AUGUSTINE OUR FIRST CITY Fascinating Facts • The real name of the pirate Blackbeard, who attacked Spanish ships along the Florida coast, was Edward Teach or Thatch.. Augustine was a colo
Trang 1Scott Foresman Social Studies
Nonfi ction Compare and
Contrast
• Maps
• Time Line
• Captions
ISBN 0-328-14874-1
ST AUGUSTINE
OUR FIRST CITY
Fascinating Facts
• The real name of the pirate Blackbeard, who
attacked Spanish ships along the Florida coast,
was Edward Teach (or Thatch)
• Juan Alonso Cabale, whose ancestors were
Spanish settlers and Timucua Indians, was
the last person who could speak the Timucua
language He died in 1767
• Even though St Augustine was a colony founded
by Spanish settlers in 1565, no king or queen of
Spain visited it until April 1, 2001—almost 436
years later!
Scott Foresman Social Studies
Nonfi ction Compare and
Contrast
• Maps
• Time Line
• Captions
ISBN 0-328-14874-1
ST AUGUSTINE
OUR FIRST CITY
Fascinating Facts
• The real name of the pirate Blackbeard, who
attacked Spanish ships along the Florida coast,
was Edward Teach (or Thatch)
• Juan Alonso Cabale, whose ancestors were
Spanish settlers and Timucua Indians, was
the last person who could speak the Timucua
language He died in 1767
• Even though St Augustine was a colony founded
by Spanish settlers in 1565, no king or queen of
Spain visited it until April 1, 2001—almost 436
years later!
Trang 2ISBN: 0-328-14874-1
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Printed in the
United States of America This publication or parts thereof may be used with appropriate
equipment to reproduce copies for classroom use only
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
Maps
2, 3, 14 MapQuest, Inc.
Photographs
Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.
Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.
Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: (C) ©Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis
2 (Bkgd) Getty Images
4 The Granger Collection
8 Nik Wheeler/Corbis
9 Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library International Ltd.
10 Library of Congress, Washington D.C., USA/Bridgeman Art Library
11 The Granger Collection
12 Richard Cummins/Corbis
Vocabulary
expedition colony empire thatch culture descendant criollo missionaries convert mission
Write to It!
Both the Spanish culture of the colonists and the culture of the Native Americans affected each other How has the culture in your community changed over the years? What has caused some of these changes? Interview parents, family members, and older citizens
to find out their point of view Write a three-paragraph magazine article summarizing your interviews
Write your article on a separate sheet of paper
St Augustine, Florida, was built by the Spanish
on the site of a Native American village and is
the oldest European settlement in America In
this book you will read about the history of St
Augustine and what life was like when Florida
was still part of the Spanish Empire
Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New York Sales Offices: Needham, Massachusetts • Duluth, Georgia • Glenview, Illinois Coppell, Texas • Ontario, California • Mesa, Arizona
BY ELLEN CUTLER
OUR FIRST CITY
ST AUGUSTINE
Trang 3SPAIN
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Caribbean Sea
Bahama Islands
Canary Islands
Cuba
Hispaniola
San Salvador Island
N O R T H
A M E R I C A
S O U T H A M E R I C A
A F R I C A
E U R O P E
0 500 1,000 Miles
0 500 1,000 Kilometers
N
Columbus’s first voyage, 1492–1493
Key
2
A Brief History of Florida
St Augustine, Florida, is the oldest European
settlement in what is now the United States of
America In 1565 St Augustine was a Native
American village that had become home to a few
Spanish soldiers and settlers Today it is a pleasant
town whose beaches, golf courses, and historic sites
attract many visitors
The history of St Augustine is part of the larger
history of European settlers in America
2
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Lake Okeechobee
Cape Canaveral
Pensacola
San Marcos
St Augustine San Mateo
Tampa Bay Charlotte Harbor Gulf of Mexico
Biscayne Bay
GEORGIA ALABAMA
0 75 150 Miles
0 75 150 Kilometers
N
3
In 1492 Christopher Columbus set out from Spain across the Atlantic Ocean He believed that the fastest, easiest way to get to China and India in the Far East was to sail due west When Columbus landed in the islands southeast of Florida, he
claimed them for the king and queen of Spain
Spanish explorers who followed Columbus sailed farther and found a huge land beyond the islands where Columbus first landed They claimed these lands for Spain too
3
Trang 4Juan Ponce de León was one of these Spanish
explorers He was also the person who gave Florida
its name
In 1513 Ponce de León led an expedition up the
Atlantic coast of North America, sailing past tiny
islands and beautiful beaches He brought his men
ashore at a place near present-day St Augustine
that was filled with sweet-smelling flowers It was
springtime, near the time of Spain’s Pascua florida
(PAHS-koo-a FLOOR-ee-dah) or “flowery Easter,”
so he named the land “la Florida.”
