Augustine, Florida, is the oldest European settlement in the United States and Spain’s first successful settlement in Florida.. In this book you will read about the history of the Spanis
Trang 1by ELLEN CUTLER
Scott Foresman Social Studies
Nonfi ction Compare and
Contrast
• Maps
• Time Line
• Sidebars
ISBN 0-328-14875-X
ì<(sk$m)=beihfc< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U
ST AUGUSTINE
and Florida’s Spanish Heritage
by Ellen Cutler
Fascinating Facts
attacked Spanish ships along the Florida coast,
was Edward Teach (or Thatch)
Spanish settlers and Timucua Indians, was
the last person who could speak the Timucua
language He died in 1767
founded by Spanish settlers in 1565, no king or
queen of Spain visited it until April 1, 2001—
almost 436 years later!
by ELLEN CUTLER
Scott Foresman Social Studies
Nonfi ction Compare and
Contrast
• Maps
• Time Line
• Sidebars
ISBN 0-328-14875-X
ì<(sk$m)=beihfc< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U
ST AUGUSTINE
and Florida’s Spanish Heritage
by Ellen Cutler
Fascinating Facts
attacked Spanish ships along the Florida coast,
was Edward Teach (or Thatch)
Spanish settlers and Timucua Indians, was
the last person who could speak the Timucua
language He died in 1767
founded by Spanish settlers in 1565, no king or
queen of Spain visited it until April 1, 2001—
almost 436 years later!
Trang 2empire expedition colony thatch culture descendant criollo convert missionaries mission
Write to It!
The modern word creole comes from the Spanish word criollo How is creole different
in meaning from criollo? What is an example
of the way we use creole today? Write a
newsletter article about the origins of each word and how the words are used today
Write your article on a separate sheet of paper.
ISBN: 0-328-14875-X
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Printed in the
United States of America This publication or parts thereof may be used with appropriate
equipment to reproduce copies for classroom use only
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
St Augustine, Florida, is the oldest European
settlement in the United States and Spain’s first
successful settlement in Florida In this book you
will read about the history of the Spanish in Florida,
the problems faced by the residents of St Augustine,
and the impact of the Spanish on Native Americans
Maps
3, 5, 14 MapQuest, Inc.
Photographs
Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material
The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.
Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.
Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: Timothy O`Keefe/Index Stock Imagery
2 Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library International Ltd.
4 (T1) The Granger Collection, (T2) Image Farm, Inc
8 (C) ©Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis
9 The Granger Collection
12 Richard Cummins/Corbis
15 (R1, R2, R3, R4) ©N Carter/North Wind Picture Archives
Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New York Sales Offices: Needham, Massachusetts • Duluth, Georgia • Glenview, Illinois Coppell, Texas • Ontario, California • Mesa, Arizona
by Ellen Cutler
ST AUGUSTINE
and Florida’s Spanish Heritage
Trang 3A Brief History of Florida and the City of St Augustine
St Augustine, Florida, is the oldest European settlement in what is now the United States of America It was founded in
1565 as a small military outpost The first fort was a council house in a Native American village Today St Augustine is a pleasant town whose beaches, golf courses, and historic sites attract many tourists
The history of St Augustine, however, is part
of the complicated history of European settlers
in America
A Timucua village
Palos
SPAIN
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Caribbean Sea
Bahama Islands
Canary Islands
Cuba
Hispaniola
San Salvador Island
N O R T H
A M E R I C A
S O U T H A M E R I C A
A F R I C A
E U R O P E
0 500 1,000 Miles
0 500 1,000 Kilometers
N
Columbus’s first voyage, 1492–1493
Key
3
The presence of Europeans in America dates back to 1492 and the voyage of discovery made
by Christopher Columbus for the king and queen of Spain Columbus was in search of
a sea route to India When he landed in the islands southeast of Florida, he was sure he had achieved his goal He called the residents of the islands “Indians” and claimed their land for the
Spanish Empire.
Columbus and the explorers who followed
him mapped the islands and led expeditions to
the lands beyond them The empire grew with every new place they found The king rewarded many of the explorers with property in the new world and with powerful jobs as governors of
the colonies they founded.
Trang 4Juan Ponce de León was one
of these Spanish explorers He was also the person who gave Florida its name
In 1513 Ponce
de León led
an expedition north toward an
“island” in the Atlantic Ocean
He sailed up the coast, past tiny islands and beautiful beaches, and finally brought his men ashore at a place filled with sweet-smelling flowers It was spring,
near the time of Spain’s Pascua florida
(PAHS-koo-a FLOOR-ee-dah) or “flowery Easter.” He named the area “Tierra de la Florida”—“the flowery land.”
