Trong nhilu ngdn ngG, phG dinh phd hpp vdi vdn phgm cGa nd, dugc bilu dgt bdng mgt tG ho§c hinh vj md vj tri cGa ylu tl phi dinh ndm d bg phdn vj ngG h o ^ d cym dgng tG.. Nd cd thd cd m
Trang 1NGOAI NGtT vOi BANNGOI
PHU D m H TRONG TIENG ANH
NEGA'nON IN ENGLISH NGUY£N DANG styu
(TS; D^i hgc Kinh doanh va Cong nghf Hd N$0
L D^tvande
1.1 Hifn nay tiing Anh la mdt ngdn ngG
dugc sG dyng rOng rdi ttong giao tidp Cang
ngdy cdng cd nhilu ngudi sG dyng tidng Anh
ttong cdc lihh vyc chinh tri, kinh td, vdn hda,
khoa hgc ki thu$t ttdn thd gidi 6 Vift Nam,
tidng Anh ngdy cang dugfc coi ttgng Nd da
trd thanh mOt mdn hgc d hiu het cdc trudng
dgi hge Trong hf thdng gido due pho thdng,
nd dugc phi cap tG lap 3 Sd ngudi Vift
Nam CO nhu cau hgc de sG dung thdnh thgo
tieng Anh ngdy cdng gia tang Vi vgy vifc
day cho ngudi Viet Nam hgc dd hg cd the sG
dung vd giao tidp bang tidng Anh mgt cdch
cd hieu qud dang dugc quan tam chu y, nhit
Id ttong giai dogn hdi nhdp, cdng nghifp hda
vd hifn dgi hda cua nudc ta hidn nay Thyc
td cho thiy^ ring tidng Anh vd tieng Vift
thugc hai nen vdn boa khdc nhau, ndn ttong
qua trinh hgc tidng Anh, ngudi Vift khi sG
dyng cde cdu ttong giao tidp, nhat la cdc edu
d dang phu dinh, thudng gap nhilu khd
khan Trong gidng day, ngudi dgy cdn phdi
ed kien thGc vimg vang ve hai ngdn ngG
tidng Anh va tieng Vift, ndm chic cdc ddc
didm ndi bat cua hai ngdn ngG vd hai ndn
vdn hda, tren ca sd do tim ra dugc nhGng ndt
tuong ddng vd di bift cua hai thG tieng, gidp
cho ngudi hgc cd the tilp thu kiln thGc tiing
Anh mdt cdch de ddng vd sG dyng tieng Anh
CO hieu qua Trong s6 nhGng dgc diem iy,
ngudi day vd ngudi hgc khdng thd khdng
quan tdm den hidn tugng phd dinh tiing Anh
vd tiing Viet
1.2, Con ngudi smh ra vin da cd nhGng
hdnh vi, cG chi thd hifn minh khdng tdn
thanh h o ^ khdng ddng tinh vd mOt vifc nao
diu hgc ndi, m^t trong nhGng tG chung n6i diu tidn Id tG mang nghia phu djnh nhu
'khong, u' PhG djnh xem ra cd ve rit don
gian, nhung thyc ra lgi eye ki phGc tgp v^ ndu khdng duge quan tdm diing mik thi ngudi hgc sd gdp nhilu khd khan, ttd ngai Moi mgt ngdn ngG deu cd mgt hinh thiic phu dinh nhat dinh, phG hgp vdi quy tdc van phgm cua ngdn ngG ay ChGc ndng chinh eda phu dinh la chuyen nhGng mfnh dl/cdu dang khing dinh thdnh phG dinh Nd cd till dugc bieu dat d cap dg mfnh dl/cau bdng each them vao mfnh de/cau iy mOt thanh tl nh^t dinh
Trong nhilu ngdn ngG, phG dinh phd hpp vdi vdn phgm cGa nd, dugc bilu dgt bdng mgt tG ho§c hinh vj md vj tri cGa ylu tl phi dinh ndm d bg phdn vj ngG h o ^ d cym dgng
tG Nd cd thd cd m§t trong cdc hinh thGc sau: a- Mdt ttg dgng tG phu dinh dugc thSm vdo bd phdn vi ngG va dam nhifm mft vdi
d ^ diem cua dgng tG chinh cua menh de/cSu
khing dinh, nhu nU ttong tieng Nenets
b- Mgt h o ^ hai tiiu tG phG dinh cd vj tri dugc xac dinh cd lidn quan din cac thanh to
cua vi ngO, nhu ne .pas ttong tieng Phdp
c- MOt hjnh vi phu dinh cd vj tri trong bO
ph$n vi ngG, nhu -me- ttong tiing Thd NK
Sy hiln difn cua phu dinh cd thi di Uen vdi nhGng thay doi trong cau tnic cdu, chdng han nhu thay ddi trgt ty td ttong tieng Km, thay ddi gigng difu ttong tiing Igbo, ho5c chu cdch/tan cdch tton^ tiing Nga Doi vdi tiing Anh, hinh thGc bieu thi hifn tugng phil
