California science grade 5 (4)

Science Content Standards for California Public Schools reproduced by permission, California Department of Education, CDE Press, 1430 N Street, Suite 3207, Sacramento, CA 95814.. JoAnne

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The American Museum of Natural History in New York City is one of the world’s preeminent

scientific, educational, and cultural institutions, with a global mission to explore and interpret human cultures and the natural world through scientific research, education, and exhibitions Each year the Museum welcomes around four million visitors, including 500,000 schoolchildren in organized field trips It provides professional development activities for thousands of teachers; hundreds of public programs that serve audiences ranging from preschoolers to seniors; and an array of learning and teaching resources for use in homes, schools, and community-based settings Visit www.amnh.org for online resources.

Students with print disabilities may be eligible to obtain an accessible, audio version of the pupil edition

of this textbook Please call Recording for the Blind & Dyslexic at 1-800-221-4792 for complete information.

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Published by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, of McGraw-Hill Education, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Two Penn Plaza, New York, New York 10121.

Copyright © 2008 by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, network storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

Science Content Standards for California Public Schools reproduced by permission, California Department

of Education, CDE Press, 1430 N Street, Suite 3207, Sacramento, CA 95814.

is a trademark of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Printed in the United States of America

ISBN 0-02-284381-7/6

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (079/055) 10 09 08 07 06

Program Authors

Dr Jay K Hackett

Professor Emeritus of Earth Sciences

University of Northern Colorado

Dr Richard H Moyer

Professor of Science Education and Natural Sciences

University of Michigan–Dearborn

Dr JoAnne Vasquez

Elementary Science Education Consultant

NSTA Past President

Member, National Science Board

and NASA Education Board

Mulugheta Teferi, M.A.

Principal, Gateway Middle School

St Louis Public Schools

St Louis, MO

Dinah Zike, M.Ed.

Dinah Might Adventures LP

San Antonio, TX

Kathryn LeRoy, M.S.

Executive Director

Division of Mathematics and Science Education

Miami-Dade County Public Schools, FL

Dr Dorothy J T Terman

Science Curriculum Development Consultant

Former K–12 Science and Mathematics Coordinator

Irvine Unified School District, CA

Dr Gerald F Wheeler

Executive Director National Science Teachers Association

Bank Street College of Education

New York, NY

Contributing Authors

Dr Sally Ride

Sally Ride Science San Diego, CA

Lucille Villegas Barrera, M.Ed.

Elementary Science Supervisor Houston Independent School District Houston, TX

Dr Stephen F Cunha

Professor of Geography Humboldt State University Arcata, CA

American Museum

of Natural History

New York, NY

Contributing Writer Ellen Grace

Albuquerque, NM

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Content

Consultants

Rick MacPherson, Ph.D.

Program Director

The Coral Reef Alliance

San Francisco, CA

Bonnie J Brunkhorst,

Ph.D.

Department of

Geological Sciences,

California State University

San Bernardino, CA

Hector Córdova

Mireles, Ph.D.

Physics Department

California State

Polytechnic University

Pomona, CA

Editorial

Advisory Board

Gus Dalis, Ed.D.

Education Consultant

Torrance, CA

Debbie Drab

Long Beach USD

Carolyn Fong

Los Angeles USD

Joyce Garcia

La Seda Elementary

Rowland USD

Nancy Howe

Martin Luther King

Academy

Alisal USD

Linda D King

Principal, Muscoy

Elementary

San Bernardino City USD

Karen Kohn

Las Virgenes USD

Donna Lowe

Cherryland Elementary

Hayward USD

Jerrie Martin

NBCT

Los Angeles USD

Barbara Messmer

Roseville City School District

Joy Peoples

Riverside USD

Elizabeth Ramsey

Bel Air Elementary

Andrew Rodarte

Easterby Elementary Fresno USD

Rhonda Simard

Franklin Elementary Franklin USD

Jeri Starkweather

Calwa Elementary Fresno USD

Lauri Talbott

Carr Elementary Torrance USD

Dawn Vollmar

Foulks Ranch Elementary Elk Grove USD

Lindsay Waterman

Alamo Elementary

Sandra S Wilbur

Chaparral Elementary Capistrano USD

Janet Yamaguchi

Discovery Science Center Santa Ana, CA

Task Force

Diane Carnahan

K–12 Alliance/WestEd

David M Harris

Escondido USD

Michael Harris

Chico USD

Helen Logan Hays

K-8 Teacher (retired) Ukiah USD

Coffee Creek Elementary School District

Carmel USD

Scott Hays

K-8 Teacher (retired) Coffee Creek Elementary Washington Union School District Carmel USD

