JoAnne Vasquez Elementary Science Education Consultant NSTA Past President Member, National Science Board and NASA Education Board Mulugheta Teferi, M.A.. Wheeler Executive Director Na
Trang 2The American Museum of Natural History in New York City is one of the world’s preeminent scientific, educational, and cultural institutions, with a global mission to explore and interpret human cultures and the natural world through scientific research, education, and exhibitions Each year the Museum welcomes around four million visitors, including 500,000 schoolchildren in organized field trips It provides professional development activities for thousands of teachers; hundreds of public programs that serve audiences ranging from preschoolers to seniors; and an array of learning and teaching resources for use in homes, schools, and community-based settings Visit www.amnh.org for online resources.
Students with print disabilities may be eligible to obtain an accessible, audio version of the pupil edition
of this textbook Please call Recording for the Blind & Dyslexic at 1-800-221-4792 for complete information.
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Published by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, of McGraw-Hill Education, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Two Penn Plaza, New York, New York 10121.
Copyright © 2008 by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed
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Science Content Standards for California Public Schools reproduced by permission, California Department of Education, CDE
Press, 1430 N Street, Suite 3207, Sacramento, CA 95814.
is a trademark of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Program Authors
Dr Jay K Hackett
Professor Emeritus of Earth Sciences
University of Northern Colorado
Dr Richard H Moyer
Professor of Science Education and Natural
Sciences
University of Michigan–Dearborn
Dr JoAnne Vasquez
Elementary Science Education Consultant
NSTA Past President
Member, National Science Board
and NASA Education Board
Mulugheta Teferi, M.A.
Principal, Gateway Middle School
St Louis Public Schools
St Louis, MO
Dinah Zike, M.Ed.
Dinah Might Adventures LP
San Antonio, TX
Kathryn LeRoy, M.S.
Executive Director
Division of Mathematics and Science Education
Miami-Dade County Public Schools, FL
Dr Dorothy J T Terman
Science Curriculum Development Consultant
Former K–12 Science and Mathematics Coordinator
Irvine Unified School District, CA
Dr Gerald F Wheeler
Executive Director National Science Teachers Association
Bank Street College of Education
New York, NY
Contributing Authors
Dr Sally Ride
Sally Ride Science San Diego, CA
Lucille Villegas Barrera, M.Ed.
Elementary Science Supervisor Houston Independent School District Houston, TX
Dr Stephen F Cunha
Professor of Geography Humboldt State University Arcata, CA
American Museum
of Natural History
New York, New York
Contributing Writer
Ellen Grace
Albuquerque, NM
Trang 3Content
Consultants
Rick MacPherson, Ph.D.
Program Director
The Coral Reef Alliance
San Francisco, CA
Bonnie J Brunkhorst,
Ph.D.
Department of
Geological Sciences,
California State University
San Bernardino, CA
Hector Córdova
Mireles, Ph.D.
Physics Department
California State
Polytechnic University
Pomona, CA
Editorial
Advisory Board
Gus Dalis, Ed.D.
Education Consultant
Torrance, CA
Debbie Drab
Long Beach USD
Carolyn Fong
Los Angeles USD
Joyce Garcia
La Seda Elementary
Rowland USD
Nancy Howe
Martin Luther King
Academy
Alisal USD
Linda D King
Principal, Muscoy
Elementary
San Bernardino City USD
Karen Kohn
Las Virgenes USD
Donna Lowe
Cherryland Elementary
Hayward USD
Jerrie Martin
NBCT
Los Angeles USD
Barbara Messmer
Roseville City School District
Joy Peoples
Riverside USD
Elizabeth Ramsey
Bel Air Elementary
Andrew Rodarte
Easterby Elementary Fresno USD
Rhonda Simard
Franklin Elementary Franklin USD
Jeri Starkweather
Calwa Elementary Fresno USD
Lauri Talbott
Carr Elementary Torrance USD
Dawn Vollmar
Foulks Ranch Elementary Elk Grove USD
Lindsay Waterman
Alamo Elementary
Sandra S Wilbur
Chaparral Elementary Capistrano USD
Janet Yamaguchi
Discovery Science Center Santa Ana, CA
Task Force
Diane Carnahan
K–12 Alliance/WestEd
David M Harris
Escondido USD
Michael Harris
Chico USD
Helen Logan Hays
K-8 Teacher (retired) Ukiah USD
Coffee Creek Elementary School District
Carmel USD
Scott Hays
K-8 Teacher (retired) Coffee Creek Elementary Washington Union School District Carmel USD
Kathy Jones
Chico USD
Nancy Maguire
Westpark Elementary Irvine, CA
Bettina Pierce
Elementary Science Specialist
Irvine USD
Vince Sipkovich
Educator/Science Consultant/Writer Huntington Beach, CA
Melissa Smith
Canyon Lake Middle School
Lake Elsinore USD