dinh phi biln ho§c Id hhih vi phu djnh not dugc dat sau trg dgng tG nhu trong cdu Jaiti
Trang 2NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG 65
n 't di lien vdi ttg d$ng tG da duge chia trong
cdu nhu Jane isnH rich Hinh thGc bilu thi
phG dinh nii bdt cua tiing Vift Id dung tiiu
td khdng ddt hirdc dOng tG ttong cdu Vi
dy: "Trong ddnh gid cdng chiec viin chitc
ndm 2013, Bg Y ti khdng phdn logi cdng
chikc ddi v&i miec 'hodn thdnh nhi^m vu
nhung con hgn chi vi ndng luc' Id khdng
dUng quy dfnh." (Bdo Hd NOi mdi
15-7-2015)
2 Dac diem cua phu djnh trong tieng
Anh
2.1 Bgc Mim chung
Khi muln bdy td mOt thyc tl Id cd mOt
vife gi dd khdng ddng, mdt sy vifc hay mOt
sy kidn nao dd khdng xiy ra, ngudi ta
thudng dun^ cdu phu dinh Nhiing cau phG
dinh bao gdm nhGng tG nhu: not (khdng),
never (khdng bao gid), nowhere (khdng thiy
d ddu cd) Ngudi ta ggi nhihig tG ndy Id tG
phu dinh TG phG dinh dugc diing dl bilu thi
sy vdng mat cGa ngudi, vgt, sy vifc, sy kifn,
hifn tugng, ndo dd Trong tiing Anh cd
nhGng tG phG dinh sau: not, never,
neither,no, nobody, none, no one, nor,
nothing, nowhere Bk phdn tich vd dii chieu
phu djnh tidng Anh vdi tidng Vift, chiing ta
cin phdi phan bift dugc h ^ logi phG £nh
ttong tieng Anh:
(1) Phu dinh cdu (Sentential negation): Id
todn bO cdu hay todn bg mdnh dl diu bi phu
dinh, ndi cdch khdc Id phgm vi phG dinh bao
triim Idn toan bg cdu hay mfnh dl Vi dy:
Ihave not finished work
John mightn 't have been in love
(2) Phu dinh bO phdn/ PhG dinh tiianh to
(Local/ Constituent negation): Id phu dinh
mOt thdnh to/ mOt tG hay cym tG md khdng
Idm cho cd cdu bi phu dinh Vi dy:
They made some not unintelligent
observations
Not unnaturally, we rejected their
complaint
2.2 B^c^m ve cuphdp
2.2.1 Phu dfnh cdu (Sentential negation)
a.Phu dfnh cdu/mfnh di bdng phu dinh ddng tir Mgt cau don gian dgng khdng dinh
hay Id mdt mfnh dl biln vi dgng khdng djnh ttong cdu phGc hgp dugc phG dinh bdng
cdch thdm tG phu dinh not vao sau ttg dgng
tG ho&c ddng tG noi cGa cdu
S + Auxiliary/Surrogate Auxiliary + NOT + verb + Complement
S + Copula (be) + NOT+ Complement Vfdy:
John might not have been in love Russell is not walking to work today They have not finished work They do not laugh
Trong cdc vi dy ttdn, tG phu dinh not dugc ddt sau ttg dgng tG might, sau dgng tG noi be dd chia: (is not) vd sau have trong cym ddng tG have finished (have not
finished)
Neu trong cdc cdu khdng cd ttg dgng tu
hodc dgng tG nil be, do dugc dGng thay thd gilng nhu ttg dOng tG kit hgp vdi not, tiep
dd la dgng tG nguydn thi khdng cd '/o' Vi dy:
They do not see you very often these days She does not walk to work every dc^
MOt dilu khd li thu Id dOng tG sd hGu
have cd hai cdch bidu thi nghia phG dinh: -cung giong nhu dgng tG noi be, cd thd thdm not vdo ngay sau dOng tG have, vd cung cd the dung do+ not d ngay trudc dOng tG fmve
nhu nhGng dOng tG khdng phdi Id nhimg dOng tG noi khdc Cd hai cdch bilu tiu nay diu cd nghia giong nhau Vf dy:
She does not have a new car -^ She has not a new car
She does not have a sore foot -^ She has not a sore foot
Thdng thudng, tG phu dinh not ttong