In 1521 Ponce de León returned to Florida with the intention of founding a colony there
The wilderness posed many dangers and Native Americans attacked the settlers Ponce de
León was badly wounded in an attack He and his crew gave up any idea of building a town there Others would follow in Ponce de León’s footsteps, but their attempts to colonize the area would also fail for the next forty years
Juan Ponce de León
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Lake Okeechobee
Cape Canaveral
Pensacola
San Marcos
St Augustine San Mateo
Tampa Bay
Charlotte Harbor Gulf of Mexico
Biscayne Bay
GEORGIA ALABAMA
0 75 150 Miles
0 75 150 Kilometers
N
5
The area that Ponce de León named “la Florida” was enormous It stretched west across Alabama and Louisiana to the Mississippi
River, and north along the coast of Georgia into South Carolina as far as the Virginia border
While Spain lay claim to all this land, it could not defend its claim without colonizing it
France, Holland, and England all intended
to make America part of their empires
France was the first to enter Spanish territory In 1564 France built Fort Caroline
at the mouth of the St Johns River on the northeastern coast of Florida
Trang 5The king of Spain was quick to respond to France’s action He sent Pedro Menéndez de Avilés to drive the French out and establish a Spanish presence on the coast
In August 1565, Menéndez and his troops sailed up the coast of Florida and set up camp in
a Timucua village a little south of Fort Caroline
Within a month, Menéndez had destroyed the French colony and returned Florida to Spanish control He also brought hundreds of colonists
to join the soldiers in the Timucua village that he had named St Augustine
Important Dates in the History
of Florida and St Augustine
1492 Christopher Columbus arrives in islands near Florida.
1564 France founds a colony on the northeastern coast of
Florida.
1513 Ponce de León claims new land for Spain and names it
“la Florida.”
1577 Missionaries arrive in large numbers in Florida to convert Native Americans to Christianity.
1565 Menéndez founds
St Augustine and destroys the French colony.
7
There may have been as many as eight hundred residents in St Augustine at first, most of whom were men Only twenty-six were women A number of the residents were enslaved Africans
In less than a year, the townspeople moved from St Augustine to an island across the bay where they felt they would be safer, leaving the soldiers behind to defend the fort Life
on the island presented its own problems, which forced the townspeople to return to St
Augustine in 1572
1740 British settlers
in the colony of Georgia attack
St Augustine.
1783 Spain takes back control of Florida after the American War for Independence.
1845 Florida becomes the 27th state in the United States of
America
1763 Spain loses Florida
to Great Britain.
1821 Spain gives Florida to the United States.
Trang 6The Castillo de San Marcos
The Castillo de San Marcos was the tenth fort built by the Spanish on the same site, but the first one made from stone in the United States The stone came from an island across the bay from St Augustine Made up of bits
of shell, it is called coquina (coh-KEE-nah),
which means “little shells.” Begun in 1672, the Castillo de San Marcos took twenty-three years to build and has never fallen from a military attack
9
The Timucua Indians
The Timucua Indians lived throughout northern Florida for more than a thousand years before the arrival of Spanish explorers
In the center of each Timucua village was a council house where important meetings took place While each family had its own round hut
made from palm thatch, villagers cooked and
ate together
The role of chief was handed down from fathers to sons If there were no sons, however,
a woman could become chief
Trang 7Timucua men knotted their long hair on top
of their heads and often tattooed their bodies
They hollowed out the trunks of large trees for dugout canoes and hunted game—bears, deer, wild turkey, and alligators—with spears, clubs, and bows and arrows
The women planted fields with corn, beans, and squash They also gathered roots, berries, and nuts that grew wild in the forests Women sewed clothes from animal skins and formed cooking pots from clay they dug from the ground
Much of what we know about the Timucua comes from the drawings and records made by the first European settlers This information
is incomplete, however Writers tended to concentrate on the Timucua men and their activities The Europeans’ descriptions
of Timucua women and their areas of responsibility are much less detailed
In 1565 Chief Seloy of the Timucua invited Menéndez and his troops, as well as the
settlers who followed, to stay in his village
The Timucua provided the Spanish with food and taught them how to build thatch shelters
Soon, however, the relationship soured and the Timucua found it necessary to protect their land They attacked the Spanish fort, setting it
on fire with burning arrows
11
In the end, the Europeans destroyed the
culture of the Timucua and other Native
Americans They brought diseases that were deadly, enslaved some Native Americans, and forced many others into hard labor The Timucua population quickly declined Before the end of the 1700s, the Timucua culture had completely disappeared
Encomienda
In order to take advantage of America’s riches, Spain needed colonists to settle there and workers for the farms and mines
Encomienda was a way to solve both of
these problems: it encouraged Spaniards
to settle in America and made sure there
would be enough workers Encomienda
was a grant, or something given as a favor, from the Spanish crown that gave individual colonists the right to demand labor from Native Americans In return for this right,
the encomenderos—the colonists given
encomienda—had to keep order in the
Native American community
Trang 8Life in Spanish St Augustine
St Augustine was a poor town It had no goldmines or forests full of valuable trees It was a small town, far away from important colonies in Cuba and Mexico St Augustine did, however, have a useful location on the seacoast:
