ĐỊNH NGHĨA: Đại từ liên hệ dùng để thay thế cho danh từ đứng trước nó, nó giới thiệu một mệnh đề phụ nhằm làm rõ nghĩa cho danh từ mà đại từ liên hệ thay thế, mệnh đề này gọi là mệnh đề
Trang 1UNIT 6: POPULATION
I GRAMMAR POINTS:
* RELATIVE PRONOUN AND RELATIVE CLAUSE:(Mệnh đề liên hệ và đại từ liên hệ).
A ĐỊNH NGHĨA:
Đại từ liên hệ dùng để thay thế cho danh từ đứng trước nó, nó giới thiệu một mệnh đề phụ nhằm làm rõ nghĩa cho danh từ mà đại từ liên hệ thay thế, mệnh đề này gọi là mệnh đề liên hệ
B CÁCH DÙNG:
1 Who: thay thế cho một danh từ chỉ người làm chủ ngữ
Eg: This is the man who helped me yesterday
The boy who studies the best in this class is my son
2 Whom: thay thế cho một danh từ chỉ người làm tân ngữ
Eg: The man whom you met yesterday is my uncle
3 Whose: thay thế cho một danh từ chỉ người làm sỡ hữu
Eg: The woman whose son is my friend is a good doctor
4 Which: thay thế cho một danh từ chỉ vật làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ
Eg: The house which has green door is mine
The car which you have just bought is new and comfortable
5 Where: thay thế cho một danh từ chỉ nơi chốn
Eg: This is the place where I was born and grew up
6 When: thay thế cho một danh từ chỉ thời gian
Eg: The day when you came was on Sunday
7 That: thay thế cho WHO, WHICH trong mệnh đề hạn định: mệnh đề không có dấu phẫy Eg: This is the man who wrote this novel = This is the man that wrote this novel
This is the house which I bought last year = This is the house that I bought last year
8 Of which: Thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật làm sỡ hữu
Eg: The book of which cover is red is interesting
C RESTRICTIVE AND NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSE:
1 Restrictive Relative clauses: (Mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn- mệnh đề hạn định)
Mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước, là một bộ phận quan trọng trong câu Nếu bỏ nó đi, mệnh đề chính sẽ không được xác định và không có nghĩa rõ ràng
Eg: The book which I borrowed from you is very interesting
Mệnh đề “ which I borrowed from you” là mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn, bổ nghĩa cho danh từ
“the book” Nó rất cần thiết trong câu vì nếu bỏ nó đi ta sẽ không biết quyển sách nào sẽ được nói đến
Eg: The girl who came here yesterday is my cousin
We will never forget the day when we first came to London
This is the place where I was born
2 Non- restrictive Relative clauses: (Mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn- mệnh đề không hạn định):
Mệnh đề không hạn định còn gọi là mệnh đề quan hệ giải thích, dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước, là phần giải thích thêm Nếu bỏ nó đi, mệnh đề chính vẫn có ý nghĩa rõ ràng Danh đề đứng trước mệnh đề này thường đã được xác định rồi
Trang 2Eg: My father, who is fifty-five years old, is an engineer
Miss White, whom we studied English with, is a very nice teacher
I want to help Peter, whose parents died in the accident
He often comes to visit Nha Trang, where he grew up
* Note: Một số điểm cần lưu ý khi dùng mệnh đề không hạn định:
1 Mệnh đề không hạn định thường được tách khỏi mệnh đề chíng bằng dấu phẩy hoặc dấu
gạch ngang
2 Đại từ quan hệ THAT không được dùng trong loại mệnh đề này
3 Không lượt bỏ đại từ quan hệ (Who/ Whom/ which) trong mệnh đề này
D CÁCH NỐI HAI CÂU ĐƠN THÀNH MỘT CÂU PHỨC BẰNG CÁCH DÙNG CÁC ĐẠI TỪ LIÊN HỆ:
1 Xác định hai từ trùng lập nhau trong hai câu đơn
2 Bỏ đi từ giống nhau trong câu thứ hai thay thế bằng một đại từ liên hệ thích hợp đặt ở đầu câu thứ hai.
3 Đem cả câu thứ hai lên đặt ngay sau từ giống nhau trong câu thứ nhất.