Kathy Jones

Chico USD

Nancy Maguire

Westpark Elementary Irvine, CA

Bettina Pierce

Elementary Science Specialist

Irvine USD

Vince Sipkovich

Educator/Science Consultant/Writer Huntington Beach, CA

Melissa Smith

Canyon Lake Middle School

Lake Elsinore USD

Judith Sydner-Gordon

Canfield Elementary School

Los Angeles, CA

Jennifer Weibert

Navelencia Middle School Reedley, CA

Susan Gomez Zwiep

Assistant Professor Science Education Cal State University Long Beach

Teacher Reviewers

Vicky Ann Buckley

U.S Grant Elementary Colton Joint USD Colton, CA

Naomi Griswold

Rio Hondo Elementary Downey USD

Downey, CA

Bret Harrison

Frank Ledesma Elementary Soledad USD Soledad, CA

Dennis Hatland

Abraham Lincoln Elementary Simi Valley USD Simi Valley, CA

Joanne Hemmings

La Veta Elementary Orange USD Orange, CA

Christina Lambie

Highland Elementary West Contra Costa USD Richmond, CA

Alice Moomjean

Cortada Elementary

El Monte USD

El Monte, CA

Michelle Orgon

Needham Intermediate Lodi USD

Lodi, CA

Sue Parsons

Richard Bard Elementary Hueneme USD

Pt Hueneme, CA

Sharon Pendola

St Alban’s Country Day School

Roseville, CA

Lisa Robinson

Marengo Elementary South Pasadena USD South Pasadena, CA

Roberta Sanchez

Lindberg Schweitzer Elementary

San Diego USD San Diego, CA

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This student is observing a changing color C

What is Science? 2

Observation 4

Question and Hypothesis 6

Experiment 8

Collect Data 10

Conclusion 12

Forming a Hypothesis 14

Recording Data 15

Testing a Hypothesis 16

Evaluating Evidence 17

Asking New Questions 18

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CHAPTER 1

Earth’s Ecosystems 20

Literature: Behind the Redwood Curtain 22

Lesson 1 Introduction to Earth’s Ecosystems 24

Inquiry Skill Builder: Compare 38

Lesson 2 Photosynthesis: The Basic Process of Life 40

Writing in Science 52

Lesson 3 Microscopic Organisms on Earth 54

Reading in Science 64

Lesson 4 Earth’s Food Chains, Webs, and Pyramids 66

Math in Science 78

Lesson 5 Earth’s Cycles for Life 80

Inquiry Investigation 90

Chapter 1 Review and Test Practice 92

B Animals and plants share a lake ecosystem.

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CHAPTER 2

Earth’s Land and Water 96

Literature: Mojave 98

Lesson 1 Earth’s Land Biomes 100

Inquiry Skill Builder: Sequence 1 1 6 Lesson 2 Earth’s Water Ecosystems 1 1 8 Reading in Science 128

Lesson 3 Ecosystems in California 132

Math in Science 149

Frozen Frogs 154

Careers in Science 156

B The members of this wolf pack live in the taiga.

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CHAPTER 3

Heat Energy 158

Literature: Sun-Powered Speed 160

Lesson 1 Heat Flow 162

Inquiry Skill Builder: Experiment 17 2 Lesson 2 Waves 174

Lesson 3 Fuels: Our Major Energy Source 186

Math in Science 197

Lesson 4 Heat Transfer in Solids and Fluids 19 8 Inquiry Investigation 206

B This rocket must burn a tremendous amount

of fuel to escape Earth’s atmosphere.

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CHAPTER 4

Energy in the Earth System 212

Literature: Lasers: A Scientific Breakthrough 214

Lesson 1 Electromagnetic Spectrum 2 1 6 Inquiry Skill Builder: Form a Hypothesis 226

Lesson 2 Solar Radiation 228

Lesson 3 The Power of Convection Currents 240

Math in Science 253

Out of Sight! 260

C A prism shows the

“rainbow” of colors

that make up the

spectrum of visible

light.

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CHAPTER 5

Plate Tectonics and Earth’s Structure 264

Literature: Cracked Plates 266

Lesson 1 Earth’s Moving Plates 268

Inquiry Skill Builder: Draw Conclusions 278

Lesson 2 Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory 280

Inquiry Skill Builder: Make a Model 294

Lesson 3 Earthquakes 296

Math in Science 307

Lesson 4 Volcanoes 308

Lesson 5 How Plate Tectonics Affects California 324

CHAPTER 6 Shaping Earth’s Surface 338

Literature: Surf vs Sand 340

Lesson 1 Atmospheric Pressure, Temperature, and Weather 342

Inquiry Skill Builder: Analyze Data 354

Lesson 2 Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition 356

Lesson 3 Rivers and Streams 368

Lesson 4 Beaches and Wave Erosion 380

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Lesson 5 Changing Habitats 390

Math in Science 404

CHAPTER 7 Earth’s Resources 410

Literature: Plug Into the Moon 4 1 2 Lesson 1 Sources of Energy 41 4 Inquiry Skill Builder: Communicate 426