ships carrying gold and other materials back
to Spain could hide in the harbor from pirates, and soldiers in the fort could
protect Florida from attacks
The colonists also faced the constant threats of floods, fires, hurricanes, and disease Nothing could protect the colony from the rage of Atlantic hurricanes and terrible storms that struck
in 1599, 1638, 1674, and 1707
13
Although far from Spain, St Augustine shared the same culture: laws, customs, and even architecture followed the Spanish models
Peninsulars (peh-NIN-seh-lehrs), or colonists born on the Spanish peninsula, were the most powerful members of colonial society Military officers and government officials were members
of this group
Next came their descendants, the criollos
(cree-OH-yohs) Criollos were of pure Spanish
blood, but were born in America The
peninsulars and criollos of St Augustine clung
to the culture of Old Spain
Many peninsulars and criollos—like ordinary
soldiers—were poor, but they still had more power than Native Americans and free blacks
Enslaved Africans had the least amount of power in society
Native American culture was most strongly felt among the poor, many of whom married into Native American families In these
households, Spanish, Native American, and African traditions combined to create a new culture that was unique to the area
Trang 9San Nicolás
San
Carlos
San Juan Guarcára Santa Catalina
Santa Fé de Toloca
Santa Rosa
San Salvador
de Mayaca
San Antonio
de Anacape
Tissimi
Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Tolomato Nombre
de Dios San Juan del Puerto
Santa Maria Santa Catalina
de Guale
San Diego San Francisco
de Potano
San Luis
de Eloquale
San Luis de Acuera Santa Lucia de Acuera
Santa Cruz de Tarihica Santa Cruz de Ajohica
San Pedro Santa Elena San Mateo
San Lorenzo
de Ibitachuco
San Miguél
San Damian
San Luis
San Pedro
de los Chines
St Augustine
ATLANTIC OCEAN
G u l f o f M e x i c o
Apalachee Bay
St Johns Bay
APALACHEE
A P
A LA
C H EE
T IM
U C U TIM UC UA
TIM
GEORGIA
Mission Mission trail Native American group Native American group Present-day border
Key
APALACHEE
0 25 50 Kilometers
N
14
St Augustine and the Spanish Missions
To convert Native Americans to Christianity
was a major part of Spain’s effort to make America part of its empire
Missionaries did more than just teach
religion They gave Native Americans new names, a new language, and taught them to follow Spanish customs Missionaries reached
out to Native Americans through missions, or
religious communities that provided housing, care, and Christian education The first mission was founded just outside of St Augustine, and
by 1675 a chain of missions stretched across the northern part of the state
15
Although hundreds of missions were built, few of them became permanent settlements As the Native American population dropped, so did the
number of missions Attacks by settlers in the English colonies of Georgia and Virginia also led to the end of the missions
The End of Spanish Florida
Spain battled for two hundred years to keep control over its lands in the Americas Little by little, Florida shrank in size as England colonized Virginia and Georgia
By 1764 the original territory
of “la Florida” had shrunk When Spain traded Florida to Great Britain for the island of Cuba, it was about the same size of the present-day state Cities such as St Augustine became English colonies and
something new was added to the mix
of cultures The United States took possession of Florida in 1821, and
in 1845 Florida became the twenty-seventh state of the Union
Trang 10Glossary
colony a settlement or town built by one
country in another country
convert to change a person’s point of view or
religious beliefs to a different view or belief
criollo a person whose ancestors came from
Spain and who was born in one of Spain’s colonies in North or South America
culture the religion, laws, and arts unique to a
group of people that can be passed down to their children and grandchildren
descendant a person’s child, grandchild, or a
member of a later generation that come from that person’s family
empire a government that controls lands far
beyond the borders of its country
expedition a group making a journey for a
purpose, such as exploring an unknown land
mission a church or settlement where religion
is taught
missionaries people who go out in the world
to teach a particular religion or set of beliefs
thatch leaves or other plant material used in
building structures
Vocabulary
empire expedition colony thatch culture descendant criollo convert missionaries mission
Write to It!
The modern word creole comes from the Spanish word criollo How is creole different
in meaning from criollo? What is an example
of the way we use creole today? Write a
newsletter article about the origins of each word and how the words are used today
Write your article on a separate sheet of paper.
ISBN: 0-328-14875-X
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Printed in the
United States of America This publication or parts thereof may be used with appropriate
equipment to reproduce copies for classroom use only
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
St Augustine, Florida, is the oldest European
settlement in the United States and Spain’s first
successful settlement in Florida In this book you
will read about the history of the Spanish in Florida,
the problems faced by the residents of St Augustine,
and the impact of the Spanish on Native Americans
Maps
3, 5, 14 MapQuest, Inc.
Photographs
Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material
The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.
Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.
Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: Timothy O`Keefe/Index Stock Imagery
2 Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library International Ltd.
4 (T1) The Granger Collection, (T2) Image Farm, Inc
8 (C) ©Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis
9 The Granger Collection
12 Richard Cummins/Corbis
15 (R1, R2, R3, R4) ©N Carter/North Wind Picture Archives