So sánh giữa SNA và SEEA

- gross domestic product accounting, input-output accounting and balance accounting comprise the basis of SEEAwhile SEEA include four components: Natural resource asset accounts, Pollut

SNA SEEA

- does not provide guidance for the

collection of natural resource and

environmental statistics

-The SNA consists of five sub-systems:

gross domestic product accounting,

input-output accounting, flow of funds

accounting, the balance of payments

accounting and balance accounting

-The SNA is built for a whole economy: at

national level; at region level of province

- brings together economic and environmental information in a common framework to measure the contribution of the environment to the economy and the impact of the economy on the environment

It provides policy-makers with indicators

and descriptive statistics to monitor these interactions as well as a database for strategic planning and policy analysis to identify more sustainable paths of development

- gross domestic product accounting,

input-output accounting and balance accounting comprise the basis of SEEAwhile SEEA include four components: Natural resource asset accounts, Pollutant and material (energy and resource) flow accounts, Environmental protection and resource management expenditure accounts, Environmentally-adjusted macroeconomic aggregates

+ The input-output table is needed to fully

describe the relationship between economic activities and resource depletion and pollutant emissions;

+ the framework of a balanced accounting

is needed to fully account for natural assets owned by a country and its significance to sustainable development

+ The framework of gross domestic product

accounts is needed to systemically measure

impacts on the environment by economic activities, scientifically measure outputs of economic activities and calculate

environmentally adjusted economic products (namely green GDP )

- SEEA should be implemented not only at national level but also at regional level

- necessary to have a solid basis for natural resource and environmental statistics in order to incorporate environmental criteria into the SNA

+ natural resource and environmental

statistics can provide physical data about resource and environmental inventories and changes

+ it can confirm the prices of resource and environmental elements

Basic Concepts

Natural Assets

- three functions to the economic system:

a) resource functions: providing basic

materials to the economic system;

b) sink functions: absorbing emitted wastes

from the economic system, and;

c) ecological service functions: providing

landscapes and the habitat for all living

beings including mankind

- Natural assets can be grouped into three

categories according to linkages with the

SNA:

+ cultivated asset: all kinds of cultivated

plant and animal resources (Economic

asset)

+ non- cultivated assets: land, forest, water,

and subsoil mineral (Economic asset)

+ environmental elements excluded from

economic assets: Ecological services or

ecosystem functions

- natural assets may still be grouped into

cultivated assets and non-cultivated assets

to be compatible with SNA

Economic uses of natural assets

- to measure the contribution that the environment and specifically, natural assets, makes to the economic system

-Economic uses of natural assets can be defined from two different perspectives: + from the perspective of natural assets, it refers to those natural assets that are inputs

to and consumed in the economic process during an accounting period

+ from the perspective of economic processes, it refers to those natural assets inputs consumed in the economic process

- a separate accounting item for the changes in volume of natural assets due to economic uses is required to account for the natural assets consumed in the economic process

(In traditional SNA, economic uses of natural assets either are included in “other changes in volume of assets” or aren’t accounted for; in either case, they natural

assets are not regarded as inputs in the economic process.)

* Resource depletion value,

environmental degradation value,

resource management and

environmental protection

expenditure

- The environmental cost associated with

the use of natural assets in economic

production is the monetary value of natural

assets consumed as inputs to economic

activities during an accounting period

-an important goal of implementing SEEA

is to estimate and incorporate the monetary

values of natural assets consumed in the economic process, measure the

environmental cost of economic activities, and adjust the traditional macro-economic

aggregates such as GDP for both natural resource depreciation/depletion and environmental costs

-environmental cost and its measurement

are important issues in SEEA

- the adjustment of macro aggregates, like

the GDP, can’t be resolved unless there is general acceptance of both the definition and valuation methods for environmental costs and natural asset depreciation

- the concept of environmental costing can take several forms: resource depletion

value, environmental degradation value, or resource management and environmental

protection expenditures.

- Resource depletion (or natural capital depreciation) value is the cost of natural resources used and consumed in the economic process, namely the economic value of deductions of natural resources stocks, emphasizing particularly

quantitative uses of natural assets

- Environmental degradation value is the cost of using environmental service functions in the economic process, namely the values of deterioration of environment

as a result of their economic uses, emphasizing particularly on qualitative uses

of natural assets

- Resource management and environmental

- This kind of cost has been accounted for

in SNA, but it should be separated from

SNA as an independent part

protection expenditures are incurred to use resources in a sustainable manner and prevent environment from degradation, namely the cost paid by the economic system for environmental protection

- The monetary valuation of resource management and environmental protection expenditure is based on actually incurred expenses , while resource depletion value and environmental degradation value are measured on imputed valuation (e.g

economic or resource rent calculations for resource depletion values) by estimating environmental impacts without being protected.

