Experiencing MIS 10th by m kronenke chapter 06

The Cloud Computing Era 2008–CurrentFigure 6-3 The Cloud Computing Era 2008–Current Q6-1 Why are organizations moving to the cloud?... Growth of Amazon Web ServicesFigure 6-4 AWS Revenue

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Using MIS

10th Edition

Chapter 6 The Cloud

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“How About $10 Per Terabyte?”

• Lease storage capacity from third party.

• All incoming data from drones automatically uploaded.

• Average monthly storage costs cut at least 50%.

• Power savings, backup time saved, no new hardware configuration.

• One-time set up and development costs.

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Study Questions

Q6-1 Why are organizations moving to the cloud?

Q6-2 How do organizations use the cloud?

Q6-3 What network technology supports the cloud?

Q6-4 How does the Internet work?

Q6-5 How do web servers support the cloud?

Q6-6 How can Falcon Security use the cloud?

Q6-7 How can organizations use cloud services securely?

Q6-8 2027?

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Benefits of the Cloud

The Cloud

Elastic leasing of pooled computer resources over the Internet

Elastic

Automatically adjusts for unpredictable demand

Limits financial risks

Pooled

Same physical hardware

Economies of scale

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Where did the Cloud come from?

The Mainframe Era (1960s–1980s)

Large-scale high-speed centralized computers.

Thin clients, no Internet, and no Cloud.

The Client-Server Era (1990s–2000s)

Allowed clients (users) to send requests across the Internet to servers.

Internet, but no modern cloud computing yet.

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The Mainframe Era (1960s–1980s)

Figure 6-1 The Mainframe Era (1960s–1980s)

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The Client-Server Era (1990s–2000s)

Figure 6-2 The Client-Server Era (1990s–2000s)

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Where did the Cloud come from? (cont’d)

The Cloud Computing Era (2008–Current)

Applications, data, and processing power can be used remotely.

Accessed with a variety of devices including PCs, thin clients, mobile devices, and IoT devices.

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The Cloud Computing Era (2008–Current)

Figure 6-3 The Cloud Computing Era (2008–Current)

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Why Do Organizations Prefer the Cloud?

Lower costs – cheap processors, essentially free data communication and storage

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Growth of Amazon Web Services

Figure 6-4 AWS Revenue Growth

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When Does the Cloud Not Make Sense?

When law or standard industry practice require physical control or possession of the data

Financial institutions legally required to maintain physical control over its data.

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Why Is the Cloud Preferred to In-House Hosting?

Figure 6-5 Comparison of Cloud and In-House Alternatives

Positive:

Small capital requirements Control of data location

Speedy development In-depth visibility of security and disaster preparedness

Superior scalability to growing or fluctuating demand

Possibly best-of-breed security/disaster preparedness

Industry-wide economies of scale, hence cheaper

Focus on core business, not infrastructure

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Why Is the Cloud Preferred to In-House Hosting? (cont'd)

Figure 6-5 Comparison of Cloud and In-House Alternatives

Negative:

Dependency on vendor Significant capital required

Loss of control over data location Significant development effort

Little visibility into true security and disaster preparedness capabilities Difficult (impossible?) to accommodate fluctuating demand

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Using the Cloud

Resource Elasticity

A car manufacturer runs an ad during the Academy Awards.

Doesn’t know if there will be a thousand, a million, 10 million, or even more site visits.

Cloud vendor will programmatically increase server capacity.

The car manufacturer reduces costs substantially.

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Example of a Video Banner Ad Customer

Figure 6-6 Example Video Banner Ad Customer

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Pooling Resources

Economies of scale

Average cost decreases as size of operation increases.

Major cloud vendors operate enormous data centers (Web farms).

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Apple Data Center in Maiden, NC

• Billion-dollar facility contains

more than 500,000 sq ft.

Figure 6-7 Apple Data Center in Maiden, NCSource: Google Earth

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Transportation as a Service (metaphor)

Figure 6-8 Transportation as a Service

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Types of Cloud Service Offerings

Figure 6-9 Three Fundamental Cloud Types

Salesforce.com iCloud

Systems administrators

Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service)

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Comparison of Cloud Service Offerings

Figure 6-10 Cloud Service Offerings

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Content Delivery Networks from Cloud Vendors

Content delivery network (CDN)

Stores user data in many different geographical locations and makes data available on demand

Specialized type of PaaS, but usually considered in its own category.