tiing Anh dugc vilt rut gon thdnh -nV Thi dy:
Russell isn *t walking to work today They haven't finished work She doesn't walk to work every day
Trang 3Ndu trg dOng tG c6 hinh thGc rdt ggn
ngay sau chu ngG, co thi cd hai khd ndng nit
ggn ttong cdu phG dinh: 1/nit ggn td phG
dinh; 2/nit ggn ttg dOng tG M ^ du cd hai
khd nang ndy ddu khdng dugc dung ttong loi
vdn ttang ttgng ttong tieng Anh VI dy: a.rut
ggn tG phG dinh; b nit ggn ttg dOng tG
John isn't happy -^ John's not fiappy
They aren't reatfy -^ They're not fiappy
We haven't caught her.-^ We've not
caught her
Khi nghia phG dinh dugc nhin manh, tG
phG dinh not dugc giG nguyen, khdng nit
ggn Trong ill vilt van trang ttgng, ngudi ta
thudng trdnh vifc sG dyng dang nit ggn ciia
tu phu djnh.Vi dy:
They do not know you
They may not be working
b Nhitng tit phu dfnh cd vi hinh thirc vd
ngir nghia: Trong phG dinh cdu hay phd dinh
mfnh de, ngodi dgng tG bi phG dinh, mfnh
dl edn ed the bi phu dinh bdng cdch liy
nhGng tG nhu no hodc not phG dinh mOt
thdnh td cGa mfnh dl hodc bdng cdch dimg
mft tG phu dinh nhu none hogc never Vi dy:
MTfiat was no accident.; 21 He is no
frierui of yours.; 3/She is no different.; 4/No
honest man would lie.; SINo dogs are
permitted here.; 6/1 will never make that
mistake again; 7/None of us were ready
Neu tu phu dinh di cGng vdi trg dgng tG
thi nd mang nghia khdc Vi dy cdu Many
people did not come to the party cd nghia Id
cd nhilu ngudi vdng mat ttong biia tifc
Trong khi dd cdu Not matry people came to
the party lgi de c^p din sy cd m|it eda mOt sl
it ngudi
Trong lli vdn trang trgng, thdnh t l phu
djnh cd thi dugc chuyen len vi tri diu cau
Trong trudng hgp ndy cin phdi ddo trdt ty
tG, nghia Id chuyin ttg dgng tG len ddng d vi
tri trudc chG ngG Vi dy:
i/Not a word would he say.; 2/Not a
moment did she waste.; 3/No longer are
that mistake again; SINot until yesterday did he change his mind 6/T0 no one wil they admit their guilt
NhGng vi dy trong phin trinh bdy tren cho thiy chGng diu Id nhiing cdu/mfnh de phu dinh De xdc minh xem nhQng vi dy iy
cd diing Id cdu phG djnh hay khdng, chiing can thda man S dieu kifn sau:
- Vi la nhGng cau phu djnh nfin khi chuyin chGng thdnh cdu hdi c6 dudi, chiing
ta cdn phdi thdm phin dudi (question tag) la mfnh dl khing dinh dl kilm tra IEU thdng tin
cua mfnh dl trudc dd Vi dy: She doesn't work hard, does she? Nlu mfnh dl trade \i
mfnh dl khing dinh, thi mfnh dl dudi lii
phu dinh: She work hard, doesn't she? Theo sau mfnh dk phG dinh Id nhdng
mfnh dl dudi d dgng phG dinh, c6 bl sung thdm ngG nghia Vi dy:
I haven't finished, and neither have you She hasn't stopped working, and nor have I
Tuy nhidn, cung gidng nhu cdc mfnh de khing djnh, sau cdc mfnh de phu dinh cung
cd thi cd cdc dudi khdng dinh md khdng
phdi ddo ttdt t\f tG cGa chiing VI dy: / haven't finished work, but you HAVE
-Trong ngdn bdn, sau mfnh dl phd dinh
Id ldi ddp bilu thj sy ding tinh vdi mfnh d^ dang phG dinh dd ndu d vl trudc Vi dy:
A: He doesn't know Rusian B: NO.he DOESn't
- Ckc mfnh de phu djnh thudng cd cac
thdnh to khdng mang nghia khdng djnh ^
kem nhu: any, anything, anybody, anyone, anytime, any more, Yi dy:
A; He won't notice any change in you B: she won't notice any, change in you, either