Lesson 2 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources 428

Lesson 3 Uses of Resources 444

Math in Science 457

Understanding Earthquakes 462

B Oil field in Huntington Beach, California

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Earth’s Ecology

CHAPTER 1

Explore Activities

Do different ecosystems contain

different organisms? 25

How does light affect plants? 41

What can you see through a microscope? 55

How can you model a food chain? 67 How does water recycle itself? 81

Quick Labs Testing Soil pH 33

Leaves 47

Observing Protists 61

Your Food Chain 71

Fertilizers 87

Skill Builders and Investigations Compare 38

What factors affect the carbon, water, and nitrogen cycles? 90

CHAPTER 2 Explore Activities What are Earth’s biomes like? 101

What are water ecosystems like? 119 What are California’s ecosystems? 133

Quick Labs Endangered Species 107

Plants as Water Filters 125

A California Food Web 143

Skill Builders and Investigations Sequence 116

What is an estuary? 130

Earth’s Energy CHAPTER 3 Explore Activities How can you measure heat flow? 163

How can you change the sound a string makes? 175

How can you use the energy of the Sun? 187

How does heat flow from one material to another? 199

Quick Labs Different Objects, Different Temperatures 169

Traveling Sound Waves 181

What materials can reduce friction? 193

Which warms faster? 204

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Skill Builders and Investigations

Experiment 172

What are conduction and convection? 206

CHAPTER 4 Explore Activities Which material best heats water? 217

How can light energy create motion? 229

How does heat move in liquids and gases? 241

Quick Labs Distance and Energy 223

Solar Still 233

Expanding and Contracting Air 245 Skill Builders and Investigations Form a Hypothesis 226

What can convection currents do? 254

Earth’s Structure CHAPTER 5 Explore Activities Are the continents moving? 269

How can you make a model of Earth’s interior? 281

What happens when Earth’s surface breaks? 297

How can you make a model volcano erupt? 309

How do plate movements affect California? 325

Quick Labs Model Plate Movement 275

Measuring Density 285

Earthquake Safety 301

Cooling Candle Lava 319

Folded Mountains 329

Skill Builders and Investigations Draw Conclusions 278

Make a Model 294

What are some of the characteristics of volcanic rock? 322

CHAPTER 6 Explore Activities Where does precipitation come from? 343

How does the steepness of a slope affect stream erosion? 357

How can you map a watershed? 369

What is sand? 381

How do volcanic eruptions affect habitats? 391

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Quick Labs

Measuring Humidity 349

Layers of Sediment 361

Changing the Land 375

How Waves Affect Beaches 385

Local Natural Disaster 399

Analyze Data 354

What can change a river? 388

D This student is making a model that shows a volcano erupting.

CHAPTER 7

Explore Activities

What factors affect the efficiency

of a solar oven? 415 How energy efficient are different types of lightbulbs? 429 What are objects made of? 445

Quick Labs

The Power of Water 423 Fuel Supply 433 Sources of Clothes 451

Communicate 426 How can you classify a renewable resource? 442

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California Science Content Standards 466

Science Handbook Units of Measurement 468

Measure Time 470

Measure Length 47 1 Measure Mass 472

Measure Volume 473

Measure Weight/Force 474

Measure Temperature 475

Use a Hand Lens 476

Use a Microscope 477

Use Calculators 478

Use Computers 480

Make Graphs to Organize Data 482

Make Tables to Organize Information 484

Make Charts to Organize Information 485

Make Maps to Show Information 486

487

Glossary 4 9 1 Index 511

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In the Classroom

• Read all of the directions

Make sure you understand them

When you see “ Be Careful,”

follow the safety rules

• Listen to your teacher for special

safety directions If you do not

understand something, ask

for help

• Wash your hands with soap and

water before an activity

• Be careful around a hot plate

Know when it is on and when it

is off Remember that the plate

stays hot for a few minutes after

it is turned off

• Wear a safety apron if you work

with anything messy or anything

that might spill

• Clean up a spill right away,

or ask your teacher for help

• Tell your teacher if something

breaks If glass breaks, do not

clean it up yourself

• Wear safety goggles when your

teacher tells you to wear them

Wear them when working with

anything that can fly into your

eyes or when working with

liquids

• Keep your hair and clothes away from open flames Tie back long hair, and roll up long sleeves

• Keep your hands dry around electrical equipment

• Do not eat or drink anything during an experiment

• Put equipment back the way your teacher tells you to

• Dispose of things the way your teacher tells you to

• Clean up your work area after

an activity, and wash your hands with soap and water

In the Field

• Go with a trusted adult—such

as your teacher, or a parent or guardian

• Do not touch animals or plants without an adult’s approval The animal might bite The plant might be poison ivy or another dangerous plant

Responsibility

• Treat living things, the environment, and one another with respect

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