Administrative medical assisting 5th by lindh chapter03

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Chapter 3

History of Medicine

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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part

Cultural Heritage in Medicine

• Role of culture and ethnic heritage in

health care

• Patient may refuse medication based

on cultural tradition

• Religion, magic, and science play a part

in the history of medicine

– Do they still today?

Cultural Heritage in Medicine

• Beliefs of Mesopotamians

– Illness was punishment by gods

• Beliefs of Ancient Egyptians

– Body was system of channels that came together at rectum and became easily clogged

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Cultural Heritage in Medicine

• Beliefs of Ancient Chinese

– Monitored pulse in wrist

– Cure the spirit

– Nourish the body

– Give medications

– Treat the whole body

– Use acupuncture and moxibustion

– Today’s practitioners agree ancient Chinese treatments are still excellent guidelines

Medical Specialists in History

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Medical Specialists in History

• Beliefs and methods of ancient healers

– All healers drew upon some power beyond themselves

– Mind-altering drugs were used by many ancient healers – Ancient healers’ needs were supplied by their tribe

Medical Specialists in History

• Today term “provider” or “practitioner” often used

• Some payment expected for medical services rendered

• Some cultures punished unsuccessful physicians by forcing them to treat the poor

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History of Medical Education

• Christianity

– Emphasis placed on soul rather than body

– Monks controlled medicine

– St Benedict of Nursia forbade the study of medicine

– Christianity controlled medical care for 500 years

• Islam

– Preserved classical learning and encouraged medical study

History of Medical Education

• 9th century

– Medical universities began in Italy and France

• Renaissance

– Physicians licensed

– Art and science more closely related

• Michelangelo and da Vinci

– Used dissection to draw anatomy

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History of Attitudes Toward Illness

• Punishment by the gods for mortal sin

– Isolation and abandonment

• Good Samaritan

– Concern for the sick

• Native Americans

– Sick treated kindly

– Suicide during famine was form of bravery

History of Attitudes Toward Illness

• Eskimos

– Put elderly on ice floes

• Romans and Greeks

– Disposed of the ill or deformed

– Unwanted infants disposed of quickly or left to die

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History of Attitudes Toward Illness

• Today’s attitudes

– We debate right to choose life or death and death with

dignity or physician-assisted death

– People fear illness they perceive as threatening, such as AIDS

Historical Medical Treatments

• Ancient Egyptians

– Used urine to test for pregnancy

• Ming Dynasty

– “The Great Herbal” established

• Identifies more than 1800 plants, animal substances, minerals, and metals with medicinal properties

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Historical Medical Treatments

• Early medical treatments often crude

– Diseases that existed

• Malaria, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, leprosy – Death toll from smallpox was high

Historical Medical Treatments

• Edward Jenner discovered smallpox vaccination

• 19th century

– Medicine progressed rapidly

• Anesthesia discovered to alleviate pain during surgery

• Discovered some bacteria cause disease

• Importance of asepsis to reduce risk of infection

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Historical Medical Treatments

• Louis Pasteur

The father of preventive

medicine >>

Historical Medical Treatments

• Joseph Lister

– Revolutionized surgery by sterilizing instruments and

washing physician’s hands with antiseptic spray

• Robert Koch

– Changed the way health departments cared for persons with infectious disease with his work in isolating bacteria

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Historical Medical Treatments

Historical Medical Treatments

• Early 20th century

– Banting and Best discovered insulin could be used with diabetics

– Both penicillin and cancer cells discovered in 1928

• Penicillin not brought into production until 1945 – First human heart transplant performed in 1967

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The Scourge of Epidemics

The Scourge of Epidemics

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The Scourge of Epidemics

– Today, treated by surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

– More than 1.5 million new cancers diagnosed every year

The Scourge of Epidemics

– In 2008, CDC reported HIV and AIDS had claimed the lives

of more than 22 million persons worldwide

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The Scourge of Epidemics

Other Threats to Health

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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part

© 2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be scanned, copied

or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part

Women in Medicine

• 19th and 20th centuries

– Women accepted as medical doctors in Western culture

• Elizabeth Blackwell

– First American female physician (1849)

• In 1860, 200 physicians in U.S were

women

• In 2008, 30% of U.S physicians women

• Women received 48% of medical degrees awarded in 2010

Frontiers in Medicine

• New developments, including

alternative therapies, identified in the past 20 years

– Noninvasive imaging, e.g., VCT, MRI

– Laser eye surgery and implantable lenses

– Adult stem cell treatments

– PillCam

– Medical Bluetooth