- Cdc mfnh de phG djnh khdng di ciing
vdi nhiing thdnh t l cd khuynh hudng mang
r^hia khing djnh nhu: pretty, qt^te va rather VI dy: khdng ddng "It isn't pretty
Trang 4s l 6 (248)-2016 N G 6 N NGC*& Ddi S6NG 67
c Nhirng tit cd nghta phd dinh nhung lgi
cd hinh thitc khdng dinh: Cd mOt sl tirgng tG
vd tG han djnh (adverbs and determiners)
mang nghia phu djnh nhung lgi cd hlnh thGc
khdng djnh nhu seldom, rarely, scarcely,
hardly, barely, little, few NhGng tG ndy cd
dnh hudng din phu djnh cau Chung thudng
xuit hidn ttong cdu cGtig vdi nhGng tG khdng
mang nghia khdng dinh nhu any, ever,
arcane, anywhere, anyboe^, anyplace, at
all , vd nhung cdu ndy can cd mgt phin
dudi Id mfnh dd nghi vin dgng khdng dinh
dl kiem tra thdng tin Vi du:
I// seldom get any sleep.; 2/Hardly
anyone wants the job; 3/Few changes have
ever taken so many people by surprise.; 4/1
can barely speak to any of my friends;
SlThey hardly have any friends, do they?
Ciing nhu cdc ttang ngG phG dinh d vi tri
diu tidn ciia cdu, cdc trang tG ndy khi d vi tri
diu tien cua cdu tiu ttg ddng td phdi ddo ldn
trade chG ngG Vi dy:
I/Rarefy does crime pay so well as many
people think; 2/Scarcely ever has the British
nation suffered so much obloquy: ytittle
did I eypect such enthusiasm from so many
CGng nhu cdc tG hgn dinh, cdc ttgng tG
scarcely, hardly, va barely cd chGc nang phG
dinh ttong phgm vi chG ngG Id cym danh tG
chung diu cd tdc ddng din phu dinh cGa ca
cdu Vi du;
\tScarcely any wine has yet arrived, fias
it?; 2/Barely any arms were accumulated
before the war; 3/Little help can be expected
from Peter; 4/Hardly fifty people were in
the vast hall
0 mdt mGc dO nhit dinh, ONLY mang
nglua phG dinh Khi ONLY bl nghia cho
thanh to dGng sdt vdi nd chG khdng phdi chG
ngG, ddi khi (nhung khdng nhit thilt) phdi
ddo vi hi cGa chd ngG vd trg dgng tii VI dy:
ONLY his mother will he obey
ONLY on Sunders do tk^ eat with their
NhGng dOng tG, thih tG va gidi tG mang nghia phG dinh cung cd till di kdm ydi nhGng thdnh to khdng mang nghia khing
dinh, d|ic bift Id any vd nhGng t l hgp cua nd
Vidy:
MHe denies I ever told him; 2/1 forgot to ask for any change [Cau ndy thudng cd nglua Id: / wanted some change but forgot
to ask for it (tdi muln cd sy thay doi nhung tdi dd qudn dl ngW)]; ^/We are unaware of any hostility; 41 I'm against going out anywhere tonight; 5/They decided to leave without telling any of their friends 2.2.2.Phu dfnh cue bg (thdnh td) Constituent/Local Negation
PhG dinh cyc bg hay phd dinh thdnh t l Id phG djnh mgt tG hay mOt cym tG md khdng ldm cho cd cau hay mfnh dl phu djnh
a NOT bd nghta cho tinh tU hogc tigng tit CO din td mang nghta phu dfnh tiong cum danh tit:
Subject + (Auxiliary) Verb/CopuIa+ Deteminer + NOT+ Adj + NP
NOT cd till dGng trade raOt tinh tG cd tidn t l mang nghia phG djnh Idm dinh ngd cho mgt danh tG, di sau dOng tG lam tan ngG ho§c sau dOng tG nii Idm bo ngG ttong cdu Vidy:
She's a NOT unattractive woman, in some wc^s
They made some NOT unintelligent observation, [1,791]
b.NOT bd nghta cho tigng tu:
Subject+ (Auxiliary) Verb + NOT+ Adverb
NOT cd thi bl nghia cho tirgng tG cd tiln
