisation can produce its goods or services with the minimum environmental damage
The environment and competitive forces
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Trang 31Illustration 1 – PEST analysis for an airline
Test your understanding 1
Expandable text
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Porter tried to answer the following questions:
Porter called the answers to these questions the determinants of national competitive advantage. He suggested that there are four main factors which determine national competitive advantage and expressed them in the form
of a diamond
competitors in an industry? Germany is renowned for car manufacture; Japan is prominent in consumer electronics
competitive advantage against the world’s best competitors in a particular field?
Trang 34industries or sectors, e.g. customers in a book store also wanting to browse CDs and DVDs
another, e.g. mobile phones and landline phones
together, e.g. Panasonic (electronics) and Leica (lenses) producing digital cameras
This convergence was supplier led; customers were quite happy to go to one supplier for a property and another for a loan. Surprisingly, perhaps, this attempted convergence never really succeeded
Consider the scope and pressures for industry convergence with respect to:
(1) supermarkets and biotechnology companies(2) telecoms companies and entertainment companies
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Illustration 3 – Convergence in industries
Test your understanding 3
Trang 355 Porter’s five forces model
Illustration – Porter’s five forces model
Threat of new entrants
Illustration 4 – Porter's five forces
Expandable text Porter's five forces
Trang 36Threat of substitutes
It can be difficult to predict and therefore guard against the emergence
of substitutes. Traditional landline phone companies enjoyed a considerable barrier to entry because of the capital cost that would be incurred installing a new landline infrastructure. Then, cell phone technology emerged and suddenly it was relatively cheap and fast to provide a substitute telephone service
Power of buyers
Many audit firms have major clients who can exert considerable pressure on fees
Power of suppliers
The large supermarket chains such as Sainsbury and Tesco have great bargaining power with their suppliers as they can purchase a very large proportion of the suppliers’ total sales.
A monopoly supplier of a vital component will be able to exert huge bargaining power. Not everyone regards haute couture clothing as vital, but some consumers do and this puts the big fashion houses with strong brands and design skills, such as Dior, Chloe and Versace, in a
powerful position that enables them to charge very high prices
Rivalry
An example of an industry sector with high competition is the PC business. The products are often seen as commodities (at least by home buyers) so there is little brand loyalty. Fixed costs are high and growth rates have declined. Profitability became so low that IBM sold off its laptop business to Lenovo. Even Dell, famed for efficient
manufacturing and quality, is having to work harder to make good profits
Apple computers are interesting in this regard. On one level, Apple has
a monopoly because of the remarkably high style value of its machines, its unique operating system and powerful graphics. Apple was able to keep its margins higher though, of course, it sold fewer machines
Apply a five forces analysis to a company that does garden maintenance for households cutting grass, removing weeds, pruning shrubs, etc.
The environment and competitive forces
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Test your understanding 4
Trang 376 The life cycle model
Trang 38Industry features
entrants and mergers/
takeovers.
Fight for market share
Shakeout leaves only a few large players
Heavy discounting and price wars
higher
income buyers
Increasing market penetration
Growth rate falls, most purchases now
replacement or repeat buying.
Well informed, demanding buyers
Falling demand
the range of technologies applied
Knowledge is well understood
by all players in the market
Knowledge is well
understood
by all players
in the marketProduct
characteristics
Differences
in choice, inconsistent quality
Improvement
in the design and quality
Standardisation
of products with only small differentiations
Less emphasis on product differentiationProduction
processes
Short production runs with specialised distributors
Mass production
Overcapacity begins to develop; long production runs
High incidence of overcapacity
Critical success factors
Innovative product
Products are able to be mass produced
Efficiency in
operations to keep costs low
Brand loyalty
Low overheads
PCs
Initially, there were relatively few significant producers. The product was innovative, nonstandardised, of inconsistent quality and expensive.
The environment and competitive forces
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Illustration 5 – The life cycle model
Trang 40more competitors than can be analysed individually. Often it is simply not feasible to consider 30 competitors, to say nothing of hundreds.
Reducing this set to a smaller number in a strategic group makes the analysis easier
sustainable competitive advantage is to pursue a strategy that is protected from competition by assets and skills that represent barriers to competitors.
It also helps to gain a better understanding of the bases of rivalry within strategic groups and how it differs from that within other groups
Steps in strategic group analysis
related to one another and should distinguish between companies in the industry