Judith Sydner-Gordon
Canfield Elementary School
Los Angeles, CA
Jennifer Weibert
Navelencia Middle School Reedley, CA
Susan Gomez Zwiep
Assistant Professor Science Education Cal State University Long Beach
Teacher Reviewers
Vicky Ann Buckley
U.S Grant Elementary Colton Joint USD Colton, CA
Naomi Griswold
Rio Hondo Elementary Downey USD
Downey, CA
Bret Harrison
Frank Ledesma Elementary Soledad USD Soledad, CA
Dennis Hatland
Abraham Lincoln Elementary Simi Valley USD Simi Valley, CA
Joanne Hemmings
La Veta Elementary Orange USD Orange, CA
Christina Lambie
Highland Elementary West Contra Costa USD Richmond, CA
Alice Moomjean
Cortada Elementary
El Monte USD
El Monte, CA
Michelle Orgon
Needham Intermediate Lodi USD
Lodi, CA
Sue Parsons
Richard Bard Elementary Hueneme USD
Pt Hueneme, CA
Sharon Pendola
St Alban’s Country Day School
Roseville, CA
Lisa Robinson
Marengo Elementary South Pasadena USD South Pasadena, CA
Roberta Sanchez
Lindberg Schweitzer Elementary
San Diego USD San Diego, CA
iii
Trang 4/aYO?cSabW]\
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Trang 5Students use tools
to measure and
record data C
What Is Science? 2
Observation 4
Question and Hypothesis 6
Experiment 8
Collecting Data 10
Conclusion 12
Forming a Hypothesis 14
Defining Variables 15
Designing an Experiment 16
Analyzing Data 17
Forming New Questions 18
v
Trang 6CHAPTER 1
Adaptations in Land Environments 20
Literature: Giant Sequoias 22
Lesson 1 Living Things and Their Needs 24
Inquiry Skill Builder: Compare and Classify 34
Lesson 2 Life in the Desert 36
Inquiry Investigation 44
Lesson 3 Life in the Grassland 46
Reading in Science 54
Lesson 4 Life in the Forest 56
Inquiry Investigation 66
Lesson 5 Life in the Arctic Tundra 68
Writing in Science 78
Math in Science 79
Chapter 1 Review and Test Practice 80
CHAPTER 2 Adaptations in Water Environments 84
Literature: Dragons of the Sea 86
Lesson 1 The Water Planet 88
Inquiry Skill Builder: Predict 96
Lesson 2 Life in an Ocean 98
Inquiry Investigation 108
Lesson 3 Life in the Wetlands 1 1 0 Reading in Science 1 1 8 Writing in Science 120
Math in Science 1 2 1 Chapter 2 Review and Test Practice 122
Trang 7CHAPTER 3
Environments Change 126
Literature: Can We Save the Peregrine Falcon? 1 2 8 Lesson 1 Living Things Change Their Environment 130
Inquiry Skill Builder: Record Data 13 8 Lesson 2 Changes Affect Living Things 140
Inquiry Investigation 150
Lesson 3 Living Things of the Past 1 5 2 Reading in Science 1 6 2 Writing in Science 164
Math in Science 165
Chapter 3 Review and Test Practice 166
Once Upon a Woodpecker 170 Careers in Science 17 2
Beavers use
branches to build
dams and lodges
in the water C
vii
Trang 8CHAPTER 4
Our Earth, Sun, and Moon 174
Literature: The Sun and the Moon 176
Lesson 1 Day and Night 1 7 8 Inquiry Skill Builder: Analyze Data 186
Lesson 2 The Seasons 1 8 8 Writing in Science 196
Math in Science 197
Lesson 3 The Moon 198
Inquiry Investigation 206
Reading in Science 208 Chapter 4 Review and Test Practice 2 1 0
D During the summer, temperatures are warmer, and there are more hours
of daylight.
Trang 9B The four inner planets are warmer than the other
planets because they are closer to the Sun.
CHAPTER 5
Our Solar System 214
Literature: To Space and Back 216
Lesson 1 The Sun and Its Planets 218
Inquiry Skill Builder: Observe 226
Lesson 2 Telescopes: Discovering the Solar System 228
Inquiry Investigation 234
Lesson 3 The Stars 236
Reading in Science 244
Writing in Science 246
Math in Science 247
Chapter 5 Review and Test Practice 248
What a Difference Day Length Makes 252
Careers in Science 254
ix
Trang 10CHAPTER 6
Matter 256
Literature: Freezing Rain 258
Lesson 1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases 260
Inquiry Skill Builder: Measure 270
Lesson 2 Building Blocks of Matter 272
Reading in Science 280
Writing in Science 282
Math in Science 283
Lesson 3 Changing Matter 284
Inquiry Investigation 292
Chapter 6 Review and Test Practice 294
CHAPTER 7 Energy 298
Literature: Wind Power 300
Lesson 1 Energy All Around 302
Inquiry Skill Builder: Draw Conclusions 312
Lesson 2 Using Energy 314
Reading in Science 322
Writing in Science 324
Math in Science 325
Lesson 3 Energy on the Move 326
Inquiry Investigation 336
Chapter 7 Review and Test Practice 338
Trang 11CHAPTER 8
Light 342
Literature: Crystal Vision 344
Lesson 1 How Light Moves 346
Inquiry Skill Builder: Experiment 354
Lesson 2 Seeing Light and Color 356
Reading in Science 364
Inquiry Investigation 366
Lesson 3 Shadows 368
Writing in Science 376
Math in Science 377
Chapter 8 Review and Test Practice 378
The Shocking Story of Electric Eels 382
Careers in Science 384
D When a roller coaster is at the top of the track,
it has stored energy.