t l mang nghia phu dinh ldm ttgng ngG ttong
cdu Vi dy: He writes NOT inelegantly
c NOT bd nghta cho mdt tigiig tic & vj tii ddu tien cua cdu:
NOT + adverb + Subject + (Auxiliary) verb/Copula + Complement
NOT cd thi bd nghia cho mOt ttang tG
Trang 568
Not surprisingly, they mised the tiain
d NOT CO thi bd nghta cho tigng tic chi
miecdg
Trong Iogi phu djnh cyc bg/thdnh to,
NOT bd nghia cho ttgng tG chi mGc dg md
trang tG chi mGc dO ndy lgi bo nghia cho mOt
tinh tG hay mgt trang tG mang ndt nghia cd
tfnh so sdnh:
Subject + (Auxiliary) Verb/Copula +
Determiner + NOT +Adv (degree)+Adj+
N
Vidu:
1/They own two NOT very fierce dog
(rather docile "de bdo"); 2/1 saw a NOT too
sympathetic report about you.(rather
unsympathetic"cd phdn khongdong cdm")
311 visit them NOT very often
e Phu dinh eUa dgng tu chinh
Subject + Auxiliary+ - 'NOT+Verb +
Complement
Trong cdc cdu cd ttg dOng tG, sau trg
dOng tG CO mgt khodng ngdt vd nhin mgnh
ttgng dm vdo NOT, phgm vi phG dinh ttdi tG
NOT din hit cdu Thi dy:
l/They may *not like the party (It is
possible tfiat they do not like the party);
2lThey may not bother to come if it's wet
(It's possible that they will not bother to
come ); 3/Don't worry You shall not lose
your reward (I'll make sure that you don't
lose your reward); 4/You must not keep us
waitmg (It's essential that you don't keep us
waiting); 5/They might not be telling lies (It
is possible that they are not allowed )
2.3, Bgc diim ngit nghta
2.3.1 Su khdc nfiau vi ngir nghta giita
NOvdNOT tiong tiing Anh
TG phu dinh NO cd thi c6 nhGng each
ddng khdc hon so vdi tG phu dinh NOT Vi
dy: He is not a teacher vd He is no teacher
Ndu nhu *//e is not a teacher' dk cap den
nghl nghifp cua anh ta, anh ta khdng phdi Id
gido viin, thi *He is no teacher' lgi cd in ^
ring anh ta cdn thilu nhihig kl ndng cin thilt
cho gidng day 6 cau 'He is no teacher', td
hgn dinh NO da chuyin hda mOt danh tii thudng khdng c6 tinh so sanh tiidnh mft danh tG mang tinh so sdnh, md td d§c tmh cGa con ngudi
Hdy so sdnh mgt vdi tradng hgp nOa tiii thiy rit rd cdch dung khdc bift ciia NOT vd NO:
'I'm not a youngster' ngMa Id I'm not young (Tdi khdng cdn tte); cdn 'I'm no youngster' cd nghia Id I'm qi^te old (Tdi
khd nhilu tiili)
'She's not a fool' (She's not stupid "chj
ta khdng dit"); cdn 'She's no fool' c6 nghia
Id 'She's very intelligent (cd ta rit thdng
minh)
Ngogi trd mdt s6 cym tG cl dinh nhu no
good, no different, trang tG NO b6 ngMa
cho tinh tG chi khi nhGng tinh tG iy d dgng
so sdnh ban nhu: no worse, no tastier, no
better behaved, no more awkward, no less intelligent
Nhu dd trinh bay d phan ttdn, NOT bo nghia cho tfnh tG hogc trang tG ed tiln tl
mang nghia phu dinh nhu ttong vi du: She's
a not unattractive woman, in some ways
Trong cdu ndy, NOT da phd dinh tii UNATTRACTIVE, nhung khdng phG dinh
cd cdu/mfnh dl Tdc dOng cGa NOT d ddy la lam ddo ngugc lai luc phu dinh cd sdn ciia cym tG sau nd NhGng cym tG hai lin phu dinh nhu vdy Id nhung phuang tifn ndi gidm Chdng hgn:
'She is a not entirely unintelligent woman' cd nghia Id 'She is a fairly intelligent woman (chi ta Id mOt phy nG
tuong doi thdng minh)
'He's not a too sympathetic doctor' cd
nghia Id 'He's a rather unsympathetic doctor