Minimizes latency.

Used to store and deliver content seldom changed.

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Traditional Server Content Distribution

Figure 6-11 Traditional Server Content Distribution

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Distributed CDN Servers

Figure 6-12 Distributed CDN Servers

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CDN Benefits

Figure 6-13 Benefits of Content Delivery Networks

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Using Web Services Internally

Figure 6-14 Web Services Principles Applied to Inventory Applications

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Types of Networks

Figure 6-15 Basic Network Types

Personal area network (PAN) Devices connected around a single person

Local area network (LAN) Computers connected at a single physical site

Wide area network (WAN) Computers connected between two or more separated sites

The Internet and internets Networks of networks

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Cloudy Profit?

Ethics Guide

Data broker (or data aggregator)

Acquiring and analyzing market, buyer, and seller data for real estate agents

Alliance transitioned data storage and processing from own Web farm to the cloud

Improved speed and quality of data services at fraction of prior costs, cut in-house hardware support staff by 65%

Plowing money back into R&D

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Typical Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) LAN

Figure 6-16 Typical Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) LAN

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Abbreviations Used for Communications and Computer Memory Speeds

Communications equipment,

K(ilo) = 1,000, not 1,024 (as for memory);

M(ega) = 1,000,000, not 1,024 × 1,024;

G(iga) = 1,000,000,000, not 1,024 × 1,024 × 1,024

100 Mbps =100,000,000 bits per second

Communications speeds expressed in bits, memory sizes in bytes

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– Transmits data short distances.

– Connect computer, keyboard, mouse, printer, smartphones, smartwatches, automobiles, sports equipment, clothing.

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Connecting Your LAN to the Internet

Important ISP functions:

1. Provide legitimate Internet address

2. Provide gateway to Internet

3. Pay access fees and other charges to telecoms

WAN wireless average performance 1 Mbps, with peaks of up to 3.0 Mbps

Typical wireless LAN 50 Mbps

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Summary of LAN Networks

Figure 6-17 Summary of LAN Networks

Type Topology Transmission Line Transmission Speed Equipment Used Protocol Commonly Used Remarks

Local area network

Local area network UTP or optical fiber Common: 10/100/1000 Mbps

Possible: 1 Gbps

Switch NIC UTP or optical

IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) Switches connect devices, multiple switches on

all but small LANs

Local area network with wireless

UTP or optical for nonwireless connections Up to 600 Mbps

Wireless access point Wireless NIC

IEEE 802.11n, (802.11ac not yet common)

Access point transforms wired LAN (802.3) to wireless LAN (802.11)

Connections to the

Internet

DSL modem to ISP DSL telephone

Personal: Upstream to 1 Mbps, downstream to 40 Mbps (max 10 likely in most areas)

DSL modem DSL-capable telephone line

Cable TV lines to optical cable

Upstream to 1 Mbps Downstream 300 Kbps to 10 Mbps

Cable modem Cable TV cable Cable

Capacity is shared with other sites; performance varies depending on others’ use

WAN wireless Wireless connection to

WAN 500 Kbps to 1.7 Mbps Wireless WAN modem

One of several wireless standards

Sophisticated protocols enables several devices

to use the same wireless frequency

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Postal System vs the Internet

Figure 6-18 Comparison of the Postal System and the Internet

Steps to Send Package Postal System Internet Equivalent

2 Put name on package Person’s name (e.g., BigBank Inc or Jane Smith) Domain name (e.g., www.BigBank.com)

4 Put address on package Mailing address (e.g., 123 Park Ave, New York, NY, 10172) IP address (e.g., 10.84.8.154)

5 Put registered mail sticker on package Registered Mail TCP

6 Ship package Airlines (e.g., Delta Air Lines, Inc.) Airports (e.g.,

Seattle-Tacoma International Airport) Carriers (e.g., Sprint Corp.) Routers

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Public IP Addresses

IPv4

E.g 137.190.8.10

Dotted decimal notation

Only about 4 billion addresses (not enough)

IPv6

E.g 0:0:0:0:0:ffff:89be:80a

Hexadecimal notation

340 undecillion addresses

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Domain Name System (DNS)

Domain name

Unique name affiliated with a public IP address.