In 1521 Ponce de León returned to Florida with
the intention of founding a colony His efforts
failed, and he was
badly wounded in
an attack by Native
Americans Over
the next forty years,
others would try to
colonize Florida, but
they also would fail
Juan Ponce de León
5
The area that Ponce de León named “la Florida”
was much larger than the state of Florida is today It stretched westward across Alabama and Louisiana
to the Mississippi River It also went up the Atlantic coast as far north as the Virginia border
Is There Really a Fountain of Youth?
Ponce de León discovered Florida while searching for the island of Bimini He had heard about a spring there with waters that would make a person young forever Bimini not only had this “Fountain of Youth,” but it was supposed to be full of gold and other treasures
Did Ponce de León believe in the “Fountain
of Youth”? It is hard to tell Legends about
a magical spring had existed for more than
a thousand years The promise of gold was probably more important to him Ponce de León must have thought he would find something because he paid for everything himself—three ships, sailors, food, and equipment
Trang 5The Founding of St Augustine
Spain was not the only empire in Europe that
was interested in America In 1564 France built a
colony named Fort Caroline and claimed Florida
for itself The king of Spain sent Pedro Menéndez
de Avilés to drive the French out and replace their
colony with a Spanish one
In 1565 Menéndez and his troops set up a base
in a Timucua Indian village near Fort Caroline He
destroyed the French colony and put Florida back
under Spanish control He named the Timucua village
St Augustine and brought colonists to live there
Important Dates in the History of Florida and St Augustine
1564 France founds a colony on the northeastern coast of
Florida.
1513 Ponce de León claims new land for Spain and names it
“la Florida.”
1577 Missionaries arrive in large numbers in Florida to convert Native Americans to Christianity.
1565 Menéndez founds
St Augustine and destroys the French colony.
1492 Christopher Columbus arrives in islands near Florida.
7
Most of the people in St Augustine were men
Only twenty-six people were women and some of the people were enslaved Africans
At first the Timucua were friendly They gave the colonists food and showed them how to build
thatch houses When problems arose, the colonists
moved to an island across the bay where they would feel safer Only the soldiers stayed behind
The townspeople came back to St Augustine
in 1572, but life in this colony was still hard St
Augustine was destroyed by fire several times and suffered through many storms Some of the worst hurricanes came in 1599, 1638, 1674, and 1707
1740 British settlers
in the colony of Georgia attack
St Augustine.
1783 Spain takes back control of Florida after the American War for Independence.
1845 Florida becomes the 27th state in the United States of
America
1763 Spain loses Florida
to Great Britain.
1821 Spain gives Florida to the United States.
Trang 6The Castillo de San Marcos
The Castillo de San Marcos (Cass-TEE-yo day san Mar-cohs) was the first fort built from
stone in the United States The stone came
from a nearby island and is called coquina
(coh-KEE-nah), which means “little shells,”
because it is full of tiny bits of seashells The
building of the fort was begun in 1672 and
took twenty-three years to complete
8
The Timucua Indians
The Timucua Indians lived throughout northern Florida for more than a thousand years before the Spanish explorers arrived They lived in palm thatch huts Important meetings took place in the council house in the center of the village The whole community cooked and ate together, and extra food was stored in a central spot
Both men and women held important positions in the village The role of chief was handed down from fathers to sons If there were no sons, however, a woman could become chief Much of what we know about the Timucua comes from the first Europeans
to see them Most of the writings describe Timucua men and their activities and pay little attention to the lives led by women
9
A Timucua village
Trang 7Timucua men knotted their long hair on top of
their heads and tattooed their bodies They hunted
game—bears, deer, wild turkey, and alligators—
with spears, clubs, and bows and arrows The meat
from these animals was smoked over an open fire
They also made dugout canoes from the trunks of
large trees
The women planted corn, beans, and squash
in small cleared areas They also gathered roots,
berries, and nuts that grew wild in the forests They
did all the cooking and sewed clothes from animal
skins They also made cooking pots from clay they
dug from the ground Other Timucua craftspeople
made objects out of bone, shell, stone, and wood
10
In 1565 the Timucua chief of the area around
St Augustine was named Seloy He seemed to be friendly toward the Spanish, at least for a while
He invited Menéndez and his troops to stay in his village and even welcomed the settlers who then arrived Soon, however, Seloy and his people found
it necessary to protect their land They attacked the Spanish fort, setting it on fire with burning arrows
The arrival of Europeans in Florida introduced diseases that killed many of the Timucua The Spanish also depended on the Timucua for labor, making them work in the fields and cut and carry stone and trees for new buildings Less than two hundred years after the founding of St Augustine, the Timucua people had disappeared