(anh ta Id mgt bdc si tucmg doi Ididng thifn cdm)
Cdc cym tG hai lin phu dinh ddi hdi phdi
cd ttgng tG hay tinh tG d trung tdm cym td
Trang 6S6 6 (248)-2016 NGON N G C & D d i S 6 N G
mOt ^dm giGa hai thdi cyc cGa mGc dg so
sdnh.Dli vdi thi du (a) dilm phG dinh ndm d
khodng giGa unattractive vd attractive Dudi
day la m^t vdi vi dy nGa vl cym tG hai lin
phu dinh:
l/They made some NOT unintelligent
observation; lIThey are paying a NOT
inconsiderable amount in rent; 3/Tfie
announcement was followed by a NOT
unexpected silence, 4/1 visit them NOT
infrequently; 5/He writes NOT inelegantly
Mdi mOt cdu tten deu tuong Gng vdi mOt
cau khdng djnh ttong dd hai lin phd djnh
dugc thay bdng tG Idm gidm bdt tdc dgng
vdo lyc cGa dgng tG hay bo ngu Mgt vdi
trgng ngG hogc cd tien t l mang nghia phG
djnh hodc mang nghia bit ngd cung cd the hi
phu dinh Vi dy:
Not unnaturally, we rejected their
complaint
Not surprisingly, they mised the tiain
2.3.2 Bd sung ldm tdng cuang nghta phU
dfnh
Cd nhieu cdch khdc nhau dl bo sung ldm
tdng cudng sde thm tinh cdm vao nghia phu
dinh Dudi ddy la nhGng thf dy vl nhGng
cym tG chi mGc dg khdng mang nghia khdng
dinh: at all, by any means, in any way, in the
slightest, a bit, in the least,
1) at all, whatever, whatsoever,in any
way, in the least : Dgi tG vd td ban dinh
mang nghia phu dinh thudng dugc nhin
mgnh ngbla bdng cdc td at all, whatever,
whatsoever Vi dy:
I found nothing at all the matter with him
(Tdi thiy ching cd vin dd gi vdi anh ta cd)
You have no excuse whatever (Anh chdng
cd mgt li do ndo cd.)
2) Never: dugc l§p lgi hodc kit hgp vdi
cym tG tdng cudng them nghTa nhu in my
life Vi dy:
I'll never, never go there again (Tdi sS
I've never in all my life seen such a crowd (Chua bao gid trong ddi tdi lgi thay
mOt ddm ddng din nhu v$y)
3) Not: T 6 hgp tG not one vd not a Id
nhGng t l hgp tG nhin mgnh ngbia thay the cho NO nhu mOt tG han dinh dim dugc Vi dy:
Not a word came from her lips
We left not a single bottle behind 4) NhOng Id hgp lit mang sdc thdi Hnh cdm khdc: dugc dung trong c ^ thi d\i dudi
day:
lIHe didn 'I give me a thing, (informal);
211 don 'I care a damn whether we win or lose; yShe didn't say a word about itfinj); AINo way -Willi accept such an offer 2.3.3 Mgt si Cfm tit mang nghta phu dinh khi chiing kit hap vdi cdc dgng lit cu lhi.Vid\f;
lIHe won't lift a finger to help you.; 2/1 didn 'I sleep a wink.; 3/She didn 'I bat an eye /eyelid.; 4/They won't budge an inch.; 5/1 won't drink a drop.; 61 He didn't move a muscle.; llWe didn 'I see a soul
2.3.4 Phgm vi phi djnh
C6 thi 1h4y, thinh t6 phii dinh c6 thS co anh huong den mpt t h ^ t6 khong mang nghia kh9ng djnh chl khi thanh t6 khong mang nghia khdng dinh 4y nSm trong pham
vi phu dinh cua thanh to phu dinh, nghia la
nim trong ph^m vi chju ksih hudng ngO
nghia do th^nh t6 phii djnh tac dpng Pham
vi phi dinh thudng trai dM tir thinh t6 phu
dinh den t$n cuoi cfiu hay cuoi m$nh ik, nhung nfi khdng nhit thiet phai bao g6m ck
trsmg nga dJt 6 vi tri cu6i ciing Trong cau/m?nh dS c6 til phii dinh cau NOT, h o ^ tii phu dinh NEVER hay HARDLY & ciing
vi tri sau tn? dOng tit thi trjng ngtt xuat hi?n trudc tiianh t6 phu dinh thudng nSm ngoai