EX: The man is my father You met him yesterday
b1 b1
The man is my father Whom you met yesterday
b2
The man whom you met yesterday is my father
B3 (thành phẩm)
II EXERCISES:
A PHONETIC:
* Choose the word whose bold/ underlined part is pronounced differently frm that of the other three
2 A population B average C favorite D station
* Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from that of the other three.
1 A unwillingness B population C unemployment D contraception
3 A expression B following C enormous D condition
5 A responsible B illiterate C estimation D constructively
B VOCABULARY:
* Find out the antonym of the following words or phrases:
1 increased
2 failure
3 discouraged
4 slow
5 very small or limited
6 a family with a lot of children
7 the upper parts
8 emigrants
Trang 3* Complete each sentence below by using a suitable antonym above:
1 There have been more and more _ in our modern society
2 Entering the WTO, Viet Nam has got _ opportunities to develop its economic potentials
3 Most young couples in that remote village are _ to delay having their first child as a birth
- control method
4 Unlike the situations in the upper and middle ones , _ of this river have a much larger population
5 The total number of newborn babies in my neighborhood has sharply during the last three years
6 Our city receives approximately half a million to strengthen its labor force each year
7 To many people living in the countryside, having at least a son is often considered their greatest _ in life
8 Most immigrants from various rural areas find it extremely difficult to adapt themselves to the changes in this big city
C GRAMMAR AND STRUCTURE:
* EXERCISE 1: Choose the most correct written out form of each fraction below:
1 1 / 2 A one half B one – second C oneth – two D one two
2 9 / 10 A ninth – ten B nine – tenths C nine – tenth D nine – tens
3 67 / 100 A sixty – seven percent B sixty – seventh percent
C sixty – seventh percents D sixty – seven percents
4 5 / 4 A five over four B five quarters C five – forths D five over fourth
5 1 / 100 A one percent B one a hundredth C a one hundredth D All are correct
* EXERCISE 2: Choose the best answer: (Đại từ liên hệ, Although, Though,Even though, Despite, In
spite of )
1 what I said last night, I still respect you
2 the traffic was bad, I arrived on time
3 A lot of things went wrong I had planned everything carefully
4 I don’t like stories have unhappy endings
5 The man came from Vinh was the guide for our group during my holiday
6 I recently went back to the town I was born
7 I would like to live in a country there is plenty of sunshine
8 My classmate, I wanted to see, was on holiday
9 That’s the old lady husband won the Nobel Prize
10 My friend, hates travelling, refused to go with me to Ha Long Bay
11 Edward, father is my boss, has just moved to Paris
12 We climbed to the top of the mountain, we had a picnic
Trang 413 We don’t want to swim in the sea, looks very dirty
14 He gave me the important information, I noted down at once
15 Did he explain went wrong?
16 He’s the painter last exhibition was such a failure
17 I’m looking forward to the programme is on after the news
18 I told the policeman had happened
19 I never got the time we spent the holiday together
20 I don’t know the reason he didn’t enjoy the party
21 Women used to hang the carpets outside and beat them with carpet beaters clean them
22 he behaved so badly, he was punished
23 does John go to church on Sundays
24 the rain, we went out
25 modern appliances mean that household chores can be done more quickly than before,
