Moyer Professor of Science Education and Natural Sciences University of Michigan–Dearborn Dr.. JoAnne Vasquez Elementary Science Education Consultant NSTA Past President Member, Nationa
Trang 2Students with print disabilities may be eligible to obtain an accessible, audio version of the pupil edition
of this textbook Please call Recording for the Blind & Dyslexic at 1-800-221-4792 for complete information.
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Published by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, of McGraw-Hill Education, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
Two Penn Plaza, New York, New York 10121.
Copyright © 2008 by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill All rights reserved No part of this publication may be
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is a trademark of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN 0-02-284379-5/5
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (058/055) 10 09 08 07 06
Program Authors
Dr Jay K Hackett
Professor Emeritus of Earth Sciences
University of Northern Colorado
Dr Richard H Moyer
Professor of Science Education and Natural
Sciences
University of Michigan–Dearborn
Dr JoAnne Vasquez
Elementary Science Education Consultant
NSTA Past President
Member, National Science Board
and NASA Education Board
Mulugheta Teferi, M.A.
Principal, Gateway Middle School
St Louis Public Schools
St Louis, MO
Dinah Zike, M.Ed.
Dinah Might Adventures LP
San Antonio, TX
Kathryn LeRoy, M.S.
Executive Director
Division of Mathematics and Science Education
Miami-Dade County Public Schools, FL
Dr Dorothy J T Terman
Science Curriculum Development Consultant
Former K–12 Science and Mathematics Coordinator Irvine Unified School District, CA
Dr Gerald F Wheeler
Executive Director National Science Teachers Association
Bank Street College of Education
New York, NY
Contributing Authors
Dr Sally Ride
Sally Ride Science San Diego, CA
Lucille Villegas Barrera, M.Ed.
Elementary Science Supervisor Houston Independent School District Houston, TX
Dr Stephen F Cunha
Professor of Geography Humboldt State University Arcata, CA
American Museum
of Natural History
New York, NY
Contributing Writer
Ellen Grace
Albuquerque, NM
The American Museum of Natural History in New York City is one of the world’s preeminent scientific, educational, and cultural institutions, with a global mission to explore and interpret human cultures and the natural world through scientific research, education, and exhibitions Each year the Museum welcomes around four million visitors, including 500,000 schoolchildren in organized field trips It provides professional development activities for thousands of teachers; hundreds of public
programs that serve audiences ranging from preschoolers to seniors; and an array of learning and teaching resources for use in homes,
schools, and community-based settings Visit www.amnh.org for online resources.
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Trang 3Content
Consultants
Rick MacPherson, Ph.D.
Program Director
The Coral Reef Alliance
San Francisco, CA
Bonnie J Brunkhorst,
Ph.D.
Department of
Geological Sciences,
California State University
San Bernardino, CA
Hector Córdova
Mireles, Ph.D.
Physics Department
California State
Polytechnic University
Pomona, CA
Editorial
Advisory Board
Gus Dalis, Ed.D.
Education Consultant
Torrance, CA
Debbie Drab
Long Beach USD
Carolyn Fong
Los Angeles USD
Joyce Garcia
La Seda Elementary
Rowland USD
Nancy Howe
Martin Luther King
Academy
Alisal USD
Linda D King
Principal, Muscoy
Elementary
San Bernardino City USD
Karen Kohn
Las Virgenes USD
Donna Lowe
Cherryland Elementary
Hayward USD
Jerrie Martin
NBCT
Los Angeles USD
Joy Peoples
Riverside USD
Elizabeth Ramsey
Bel Air Elementary
Andrew Rodarte
Easterby Elementary Fresno USD
Rhonda Simard
Franklin Elementary Franklin USD
Jeri Starkweather
Calwa Elementary Fresno USD
Lauri Talbott
Carr Elementary Torrance USD
Dawn Vollmar
Foulks Ranch Elementary Elk Grove USD
Lindsay Waterman
Alamo Elementary
Sandra S Wilbur
Chaparral Elementary Capistrano USD
Janet Yamaguchi
Discovery Science Center Santa Ana, CA
Task Force
Diane Carnahan
K–12 Alliance/WestEd
David M Harris
Escondido USD
Michael Harris
Chico USD
Helen Logan Hays
K-8 Teacher (retired) Ukiah USD
Coffee Creek Elementary School District