p h ^ vi phu djnh Do v$y c6 s\r khdc nhau
vk nghia nlu d^t trgng ngtt d hai v; tri IdiSc
nhau gitta hai cau:
Trang 7Sfie definitely didn't speak to him: Phgm
vi phu dinh kdo ddi tG -nV din het cau
Nghia cua cdu nay id: Chde chdn rdng chi tii
khdng ndi vdi anh ta (It's definite that she
didn't speak to him)
Sfie didn't definitely speak to him: Phgm
vi phu djnh tG -n't din hdt cdu.Nghia cdu
ndy id: Khdng cftdc chdn rdng chj ta dd ndi
vdi anh ta/ vifc clu ta ndi vdi anh ta Id khong
chde chdn (It's not definite she spoke to
him)
Khi cd ttang ngG dgt d culi cdu hay mfnh
de, trgng ngG iy cd thi nim ttong ho$c
khdng ndm ttong phgm vi phG dinh cdu Sy
khdc nhau phy thuOc vdo ttgng dm cGa cdu
vd y dinh ciia ngudi phdt ngdn VI dy:
I wasn't Listening all the time Cau ndy
ttgng dm roi vdo LIS- nghia Id ttong suit
thdi gian iy toi khong nghe (For the whole
tune, / wasn 't listening) Phgm vi phu dinh
tG -n't den hit listening
/ wasn't listening all the TIME Trgng
am roi vao TfME nghia Id vifc tdi khdng
nghe ttong suit thdi gian iy Id khdng diing /
khdng thyc tl Pham vi phu dinh tG -n't din
het cdu
Khi mOt ttgng ngG mang nghia phu dinh
dugc ddt d vj tri diu cdu, tilp theo Id chd
ngu vd ttg dOng tG dugc dao vj tri Trong
tradng hgp ndy chG ngG cd thi cd thanh to
khdng mang nghia phu dinh Vi dy: NEVER
have any of them been interested in music
Pham vi phd dmh cGa cdu ddi khi cd thi
keo ddi din hit mfnh dl phy cua cdu Vf dy:
She didn't know I would eome to her
whenever she needed any advice Phgm vi
phu dinh keo ddi tG -n'/ din advice
I wouldn't like you to disturb anyone
Phgm vi phG djnh tG -n 't den anyone
2.3.5 Tiiu diim phu dfnh
cin thilt phdi xdc djnh khdng nhGng
phgm vi phu djnh ma cdn cd tieu diem phu
b$t sy tuang phdn rai vao mdt bO phgn eg till cGa cau/mfnh dl thi ttgng dm iy chl r8 ring nghia tuong phdn phd dinh ndm d dung b$ ph|n cd trgng am, ddng thdi cung chl ra ring phin cdn lgi cua mfnh dl cd thi dugc bilu Id mang nghia khdng djnh Dl phdn bift dugc nhihig bg ph$n mang nghia phu dinh
vd nhGng bO pban mang nghia khdng djnh, cin phdi xem xdt kl khdi nifm phgm vi phfi dinh, bao gom cd nhthig phgm vi khdng lign tyc (ddt qudng) vd cung gOp cd bg phan dGng trudc thdnh t l phG dinh vdo phgm vi phG djnh Vj tri khdc nhau cua tdm dilm dugc phdn bift ttong cdc cau sau day NhGng bf ph$n khdng ndm ttong pham vi phG djnh dugc hiiu la mang nghia khdng dinh Vi dy:
I did« 7 take Joan to swim in the P60L today -> I forgot to do so
I did« V take j()AN to swim m the pool today -> // was Mary tfiat I took to swim
in the pool todi^
I didn Y ftike Joan to SWIM in tiie pool today -> Just to see it
I didwV mke Joan to swin in the PdOL
today -> I took her to the seaside
I didnV fake Joan to swln in the pool
toDAY -^ It was last week tiiat I did so
/ did«V fake Joan to swin in the pool today -> It was my brother who took her Phgm vi phd djnh vd tieu diem phG dinh
cd lidn quan vdi nhau din mGc ttong ph?m
vi phG dinh phai bao gim tidu diem phii dinh Do dd, cd m0t each bdo hifu mGc df phgm vi ciia phu dinh bdng edch xde dinh vj tii cua tdm didm phu d^nh Thyc te Id, vi phgm vi phG dinh thudng khdng dugc bdo hifu mgt cdch r5 rdng ndn chung ta cd thi chi rd phgm vi phu djnh nim d bg phgn cua cdu md chGng ta d$t tidu dilm phu djnh Mft thf dy vl hifn tugng nay Id, khi phgm vi phii djnh dugc md rgng, nd bao gdm cd mfnh de
