Kinh nghiệm và mẹo toeic CONJUNCTIONS

Since conjunction+ used with the present perfect, past perfect or simple present tense in the main clause from an event in the past until a later past event, or until now: Cath hasn’t

CONJUNCTIONS

1 Coordinate conjunctions

join two equal terms: and, or, nor, but,

2 Subordinate conjunctions join two clauses: although,

since, because, when, etc.

STRATEGIES FOR CONJUNCTION ITEMS

ASK YOURSELF THESE QUESTIONS:

 Do you need to join two nouns, two adjectives, two prepositional phrases, or any equal terms? If so, is there a

coordinate conjunction joining them? INCORRECT [The president also his assistant are coming.]

CORRECT The president and his

assistant are coming.

 Do you need to join two sentences? If so, is

there a coordinate conjunction joining them?

collate the pages.

can collate the pages.

 Do you need to join a dependent clause with

an independent clause? If so, is there a

subordinate conjunction joining them?

raise his hand.]

didn’t raise his hand

 Do you understand the

meanings of the

conjunctions and of the

other words in the

sentence? Is the sentence logical? Does it make

sense?

but his wife.]

his wife

1 Once (conjunction) as soon as; when: We didn’t know

how we would cope once the money had gone

2 While (conjunction):

+ during the time that sth is happening SYN 

when: We must have been burgled while we

help, I do not have much time available.

+ until: I waited while six o’clock

3 As (conjunction)

+ while sth else is happening: He sat watching her

as she got ready

+ in the way in which: They did as I had asked

+ used to state the reason for sth: As you were

out, I left a message.

+ used to make a comment or to add information about what you have just said: As you know, Julia

is leaving soon

+ used to say that in spite of sth being true, what follows is also true SYN though: Happy as they

were, there was something missing Try as he

might (= however hard he tried), he couldn’t open the door

4 So (conjunction)

+ used to show the reason for sth:

It was still painful so I went to see a doctor.

+ so (that … ) used to show the result of sth:

Nothing more was heard from him so that we

began to wonder if he was dead.

+ so (that … ) used to show the purpose of sth: But

I gave you a map so you wouldn’t get lost!

+ used to introduce the next part of a story: So

after shouting and screaming for an hour she

walked out in tears.

+ (informal) used to show that you think sth is not important, especially after sb has criticized you for it: So I had a couple of drinks on the way home

+ (informal) used to introduce a comment or

a question: So, let’s see What do we need to take

+ (informal) used when you are making a

final statement: So, that’s it for today.

+ (informal) used in questions to refer to sth that has just been said: So there’s nothing we can do about it?

+ used when stating that two events,

situations, etc are similar: Just as large

companies are having to cut back, so small

businesses are being forced to close

5 Because (conjunction) for the

reason that: I did it because he told

me to

6 Since (conjunction)

+ (used with the present perfect, past perfect

or simple present tense in the main clause)

from an event in the past until a later past

event, or until now: Cath hasn’t phoned since she went to Berlin It was the first time I’d

had visitors since I’d moved to London It’s

twenty years since I’ve seen her How long is

it since we last went to the theatre? C She had been worrying ever since the letter arrived.

+ because; as: We thought that, since we were

in the area, we’d stop by and see them

7 Although (conjunction)

+ used for introducing a statement that makes the main statement in a sentence seem surprising  SYN  Though:

Although the sun was shining it wasn’t very warm

+ used to mean ‘but’ or ‘however’ when you are

commenting on a statement: I felt he was wrong,

although I didn’t say so at the time although / even

though / though: You can use these words to show

contrast between two clauses or two sentences Though

is used more in spoken than in written English You

can use although, even though and though at the

beginning of a sentence or clause that has a verb

Notice where the commas go: Although/Even

though/Though everyone played well, we lost the

game We lost the game, although / even though /

though everyone played well.You cannot use even on its own at the beginning of a sentence or clause instead

of although, even though or though

8 And (conjunction) (used to connect

words or parts of sentences)

+ also; in addition to: bread and butter

+ added to SYN  plus: 5 and 5 makes 10 + then; following this: She came in and

took her coat off.

+ go, come, try, stay, etc And used before a verb instead of to, to show purpose: Go

and get me a pen please.

+ used to introduce a comment or a

question: ‘We talked for hours.’ ‘And what did you decide?’

+ as a result: Miss another class and

you’ll fail.

+ used between repeated words to show that sth is repeated or continuing: He

tried and tried but without success

+ used between repeated words to show that there are important differences

between things or people of the same

kind: I like city life but there are cities and cities - see also and / or

9 Before (conjunction)

+ earlier than the time when: Do it

before you forget

+ until: It may be many years before the situation improves

+ used to warn or threaten sb that

sth bad could happen: Put that away before it gets broken.

+ (formal) rather than: I’d die before

I apologized!