Carmel USD
Scott Hays
K-8 Teacher (retired) Coffee Creek Elementary Washington Union School District Carmel USD
Kathy Jones
Chico USD
Nancy Maguire
Westpark Elementary Irvine, CA
Bettina Pierce
Elementary Science Specialist
Irvine USD
Vince Sipkovich
Educator/Science Consultant/Writer Huntington Beach, CA
Melissa Smith
Canyon Lake Middle School
Lake Elsinore USD
Judith Sydner-Gordon
Canfield Elementary School
Los Angeles, CA
Jennifer Weibert
Navelencia Middle School Reedley, CA
Susan Gomez Zwiep
Assistant Professor Science Education Cal State University Long Beach
Teacher Reviewers
Vicky Ann Buckley
U.S Grant Elementary Colton Joint USD Colton, CA
Naomi Griswold
Rio Hondo Elementary Downey USD
Downey, CA
Bret Harrison
Frank Ledesma Elementary Soledad USD Soledad, CA
Dennis Hatland
Abraham Lincoln Elementary Simi Valley USD Simi Valley, CA
Joanne Hemmings
La Veta Elementary Orange USD Orange, CA
Christina Lambie
Highland Elementary West Contra Costa USD Richmond, CA
Alice Moomjean
Cortada Elementary
El Monte USD
El Monte, CA
Michelle Orgon
Needham Intermediate Lodi USD
Lodi, CA
Sue Parsons
Richard Bard Elementary Hueneme USD
Pt Hueneme, CA
Sharon Pendola
St Alban’s Country Day School
Roseville, CA
Lisa Robinson
Marengo Elementary South Pasadena USD South Pasadena, CA
Roberta Sanchez
Lindberg Schweitzer Elementary
San Diego USD San Diego, CA
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Trang 5What Is Science? 2
Observation 4
Question and Hypothesis 6
Experiment 8
Collecting Data 10
Conclusion 12
Asking Questions and Forming a Hypothesis 14
Defining Variables 15
Designing an Experiment 16
Collecting and Analyzing Data 17
Forming New Questions 18
Students make measurements and record data C
v
Trang 6CHAPTER 1
Structure of Living Things 20
Literature: Cancer-Sniffing Canines 22
Lesson 1 Cells 24
Inquiry Skill Builder: Experiment 34
Lesson 2 From Cells to Organisms 36
Inquiry Investigation 44
Lesson 3 Diversity of Organisms 46
Reading in Science 58
Writing in Science 60
Math in Science 6 1 Chapter 1 Review and Test Practice 62
CHAPTER 2 Plant Structures and Functions 66
Literature: “Branches” from Echoes for the Eye 68
Lesson 1 Vascular Plants 70
Inquiry Skill Builder: Classify 78
Lesson 2 Plant Transport Systems 80
Inquiry Investigation 88
Lesson 3 Photosynthesis and Respiration 90
Reading in Science 98
Writing in Science 100
Math in Science 1 0 1 Chapter 2 Review and Test Practice 102
vi
Trang 7CHAPTER 3
Human Body Systems 106
Literature: Bigger Muscles or a Stronger Heart? 108
Lesson 1 The Human Body 1 1 0 Inquiry Skill Builder: Form a Hypothesis 1 1 8 Lesson 2 The Digestive System 120
Reading in Science 130
Lesson 3 The Respiratory System 132
Inquiry Investigation 140
Lesson 4 The Circulatory System 142
Reading in Science 152
Lesson 5 The Excretory System 154
Writing in Science 164
Math in Science 165
Chapter 3 Review and Test Practice 166
Adventures in Eating 170
Careers in Science 172
C The human heart beats about 70 to 90 times
a minute.
vii
Trang 8CHAPTER 4
Earth’s Water 174
Literature: Mono Lake 1 7 6 Lesson 1 Earth: The Blue Planet 1 7 8 Inquiry Skill Builder: Observe and Measure 1 8 6 Lesson 2 The Water Cycle 1 8 8 Inquiry Investigation 200
Lesson 3 Fresh Water Resources 202
Writing in Science 2 1 2 Math in Science 2 1 3 Lesson 4 California’s Water Supply 2 1 4 Reading in Science 2 2 2 Chapter 4 Review and Test Practice 2 24 CHAPTER 5 Earth’s Weather 228
Literature: Strong Storms 230
Lesson 1 Earth’s Atmosphere 232
Inquiry Skill Builder: Communicate 240
Lesson 2 Air Currents and Wind 242
Inquiry Investigation 250
Lesson 3 Oceans and Air Temperature 252
Inquiry Investigation 260
Lesson 4 Severe Weather 2 6 2 Writing in Science 274
Math in Science 275
Lesson 5 Predicting the Weather 276
Reading in Science 28 6 Chapter 5 Review and Test Practice 28 8
viii
Trang 9CHAPTER 6
The Solar System 292
Literature: Stopping By a Planet on a Snowy Evening 294
Lesson 1 The Sun 296
Inquiry Skill Builder: Draw Conclusions 304
Lesson 2 The Structure of the Solar System 306
Inquiry Investigation 3 1 4 Lesson 3 Gravity and Orbit 3 1 6 Reading in Science 324
Writing in Science 326
Math in Science 327
Chapter 6 Review and Test Practice 328
The Case for Clean Water 332
Careers in Science 334
B This astronaut catches floating candy
while in a space vehicle orbiting Earth.