it still takes a lot of time to do house work
26 He walked slowly his injured legs
27 Your explanation reasonable
A is not sound B does not sound C is not sounded D is not sounding
28 It’s the best book I’ve ever read
29 That is the businessman company is so successful
30 Is that the town you were born?
31 You can go you like This isn’t private land
32 The librarian went to look in the cupboard rare books were kept
33 I’ve put Mr Matthew’s papers in your green file, is on your desk
34 Just try and imagine life would be like without water
35 Two men, neither of I had ever seen before, came into my office
36 My radio, isn’t very old, had suddenly stopped working
Trang 537 They asked me a lot of questions, some of I couldn’t answer
38 He always did well at school having his early education disrupted by illness
A on account of B in addition to C in spite of D although
39 It was raining, but the baseball game wasn’t cancelled
A The baseball game wouldn’t be cancelled until it stopped raining
B Though it was raining, the baseball game wasn’t cancelled
C In spite of raining, the baseball still went ahead
D The organizer put off the baseball game untill after the rain
40 We stayed in that hotel despite the noise
A The hotel was not noisy, so we stayed there
B We stayed in the noisy hotel and we liked it
C Although the hotel was noisy, we stayed there
D The noise kept us staying in the hotel
41 Although she is rich, she can’t afford to buy the car
A She doesn’t have enough money to buy the car she likes
B Rich as she is, she can’t afford to buy the car
C The car is too expensive for her to buy
D She wants to buy the bike but it costs a lot
42 Although he took a taxi, Bill still arrived late for the concert
A Bill arrived late for the concert whether he took a taxi or not
B Bill arrived late for the concert because of the taxi
C In spite of taking the taxi, Bill arrived late for the concert
D Bill took a taxi to the concert, but he couldn’t catch it
43 This is the man ……… saved the child
44 Mary is the girl ……… they are talking
45 Do you know the way ……… leads us to the city ?
46 The house ……… roof is red belongs to my uncle
47 Do you remember the day ……….we first meet each other ?
48 This is the village ……….we were born
correct
49 Can you tell me the reason ……… he left his school ?
50 We hear the same story ……… you have told me
51 I’m looking for the man ……… shirt is blue
52 There is the boy ……… mother won the Nobel prize
53 It’s the English pronunciation ……… causes me a lot of difficulties
54 It’s Mary ……… received all the letters yesterday
Trang 655 I don’t like being told ……… to do
56 M Curie , ……… discovery of radium is famous , was a French scientist
57 I couldn’t come to the party , ……… was a pity !
58 The woman ……… he fell in love left him after a few weeks
59 The party ……… wasn’t very enjoyable
C which we went to last night D that we go to last night
60 The week ……… Mike went camping was the wettest of the year
61 Mrs Jackson , ……… used to be very beautiful , is now suffering from a fatal disease
* EXERCISE 3 : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order to make the
sentence correct:
1 This is the person to that I sold my car
A B C D
2 I couldn’t run enough fast to catch the shop-lifter
A B C D
3 My bike, I had left at the gate, had disappeared
A B C D
4 Although the cold weather, we all went for a walk
A B C D
5 Despite of the interruption, she was still able to finish her assignment before class
A B C D
6 John’s family is very happy because his being awarded a scholarship
A B C D
7 In spite of the car was cheap, it was in good condition
A B C D
8 Peter comes from Witney, that is near Oxford
A B C D
9 The tree which branches are dead should be cut down
A B C D
10 He works at Heathrow Airport, that is one of the biggest airports in the world
A B C D
11 Da Lat, where is located on High Land, is famous for mild climate
A B C D
12 Nha Trang has a beautiful beach at which many tourists often sunbathe
A B C D
13 My brother works in Ca Mau, that is to the farthest end of Viet Nam
A B C D
14 The tour guide is introducing to the visitors the church which architecture is very special
A B C D
15 A huge amount of tourists come to this city every year
A B C D
Trang 716 It is too nice weather that I would like to go to the beach
A B C D
17 If it didn’t rain yesterday, we would have had our barbecue outdoors
A B C D
18 Despite she didn’t understand what the man who stopped her on the street wanted, she tried to
A B C D
be helpful
EXERCISE 4: Combine these pairs of sentences by using relative pronouns:
1 Many readers have used this card catalogue It is very helpful in finding the titles of the books
2 The picture is very beautiful Tom is looking at it
3 Do you know the dentist? He pulled Mary’s tooth yesterday
4 The girl is my classmate She is reading a magazine
5 The acrobat is his uncle We saw him on T.V last night
6 The man was Mr John I saw him
7 I am looking for the boy His shirt is blue