10 After (conjunctionat) a time

later than sth; when sth has finished: I’ll call you after I’ve spoken to

them Several years after they’d split

up they met again by chance in Paris

11 When (conjunction)

+ at or during the time that: I loved history when I was at school.

+ after: Call me when you’ve finished.

+ at any time that; whenever: Can you spare five minutes when it’s convenient?

+ just after which: He had just drifted off to sleep when the phone rang.

+ considering that: How can they expect to learn anything when they never listen?

+ although: She claimed to be 18, when I

know she’s only 16

+ however; despite this: I’d asked

everybody but only two people came

+ used when you are saying sorry about

sth: I’m sorry but I can’t stay any longer + used to introduce a statement that shows that you are surprised or annoyed, or that you disagree: But that’s not possible!

+ used before repeating a word in

order to emphasize it: Nothing, but nothing would make him change his mind.

+ (literary) used to emphasize that sth is always true: She never passed her old home but she thought of the happy years she had spent there (= she always thought of them)

13 and / or (conjunction) (informal) used when you say that two

situations exist together, or as an

alternative to each other: There is no help for those with lots of luggage

and / or small children

14 Since (conjunction)

+ (used with the present perfect, past perfect or simple present tense in the main clause) from an event in the

past until a later past event, or until now: Cath hasn’t phoned since she

went to Berlin

+ because; as: We thought that, since

we were in the area, we’d stop by and see them

1 they were tired, they worked overtime.

(A) Because

(B) In spite

(C) Since

(D) Although

Even though In spite of NP

Ex:

1 Although the weather was bad (Clause) , he tried to get to the

village.

2 In spite of bad weather ( NP),

he tried to get to the village.

3 In spite of the fact that the

weather was bad (Clause), he

tried to get to the village

1 they were tired, they worked overtime.

(A) Because

(B) In spite

(C) Since

(D) Although

2 Neither Ms Chen Mr Martinez was able to attend the seminar.

(A) nor

(B) and

(C) neither

(D) or

neither … nor … used to show that a

negative statement is true of two things: I

neither knew nor cared what had happened to him After neither and either you use a

for the job Neither of and either of are

informal: Neither of my parents speaks / speak

a foreign language When neither… nor… or either… or… are used with two singular

nouns, the verb can be singular or plural A

plural verb is more informal

2 Neither Ms Chen Mr Martinez was able to attend the seminar.

(A) nor

(B) and

(C) neither

(D) or

3 Mr Park worked for

us, he had received training abroad.

(A) Before

(B) After

(C) While

(D) When

Note: THE P.PERFECT

TENSE

is used to express an

action that happened

before another action

in the past

Ex: When I came to the station, she had left.

3 Mr Park worked for

us, he had received training abroad.

(A) Before

(B) After

(C) While

(D) When

4 Please answer the phone it rings.

(A) during

(B) when

(C) because

(D) and

Ex: + When I come to DN, I’ll call you

= I’ll call you when I come to DN

+ Unless he comes, I’ll go = I’ll go unless he comes

1 When/unless/if + S + V ( simple

present), S+ will/shall/can/ may/might + V-Inf.) )

When you come to DN, please call me

= Please call me when you come to DN

2 When/if + S + V (simple present), V (Infi.)

4 Please answer the phone it rings.

(A) during

(B) when

(C) because

(D) and

5 You can look at the clothes

in the shop windows, you can’t go in and buy them.

(A) but

(B) or

(C) after

(D) while

5 You can look at the clothes

in the shop windows, you can’t go in and buy them.

(A) but

(B) or

(C) after

(D) while

6 The soccer game won’t be postponed it looks like

Eventhough In spite of NP

Ex:

1 Although the weather was bad (Clause) , he tried to get to the

village.

2 In spite of bad weather ( NP),

he tried to get to the village.

3 In spite of the fact that the

weather was bad (Clause), he

tried to get to the village

6 The soccer game won’t be postponed it looks like

7 profits have improved, we’re all getting bonuses.

(A) Since

(B) Before

(C) Although

(D) During

7 profits have improved, we’re all getting bonuses.

(A) Since

(B) Before

(C) Although

(D) During

8 Ms Adams refused the

promotion the large raise (A) because

(B) but

(C) despite

(D) neither

Eventhough In spite of NP

Ex:

1 Although the weather was bad (Clause) , he tried to get to the

village.

2 In spite of bad weather ( NP),

he tried to get to the village.

3 In spite the fact that the

weather was bad (Clause), he

tried to get to the village

8 Ms Adams refused the

promotion the large raise (A) because

(B) but

(C) despite

(D) neither

9 The hotel will accept no guests it’s being

9 The hotel will accept no guests it’s being

10 Restaurant food handlers must wear latex gloves

Because + clause = Because of + NP

Because he loves her, he’ll get married to her

He’ll get married to her

because of his love for her

10 Restaurant food handlers must wear latex gloves

THANK YOU!