4 12 floridas cultural traditions

Groups of people from different backgrounds came to Florida for different reasons, but they continue to share their cultural traditions.. This is because Florida is home to people of dif

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Scott Foresman Social Studies

Nonfi ction Draw Conclusions • Map

• Captions

ISBN 0-328-14883-0 ì<(sk$m)=beiidh< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Fascinating Facts

• Nearly 12,000 cigar makers in 200 factories in

Ybor City made almost 700 million cigars a year

• The Morikami Museum and Japanese Gardens at

Delray Beach is the only museum in the United

States dedicated to the culture of Japan

• In 1985 Florida’s state seal was changed

so that the Plains Indian woman on it was

a Seminole

Scott Foresman Social Studies

Nonfi ction Draw Conclusions • Map

• Captions

ISBN 0-328-14883-0 ì<(sk$m)=beiidh< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Fascinating Facts

• Nearly 12,000 cigar makers in 200 factories in

Ybor City made almost 700 million cigars a year

• The Morikami Museum and Japanese Gardens at

Delray Beach is the only museum in the United

States dedicated to the culture of Japan

• In 1985 Florida’s state seal was changed

so that the Plains Indian woman on it was

a Seminole

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ISBN: 0-328-14883-0

United States of America This publication or parts thereof, may be used with appropriate

equipment to reproduce copies for classroom use only

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Illustration

14 Joe McDermott

Photographs

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2 ©Jeff Greenberg/Alamy Images

4 ©Jeff Greenberg/The Image Works, Inc.

7 (L, R) ©Corbis

13 ©Richard T Nowitz/Corbis

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Vocabulary

cultural group ancestry annual heritage

Write to It!

Choose one of the places mentioned in this book In a letter or e-mail to a friend, describe why you would like to visit it

Write your letter on a separate sheet of paper.

Florida has a mix of different cultures Groups

of people from different backgrounds came to

Florida for different reasons, but they continue

to share their cultural traditions In this book

you will read about these groups and their

cultural traditions

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Connecting History and Culture

A trip to Florida can include many sights, sounds, and even tastes This is because Florida is home to people

of different cultural backgrounds

To understand why Florida does not have just one culture, you must look at its location and history Much

of Florida is surrounded by water, so it is easy to reach Florida using boats What reasons did people have for settling in Florida? Some people came to Florida to explore it Some were brought to Florida and stayed to make it their home Others came to Florida seeking a better life Today people often move to Florida because

of its warm weather Whatever the reason, each cultural group helps to make Florida an interesting place to live and visit

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Early Inhabitants

Florida’s first inhabitants arrived about ten thousand

years ago They were the ancestors of Native American

groups that still live in Florida today When Spanish

explorers arrived during the 1500s, they discovered

three major Native American groups: the Calusa, the

Apalachee, and the Timucua

The Seminole

After the arrival of European explorers, many Native

Americans died from disease and from fighting in wars

Those who survived joined to form a new group: the

Seminole The Seminole are a mixture of different Native

American groups The

Seminole also permitted

runaway enslaved people to

join them

After the Seminole

Wars ended, the surviving

Seminole continued their

way of life throughout the

early 1900s They hid

themselves in small camps

in the wetlands of South

Traditional crafts preserve culture

and can be a source of income.

5

Florida They were able to survive by hunting, fishing, and trapping When more people began to settle in South Florida, the Seminole thought that their way of life would disappear

In 1934 the government passed the Indian Reorganization Act, which allowed Native Americans

to hold elections and form their own governments In

1938 the United States government set aside eighty thousand acres of land for the Seminole to move to

The government hoped that the Seminole would change their way of life from hunting and trapping to farming instead The Seminole still did not trust the United States government when it passed the Indian Reorganization Act, so they did not write their own constitution until 1957

Today the Seminole have a strong economy They have their own school system and run a hotel and

a museum Some of them live on reservations and others live in society They keep their culture alive through storytelling, music, and crafts Some Seminole continue to make dolls, beaded jewelry, woven baskets, and traditional clothes as their ancestors did At the Seminole Tribal Fair, you can see these crafts and taste

traditional Seminole foods, such as fry bread, sofkee,

and swamp cabbage

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African Americans

African Americans have contributed to Florida’s history

and culture ever since the arrival of Spanish explorers in

Florida During the Second Seminole War, many enslaved

people escaped slaveholders and found shelter among

the Seminole When most of the Seminole were forced

to move to Indian Territory in Oklahoma and Texas, many

African Americans went with them During the Civil War

many African American troops fought in the Battle of

Olustee During Reconstruction, Jonathan Gibbs served

as Florida’s first African American secretary of state

in 1868

Living Apart

By the 1880s African Americans in Florida lived in

separate neighborhoods from other groups and had

their own stores and businesses The church was often

a very important meeting place in these communities

In addition to religious services, political meetings and

cultural programs were held in churches Some of these

churches are still standing and you can see them on the

Black Heritage Trail

7

Two Important Writers

Two important African American writers from Florida were Zora Neale Hurston and James Weldon Johnson

Their most famous works were published in the 1920s and 1930s Zora Neale Hurston was an author and anthropologist, or someone who studies human behavior She wrote about life in Florida’s African American towns James Weldon Johnson was a poet and a lawyer who wrote “Lift Every Voice and Sing.”