8 The man is very friendly His son is a friend of mine
9 The books are on science The books are on the desk
10 The movie was interesting We want ti see it
11 That is the boy He broke your windows yesterday
12 The doctor is famous I visited him yesterday
13 He is the young boy His father is a famous writer
14 He has just bought a table Its surface is made of precious wood
15 Nobody thinks of the poor workers Their life is very hard
16 She wears the uniform It was made last week
17 The tall man is the teacher of English My father is talking with him at the gate
18 What was the name of the man? His car was broken down
19 The boys must start their duties tomorrow Their names were taken down
20 Pasteur was an English biologiost His discovery of a cure for rabies made him famous
21 Marie Curie was a French physicist Her discovery of radium made her famous
22 The man wanted to see the headmaster His son has been expelled from school
23 The horse-tamer isn’t at home You want to meet him
24 The young man taught me English at secondary school He lives next to my house
25 Napoleon was a French emperor His final battle was in Waterloo
26 Angels was a German philosopher His discoveries had a great inflience on workers
27 James Watt was a Scottish scientist His invention of steam engine is famous throughout the world
28 Isaac Newton was a great English scientist His discovered the theory of gravitation
29 M Faraday was an English physicist His father was very poor
30 A person is a football player His interest is in football
31 Did you buy the house? Its cost is $ 100.000
32 The school is very nice We have learnt there for four years
33 Nam has just received a letter He is my roommate
34 That nurse always takes care of her patients well She is a dedicated girl
35 I found your bunch of keys It is on the table over there
36 That’s the train from Ha Noi I have just had a good trip with it
37 Smoking is a bad habit Many people are addicted to it
* Exercise 5: Fill in the blank with suitable RELATIVE PRONOUNS:
1 What is the name of the song _ you are whistting?
Trang 82 He is a very man _ caused the accident
3 People _ names begin with A always get taken first
4 He didn’t know the language made it difficult for him to get a job
5 I am sure that _ you say is true
6 I read a book was written by a friend of yours
7 My wife _ works as a journalist is an exellent cook
8 His previous marriage _ ended in divorce lasted five years
9 The man _ she is getting married to is an artist
10 She was once bitten by a monkey, _ made her dislike monkeys for the rest of her life
11 We travelled second class _ is cheaper than first class but more crowded
12 They sang as they marched, helped them to forget how tired they were
13 The students _ names are below the line on this list must take the examination again
14 The crime wasn’t discovered till 40 hours later, _ gave the criminals plenty of time to get away
15 He poured water on the burning oil stove, was a crazy thing to do
16 There are a lot of people in your office want to talk to you
17 One everning, he and the writer went to a restaurant _ they had a wonderful meal
18 The wine _ they drank came from Japan
19 For years he lived a life _ was very pleasurable
20 Most of the people _ were injured in the crash recovered quickly
21 Britain imports many cars _ are made in Japan
22 In the street there were several people _ were waiting for the shop to open
23 Monday is the day on they left (on which = when)
24 He admires Mrs Brown, _ surprises me
25 I have interest outside my daily professional work, _ gives me great pleasure
26 The dog, _ was barking, frightened the children
27 Don’t believe everything _ you read in the newspapers
28 In hospitals they wake patients at 6 a.m _ is much too early
29 The frogs croaked all night, _ kept me awake
30 Tell me _ you want me to do
31 A widow is a woman _ husband is dead
32 I don’t like children cry all day
33 The cowboy _ had been wounded by an arrow fell off his horse
34 They turned on the street lights, made it suddenly seem much darker than it really was
35 Do you know the dog was bitten by the snake in the garden?
36 Wilson, wife and daughter are very kind, is a good man
37 He played the violon all night, annoyed the neighbors
38 She expects me to do this exercise in haft an hour, _ is impossible
39 I couldn’t remember the number of my own car, _ made the police suspicious
40 You will be punished for you’ve done
41 John, I’ve known for 8 years, is one of my closest friends
42 The new stadium, _ holds 90.000 people, will be opened next month
43 We decided not to swim in the sea looks rather dirty
44 Two men, neither of _ I had seen before, came into my office
45 He tried on three jackets, none of _ fitted him
46 Yesterday, we visited the city museum _ I had never been to before
47 Fortunately we had a map, without _ we would have got lost
48 Mr Carter, to I spoke on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan
Trang 9THE END!