Trang 8gjgng i T d l n h i n manh vao mfnh dk
phu cua cdu VI dy:
/ didn't leave HOME because I was
afraid of my FATHER (= Because I was
afraid of my father, I didn 7 leave home)
I didn 7 leave home because 1 was afraid
of my FATHER (= I left home, but it wasn 7
because I was afraid of my father)
Phgm vi phu djnh cd t h i thay ddi ciing
dugc dp dyng d i i vdi mfnh d l chi thdi gian
(when- clause) ttong hai vi dy sau:
She didn't come to SEE him when he
ASK (= When he asked, she didn't come to
see him)
She didn't come to see him when he ASK
(= She came to see him, but not at the time
he asked her to see him)
NgG difu cung quan trgng ttong vifc
ddnh d i u xem chu ngG cd phdi la tdm dilm
cua phu dinh hay khdng, cdn phdi phdn bift
cdc chG ngG cd chua mOt ttong nhirng tG all
hodc every Vi dy:
All the children didn't SLEEP (All tiie
children failed to sleep.)
ALL tfie children didn 7 sleep (Not all
the children slept)
3 K l t l u $ n
Trdn day chung tdi dd trinh bay hifn
tugng phu djnh ttong tiing Anh md ngudi
Vift Nam khi hgc c i n phdi ndm vung de cd
thi sG dyng thdnh thgo tiing Anh trong giao
tiep hdng ngdy Hi vgng rang bdi viet ndy
phin nao giGp cho vifc dgy vd hgc hifn
tugng phu djnh ndi ridng vd tiing Anh ndi
dhung d Viet Nam dugc tiiuan lgi hon frong
giai dogn hOi nhgp hifn nay
T A I L I ^ U T H A M K H A O
1 Bright, W (1992), Intemational
encyclopedia of linguistics Volume 3.0UP
New York
2 Bums, A & Richards, J.C.(2012),
practice in second language teaching
C.U.P.USA
3 Collins, D & HoIlo.C (2010)
English grammar Macmillan London
4 Dbton, R.M.W (2005), A semantic
approach to English grammar.O.\J.P New
York
5 Hinkel, E (1999), Cultiire in second
language teaching arui learning C U P
UK
6 Kral,T (1994), Teacher development
- making tfie right moves Uiuted States
Information Agency Washington DC
7 Malley, A.(2002) Learner-based
teaching O.U.P New York
8 Quyrk, R., Greenbaum,S., Leech ,G.,
& Svartvik, J (1985), i comprehensive
grammar of the English language
Longman London and New York
9 Richards, J C , & Rodgers,T.S
(2001), Approaches and methods in
language teaching C.U.P UK
10 Thombury, S (2001), About
language-tasks for teachers of English
C.U.P UK
Abstract: At present, English has become a widely-used language in the world In Viemam, English has been an ever- more important subject in education system.It lies in the fact that English and Vietoamese belong to two different cultures That's why Vietoamese sometimes have difficulty in communicating, majorly in using negation in English In the teaching of English, teachers should have good command of both English and Vietoamese, even of English and Vietoamese cultures On that basis, similarities and differences ofthe two languages, particularly of English and Vietnamese negations will be found out, which will, to some extent, help Vietoamese learners make effective use of English in commimication
Key words: education; culture; negation; similarity; difference; effective