African Americans called it the Negro National Anthem because it tells the story of African American life in the United States

James Weldon Johnson Zora Neale Hurston

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Cuba and Florida:

A Shared History

The ties between Cuba and Florida are very old Both

areas were once under the control of Spain and show

the influence of the Spanish language and culture

In 1959, after the Cuban revolution, Fidel Castro took

over Cuba Many Cubans did not want Castro to rule, so

they left for Florida They settled a part of Miami that is

known as Little Havana Although they started with little,

Cuban immigrants built a thriving community there

Two men wearing guayaberas enjoy the sights and sounds

of Little Havana.

9

Cuban Culture in Miami

Cuban culture is visible in Miami and southern Florida There are signs in Spanish and one can hear Spanish

spoken A man might wear a guayabera (GUY-ah

bear-ah), a Cuban-style embroidered shirt Restaurants serve

Cuban food such as ropa vieja (ROE-pah vee-AY-ha), a

kind of stew, or the “cuban,” a sandwich made with different kinds of pork and cheese

Nightclubs play Hispanic music such as salsa

Carnaval Miami includes a big block party on a street called Calle Ocho This party is a well-known celebration

of Hispanic culture There is also a Spanish-language

version of the Miami Herald Miami is home to many

Hispanic recording artists such as Gloria Estefan

Cubans continue to move to Florida in order to escape harsh conditions in Cuba and to have hope for

a better life in the United States Immigrants from other Spanish-speaking countries have joined the Cubans in Miami Many come from Central America and have their own neighborhoods too “Little Managua” is home to immigrants from Nicaragua

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Caribbean Immigrants

People of African ancestry from islands in the

Caribbean also call Florida home Florida is close to

these islands, and it has a similar climate

Since 1971 about ten thousand Haitians have

immigrated to the United States Haiti is located east

of Cuba and is one-third of an island called Hispaniola

Many Haitians immigrate to “Little Haiti” in Miami Little

Haiti is also home to other immigrants Haitians speak a

creole language that mixes parts of French and African

languages Little Haiti is decorated like a neighborhood

in Haiti and has a Caribbean marketplace There you

can sample traditional dishes from Haiti and Jamaica

People from a chain of islands known as the Bahamas

brought a diverse culture to Florida when they formed a

community in Coconut Grove in 1840 Bahamians are

descendants of English settlers and free and former

enslaved Africans Some American colonists who were

still loyal to England after the American Revolution also

settled in the Bahamas

The Goombay Festival features parade goers in colorful costumes.

11

The annual Goombay Festival, started in the 1880s, is

a celebration of the Bahamian culture that attracts many visitors It is the largest celebration of African heritage

in the United States Goombay is the traditional music

of the Bahamas It is also the name of a particular drum that is used to perform this kind of music

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English, Scottish,

and Irish Immigrants

Great Britain gained control of Florida from Spain

in 1763 and split it into two colonies Two men from

Scotland were asked to govern the colonies James Grant

was appointed governor of East Florida, and George

Johnstone was appointed governor of West Florida

Many settlers from England, Scotland, Ireland, and

Wales moved to northern Florida They came from the

English colonies to the north, such as Georgia, North

Carolina, and South Carolina

Farming was a way of life for a great number of

these colonists When slavery was still allowed,

wealthy farmers owned slaves, had servants, and lived

comfortable lives Their plantations resembled other

large farms in the South

Other families hunted, raised cattle, and worked the

land themselves Sometimes these families struggled

to survive, but they were proud of their hard work

A diver holds sponges he found in Tarpon Springs.

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Greek Immigrants

Greeks first came to Florida in 1768 and settled New Smyrna Beach When the New Smyrna Beach colony failed in 1777, the Greek settlers moved to

St Augustine Around 1850 many Greeks moved to Florida to gather sponges in the Florida Keys Sponges are simple forms of water life whose skeletons form soft lumps and are found on seabeds The Greeks had been sponge diving in the Mediterranean Sea for centuries, and they brought new technology to the industry in Florida

In 1905 George Cocoris brought a diving suit to Florida that made it easier to stay underwater for

longer periods of time

Within the next several years, thousands of Greek sponge fishers settled around Tarpon Springs

Even though the demand for sponges fell in the 1940s and 1950s, the Greeks continued to gather sponges Today many

people visit Tarpon Springs for the Greek culture and

to watch the divers pull sponges from the seabeds

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Outdoor festivals are a large part of cultural life in

Florida Warm weather for most of the year means

that more festivals can be held there than in a colder

climate Florida’s cultural groups take pride in their

heritage and enjoy displaying their art, music, foods,

and dances to other Floridians and tourists Some of

these festivals include the Florida International Festival,

Carnaval Miami, and the Hollywood Jazz Festival

Florida Cultural

Celebrations

Pensacola

Jacksonville White Springs

Orlando Tarpon Springs Tampa

Ft Myers Hollywood Miami

Key West

Crawfish Creole Festival

Florida Folk Festival Greek Festival

of Epiphany

Gasparilla Festival

Latin Jazz Festival

World of Nations Celebration International Fringe Festival

Seminole Tribal Fair

Goombay Festival Cuban American Heritage Festival

This map shows some of the cultural

festivals that are held in Florida.

15

Floridians celebrate their different cultures at the World of Nations Celebration.

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Glossary

ancestry family history

annual yearly

cultural group a group of people who

share a way of life

heritage the traditions and customs of

a cultural group that have been passed down from parents to children