xi
Trang 12Life Science
CHAPTER 1
Explore Activities
What do plants need to live? 25
What adaptations help plants survive in a desert? 37
What kinds of animals live in a grassland? 47
Will a plant grow toward light? 57
Does fat help animals survive in cold environments? 69
Quick Labs Observe Plant Parts 29
Desert Adaptations 41
How Grasses Grow 51
Hiding Out 63
Arctic Adaptations 75
Skill Builders and Investigations Compare and Classify 34
How does camouflage help some animals survive? 44
How do trees affect light in a rain forest? 66
CHAPTER 2 Explore Activities Can ocean animals live and grow in fresh water? 89
How do jellyfish and some other water animals move? 99
How do wetlands filter water? 111
Quick Labs Water Temperatures 93
Plant Growth 103
Wetland Plants and Water Level 115
Skill Builders and Investigations Predict 96
How does salt affect the way things float in water? 108
CHAPTER 3 Explore Activities How can worms change their environment? 131
What happens to some plants when there is a flood? 141
How do fossils tell us about the past? 153
Quick Labs A Beaver’s Tools 135
Grassland Ecosystem 147
Fossil Mystery 159
Skill Builders and Investigations Record Data 138 How do environmental changes
Trang 13Earth Science
CHAPTER 4
Explore Activities
How do shadows change? 179
What happens when seasons
change? 189
How does the Moon’s shape
appear to change? 199
Quick Labs
A Model of Earth 183
Sunset Times 193
Make a Moon Phase Flip Book 202
Skill Builders and Investigations
Analyze Data 186
Why does the Moon’s shape
appear to change? 206
CHAPTER 5
Explore Activities
How do the planets move through space? 219 How do telescopes help us
learn about distant objects? 229 Why do we only see the stars
at night? 237
Quick Labs
Why Do Planets Shine? 221
A Water Lens 231 Make a Constellation 241
Water drops act
like lenses C
xiii
Trang 14Physical Science
CHAPTER 6
Explore Activities
How do you describe objects? 261
How can you classify matter? 273
How does matter change? 285
Quick Labs
Solids, Liquids, and Gases 265
Model of an Atom 277
Chemical Changes 289
Skill Builders and Investigations
Measure 270
How can physical and chemical
changes affect matter? 292
CHAPTER 7
Explore Activities
What happens to air as
it is heated? 303
How can you increase the distance
a toy car travels? 315
Do waves carry energy? 327
Quick Labs
Forms of Energy 307
Using Energy 319
How Sounds Are Made 333
Skill Builders and Investigations
Draw Conclusions 312 How does sound energy move
through different materials? 336
CHAPTER 8
Explore Activities
How does light move? 347 How does light affect
the color you see? 357 How do materials affect light? 369
Quick Labs
Movement of Light 351 How Light Affects Your Pupils 359 What Causes a Shadow
to Change Size? 373
Skill Builders and Investigations
Experiment 354 How can you mix
colors of light? 366
Trang 15California Science Content Standards 386
Science Handbook Units of Measurement 388
Measure Time 390
Measure Length 3 9 1 Measure Area 3 9 1 Measure Mass 392
Measure Volume 393
Measure Weight/Force 394
Measure Temperature 395
Use a Hand Lens 396
Use a Microscope 397
Use Calculators 398
Use Computers 400
Make Graphs 402
Make Maps 404
Make Tables 405
Make Charts 406
407
Glossary 4 1 1 Index 425
xv
Trang 16In the Classroom
• Read all of the directions
Make sure you understand them
follow the safety rules
safety directions If you do not
understand something, ask
for help
water before an activity
Know when it is on and when it
is off Remember that the plate
stays hot for a few minutes after
it is turned off
with anything messy or anything
that might spill
• Clean up a spill right away,
or ask your teacher for help
breaks If glass breaks, do not
clean it up yourself
teacher tells you to wear them
Wear them when working with
anything that can fly into your
eyes or when working with
from open flames Tie back long hair, and roll up long sleeves
electrical equipment
during an experiment
teacher tells you to
teacher tells you to
an activity, and wash your hands with soap and water
In the Field
as your teacher, or a parent or guardian
without an adult’s approval The animal might bite The plant might be poison ivy or another dangerous plant
Responsibility
• Treat living things, the environment, and one another with respect