11 This is one of the first drawings of Native Americans made by a European.
Trang 8Life in Spanish St Augustine
St Augustine was a poor town It had no
goldmines or forests and little land for farming
It was also a small town, far away from
important Spanish colonies in Cuba and Mexico
St Augustine, however, had been built at a useful
location on the seacoast Ships on their way back
to Spain and loaded with treasure could hide in
the harbor from pirates Soldiers in the fort kept
Florida safe
13
St Augustine was far from Spain but shared the
same culture: laws, customs, and even building
styles came from Spain
The most important people in St Augustine also had strong ties to Spain
Colonists born on the Spanish peninsula were known as peninsulars (peh-NIN-seh-lehrs)
Peninsulars held the best jobs and had the most
money and power Their descendants born in
America were called criollos (cree-OH-yohs)
Criollos were of pure Spanish blood None of their parents or grandparents were Native Americans
or Africans The peninsulars and criollos of St
Augustine clung to the culture of Old Spain
Trang 9San
Nicolás
San
Carlos
San Juan Guarcára Santa Catalina
Santa Fé de Toloca
Santa Rosa
San Salvador
de Mayaca
San Antonio
de Anacape
Tissimi
Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Tolomato Nombre
de Dios San Juan del Puerto
Santa Maria Santa Catalina
de Guale
San Diego San Francisco
de Potano
San Luis
de Eloquale
San Luis de Acuera Santa Lucia de Acuera
Santa Cruz de Tarihica Santa Cruz de Ajohica
San Pedro Santa Elena San Mateo
San Lorenzo
de Ibitachuco
San Miguél
San Damian
San Luis
San Pedro
de los Chines
St Augustine
ATLANTIC OCEAN
G u l f o f M e x i c o
Apalachee Bay
St Johns Bay
APALACHEE
A P
A LA C EE
T IM
U C U TIM UC UA
TIM UCU A
GEORGIA
Mission Mission trail Native American group Native American group Present-day border
Key
APALACHEE
0 25 50 Kilometers
N
14
Many peninsulars and criollos were poor In
the early years of the colony, most soldiers were
peninsulars and a few were criollos Even the
poorest among them were better off than Native
Americans or free blacks African enslaved people
had the worst life of all
While the culture of the rich and powerful
remained Spanish, things were different among the
poor For many years, there were more men than
women in colonies like St Augustine Poorer men—
especially soldiers—often married Native American
women These blended families soon created a
unique culture that combined Spanish, Native
American, and African traditions
15
St Augustine and the Spanish Missions
Spanish missionaries came to Florida in large numbers to convert Native Americans to
Christianity Spain saw this as another way to keep the colonies under its control
Missionaries built missions, religious
communities that provided housing, care, and education They gave Native Americans new names,
a new language, and taught them Spanish customs
The first mission was founded just outside of St
Augustine By 1675 a chain of missions reached across northern Florida
As Native Americans grew fewer in number, most
of the missions disappeared Attacks by settlers in the English colonies of Georgia and Virginia also led to the end of the missions
In 1764 Florida became part of the British Empire, and St Augustine became an English town The United States took possession of Florida
in 1821, and in 1845 Florida became the twenty-seventh state of the Union
Trang 10colony a settlement or town built by one country
in another country
convert to change a person’s point of view or
religious beliefs to a different view or belief
criollo a person whose ancestors came from Spain
and who was born in one of Spain’s colonies in
North or South America
culture the religion, laws, and arts unique to a
group of people that can be passed down to their
children and grandchildren
descendant a person’s child, grandchild, or a
member of a later generation that come from that
person’s family
empire a government that controls lands far
beyond the borders of its country
expedition a group making a journey for a
purpose, such as exploring an unknown land
mission a church or settlement where religion
is taught
missionaries people who go out in the world to
teach a particular religion or set of beliefs
thatch leaves or other plant material used in
building structures
16
ISBN: 0-328-14874-1
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Printed in the
United States of America This publication or parts thereof may be used with appropriate
equipment to reproduce copies for classroom use only
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
Maps
2, 3, 14 MapQuest, Inc.
Photographs
Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.
Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.
Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: (C) ©Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis
2 (Bkgd) Getty Images
4 The Granger Collection
8 Nik Wheeler/Corbis
9 Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library International Ltd.
10 Library of Congress, Washington D.C., USA/Bridgeman Art Library
11 The Granger Collection
12 Richard Cummins/Corbis
Vocabulary
expedition colony empire thatch culture descendant criollo missionaries convert mission
Write to It!
Both the Spanish culture of the colonists and the culture of the Native Americans affected each other How has the culture in your community changed over the years? What has caused some of these changes? Interview parents, family members, and older citizens
to find out their point of view Write a three-paragraph magazine article summarizing your interviews
Write your article on a separate sheet of paper
St Augustine, Florida, was built by the Spanish
on the site of a Native American village and is
the oldest European settlement in America In
this book you will read about the history of St
Augustine and what life was like when Florida
was still part of the Spanish Empire