- there are huge empirical measurement difficulties in terms of how to value environmental costs

- environmental costs can be assessed in terms of actual expenditures by firms in

protecting natural assets and environmental services or using clean up costs of

environmental degradation as a proxy for economic value

- alternative methods of valuation including shadow pricing or proxy valuation methods

as well as resource or economic rent calculations for renewable and non-renewable natural asset depletion

EDP: Environmentally - adjusted domestic product

Adjusted environmentally domestic product (EDP for short) or green GDP is obtained by

adjusting original GDP after introducing environmental cost into production accounting

in SNA as economic production cost

Although EDP is also an economic aggregate, it takes economic uses of natural assets into account

- NDP is an adjusted GDP for man-made asset (fixed assets) depreciation

- eaNDP is not a “gross value” but a “net value”, because it represents a further adjustment

to NDP

In practice, GDP is used more often than NDP It should be clear that when the term

“green GDP” (or EDP) is used, the term refers to an environmentally adjusted NDP

which resulted from a man-made-capital-depreciation-adjusted GDP

 First, theoretically speaking, the indicator being adjusted is not gross domestic product (GDP) but net domestic product (NDP), and “adjusted environmentally domestic product-EDP” should be green NDP but not green GDP Considering general acceptation of GDP in practice, the better choice is to define EDP on the basis of “gross”, namely measuring green GDP

 Secondly, measurements of EDP are made at different levels due to the different measurement levels of environmental cost “Depletion-adjusted domestic product” is obtained by taking out resource depletion value; “defensive adjusted domestic product” is obtained by taking out resource management and environmental protection expenditure; “degradation- adjusted domestic product”

is obtained by taking out environmental degradation value

 Thirdly, EDP can be measured and reported three different ways, just as GDP is measured using three different methods Using the production approach, EDP is obtained by deducting intermediate consumption and environmental cost from total outputs; in income approach, environmental cost should be deducted from operating surplus while keeping compensation of employees and taxes on production unchanged; in the expenditure approach, environmental costs should

be deducted from capital formation, namely taking impacts of compensation for the environment on investment into account Calculation formulae are as follows:

Production approach：

EDP = total outputs – intermediate consumption – environmental cost

Income approach：

EDP = compensation of employees + taxes less subsidies on production + consumption of fixed capital+(operating surplus– environmental cost)

Expenditure approach：

EDP = final consumption expenditure + (capital formation–environmental cost) + net exports

Making adjustment by resources depletion

Making adjustments to economic aggregates like the GDP for natural resources depletion requires deducting resources depletion values (using resource rent valuation methods) from GDP to get resources depletion-adjusted gross domestic product or simply dpGDP There is almost no dispute on this adjustment

Making adjustment by environmental degradation

Making adjustment to economic aggregate by environmental degradation is deducting environmental degradation costs from GDP to obtain an environmental-degradation adjusted economic aggregate that is called eaGDP Comparing with the dpGDP, eaGDP is more controversial either in the maturity of adjustment methods or in the explanation of adjusted aggregates

Making adjustment by resource management and environmental

protection expenditure

Making adjustment to conventional macro-economic aggregates by resource management and environmental protection expenditure is deducting actual expenses on environmental protection during an accounting period from GDP However, there is still debate amongst national income accounts as to how, due to their special characteristics, these resource management and environmental protection expenditures should be measured and used to adjust macro-economic aggregates

The accounting framework of SEEA

- SEEA should include both natural asset (resource) stocks accounts and flows accounts

- stocks accounts : All natural capital assets from forests to water should be accounted for that contributes to economic well being to form a complete picture or account of natural assets

- flows accounts: To fulfill flow accounting objectives, we should regard the use and consumption of the stocks of natural assets, as well as consideration for the degradation of their qualitative conditions, as inputs of economic activities

-SEEA should include two complementarily independent parts in view of different

functions of resource and environment

One part is natural resource accounts in terms of resource functions of natural assets,

which measure resource stocks and flows consumed by the economic activities during an accounting period

The other part accounts for changes in the quality of environment (e.g ecosystem

integrity and services) and the degradation of environment as a result of economic

activities in terms of sink functions and service functions of environment

- SEEA can be implemented both at physical accounting and monetary accounting level

- SEEA should include resource management and environmental protection activities

Natural resource management activities can be defined as all management and

maintenance activities for sustainable use of natural resources, and environmental protection activities can be defined as those that prevent the environment from being damaged by the economic activities and that restore the environment after it has been damaged