Dynamic affiliation of domain names with IP addresses.

Multiple domain names for same IP address

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

Internet address protocol, such as http:// or ftp://.

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Private vs Public IP Addresses

Public IP addresses

Identifies a unique device on Internet.

Assigned by ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers).

Private IP addresses

Identifies a device on a private network, usually a LAN.

Assignment LAN controlled.

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IP Addressing: Major Benefits

Public IP addresses conserved

One public IP address per LAN

Using private IP addresses

Eliminates registering public IP address with ICANN-approved agencies

Protects against direct attack.

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Domain Registry Company

Figure 6-19 GoDaddy Screenshot

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Packets & Carriers

Messages, broken into packets

TCP guarantees delivery of packets

Packets move across Internet, passing through networks owned by telecom carriers

Peering agreements - Carriers freely exchange traffic amongst themselves without paying access fees

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Net Neutrality

Net neutrality principle

All data treated equally.

Carriers should not be allowed to:

Decide which sites load quickly

Decide which apps are allowed on a network

Decide which content is acceptable

Problem: some people use more bandwidth than others.

Netflix, for example, accounts for more than 30 percent of all Internet traffic in North America between 9

PM and 12 AM

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The Cloud Resides in the Internet

Figure 6-20 Using the Internet to Request a Web Page

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Processing on a Web Server

• What happens when you visit a Web site and order something, and pay for it?

Figure 6-21 Sample of Commerce Server Pages; Product Offer Pages

Source: Courtesy of Zulily Inc Used by permission

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Three-Tier Architecture

Figure 6-22 Three-Tier Architecture

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Watch the Three Tiers in Action! Sample of Commerce Server Page

1 Commerce server requests shoe data from DBMS

2 DBMS reads from database, returns data to commerce server

3 Commerce server formats Web page with data and sends html version of page to user’s computer.

4 Customer places items in shopping cart.

5 Customer checks out, commerce server program processes payment, schedules inventory processing, arranges shipping, email receipt to customer

Figure 6-23 Product Page

Source: Courtesy of Zulily Inc Used by permission

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SOA Analogy: Approval Request Interactions Among Three Departments

Figure 6-24 Approval Request Interactions Among Three Departments

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Using SOA Principles, Each Department Defines:

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Using SOA Principles: Encapsulation

No department needs to know who works in another department, or how dept accomplishes work

Each department free to change personnel task assignments, change processes for performing services

Falcon Security could dynamically create 1,000 Inventory Departments and Sales Department with no need to change anything it does

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SOA Principles Applied to Three-Tier Architecture

Figure 6-25 SOA Principles Applied to Three-Tier Architecture

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Protocols Supporting Web Services

Figure 6-26 Protocols That Support Web Services

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WSDL, SOAP, XML, and JSON

(eXtensible Markup Language)

Used for transmitting documents Contains metadata to validate format and completeness of a document, includes considerable overhead.

JSON

(JavaScript Object Notation)

Markup language used for transmitting documents Contains little metadata Preferred for transmitting volumes of data between servers and browsers While notation in format of JavaScript objects, JSON documents can be processed by any language.

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Example XML and JSON Documents

Figure 6-27a Example XML Document

Figure 6-27b Example JSON Document

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Falcon Security in the Cloud

SaaS products Falcon Security could use

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PaaS Services from Amazon DBMS Products with Elastic Cloud 2 (EC2)

Falcon Security could use CDN to distribute content worldwide and respond to leads generated from advertising

Amazon Relational Database Service

(RDS) A relational database service supporting MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server, or PostgreSQL

Amazon DynamoDB A fast and scalable NoSQL database service

Amazon ElastiCache A very fast in-memory cache database service

Amazon Redshift A petabyte-scale data warehouse

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IaaS Services at Falcon Security

Provides basic hardware in the cloud

May acquire servers to load operating systems

Considerable technical expertise and management

Alternative: Use elastic data storage services

SaaS and PaaS provide more added value to Falcon Security

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Organizations Using Cloud Services Securely

Figure 6-28 Remote Access Using VPN; Actual Connections

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Remote Access Using VPN: Apparent Connection

Figure 6-29 Remote Access Using VPN; Apparent Connection

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