ix
Trang 10CHAPTER 7
Types of Matter 336
Literature: Metamorphosis 338
Lesson 1 Properties of Matter 340
Inquiry Skill Builder: Record Data and Infer 350 Lesson 2 Elements 352
Inquiry Investigation 360
Lesson 3 Classifying Elements 362
Reading in Science 374
Lesson 4 Mixtures 376
Writing in Science 386
Math in Science 387
Lesson 5 Compounds 388
Inquiry Investigation 398
Chapter 7 Review and Test Practice 400
B The iron in this ship turned to rust when exposed to air.
x
Trang 11CHAPTER 8
Changes in Matter 404
Literature: The Grizzly Man 406
Lesson 1 Chemical Reactions 408
Inquiry Skill Builder: Use Variables 41 8 Lesson 2 Metals and Alloys 420
Inquiry Investigation 432
Lesson 3 Salts 434
Reading in Science 446
Writing in Science 448
Math in Science 449
Chapter 8 Review and Test Practice 450
Plants as Pollution Control 454
Careers in Science 456
B Crystals of salt have a cubic shape.
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Trang 12Life Science
CHAPTER 1
Explore Activities
What are plants and animals
made of? 25
What are the levels of organization of living things? 37
How would you classify a new plant? 47
Quick Labs Plant and Animal Cells 31
Muscle Tissues 41
Bread Mold Activity 55
Skill Builders and Investigations Experiment 34
How do cells from different tissues in the human body compare? 44
CHAPTER 2 Explore Activities What are the parts of vascular plants ? 71
How does water move in a plant? 81
What do plants produce? 91
Quick Labs Fern Spores 75
Root Cross Section 85
The Food in Leaves 95
Skill Builders and Investigations Classify 78
How does water move in and out of plants? 88
CHAPTER 3 Explore Activities What parts of your body are you using? 111
Why is the small intestine full of folds? 121
How much air do you breathe? 133
When does your heart work the hardest? 143
How do your kidneys filter out waste? 155
Quick Labs The Skeletal System 115
Your Teeth 125
The Gas You Exhale 137
Vein Valves 149
Tiny Filters 159
Skill Builders and Investigations Form a Hypothesis 118
What are the products of respiration? 140
xii
Trang 13Earth Science
CHAPTER 4
Explore Activities
How much of Earth’s water is
salty and how much is fresh? 179
How do water droplets form? 189
How much fresh water
do you use? 203
How much precipitation falls
in your community? 215
Quick Labs
How the Ocean Becomes Salty 183
Types of Clouds 195
Cleaning Polluted Water 209
Your Water Sources 219
Skill Builders and Investigations
Observe and Measure 186
How can you tell that water
vapor is in the air? 200
CHAPTER 5
Explore Activities
How does air density change
if the volume is changed? 233
How does the angle of sunlight
affect temperature? 243
What can cause two places to
have different temperatures? 253
What happens when masses
of air meet? 263
How can you tell the direction that wind is blowing? 277
Quick Labs
Air Pressure and Weight 237 Land and Water Temperatures 247 Ocean Currents 257 Tornado in a Bottle 269 Highs and Lows 283
Skill Builders and Investigations
Communicate 240 How does warmed air
affect weather? 250 How does a land mass affect
the speed of an ocean current? 260
CHAPTER 6 Explore Activities
How do the sizes of Earth and the Sun compare? 297 How far apart are the planets? 307 What keeps the Moon
moving around Earth? 317
Quick Labs
The Parts of the Sun 301 Moon Craters 311 Gravity and Inertia 321
Skill Builders and Investigations
Draw Conclusions 304 Why do comets have tails? 314
xiii
Trang 14Physical Science
CHAPTER 7
Explore Activities
What makes a large object
light? 341
Do living things contain carbon? 353
What patterns can you find? 363
How can you separate mixed substances? 377
What is rust? 389
Quick Labs Changes of State 347
Map of Elements 357
Magnification 371
Temperature in Solutions 381
Identify the Compound 395
Skill Builders and Investigations Record Data and Infer 350
How can unknown elements be identified? 360
CHAPTER 8 Explore Activities What happens when substances change? 409
How can you tell if it is metal? 421
What are salts made of? 435
Quick Labs Compare Reactivities 413
Hardness vs Flexibility 427
Red Cabbage Juice is an Indicator 441
Skill Builders and Investigations Use Variables 418
How can you compare the electrical conductivity of metals? 432
xiv