Bộ sách Scott foresman social Studies gồm các quyển sau: 5.1 Learning About the First Americans 5.2 His Name Was Amerigo 5.3 New World, New Neighbors 5.4 Choosing Freedom 5.5 The War for Independence 5.6 The People Who Gave Us the US Constitution 5.7 Heading West 5.8 The Growing United States 5.9 Women of the Civil War 5.10 Hard Times 5.11 The War at Home 5.12 3, 2, 1, Blastoff 5.13 The Heroes of 911 5.14 Growing and Changing Cities 5.15 Visiting States and Capitals
Trang 1Scott Foresman Social Studies
Nonfi ction Compare
and Contrast
• Sidebars
• Captions
• Song
ISBN 0-328-14897-0
ì<(sk$m)=beijhe< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U
The Growing United States
by Cynthia Clampitt
Fascinating Facts
before widespread mining stopped
(1851), British Columbia (1858), Nevada (1859–60),
Colorado (1850s and 1890s), South Dakota (1876–
78), and South Africa (1886)
something is real The original touchstone was a black
stone that, when rubbed with a piece of gold, showed
if the gold was pure
Scott Foresman Social Studies
Nonfi ction Compare
and Contrast
• Sidebars
• Captions
• Song
ISBN 0-328-14897-0
ì<(sk$m)=beijhe< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U
The Growing United States
by Cynthia Clampitt
Fascinating Facts
before widespread mining stopped
(1851), British Columbia (1858), Nevada (1859–60),
Colorado (1850s and 1890s), South Dakota (1876–
78), and South Africa (1886)
something is real The original touchstone was a black
stone that, when rubbed with a piece of gold, showed
if the gold was pure
Trang 2ISBN: 0-328-14897-0
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc
All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America This publication is protected
by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited
reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise For information regarding
permission(s), write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue,
Glenview, Illinois 60025.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
Write to It!
Think about the reasons people moved in the mid-1800s, and then think about the reasons people move today Write two or more paragraphs comparing and contrasting the reasons
Write your paragraphs on a separate sheet of paper.
Photographs
Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.
Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.
Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: ©W Cody/Corbis
2 ©W Cody/Corbis
3 ©Bettmann/Corbis
4 ©Bridgeman Art Library
5 ©James Randklev/Stone/Getty Images
7 ©Corbis
9 ©Bettmann/Corbis
11 ©Bettmann/Corbis
12 ©Getty Images
15 ©Bettmann/Corbis
3, 4, 12, 15 (inset) Getty Royalty Free
Vocabulary
manifest destiny
blaze mountain men wagon train annex gold rush prospector forty-niner
In the 1800s the United States was growing It was
gaining more people, but it was also gaining more
land It was a time of covered wagons, dangerous
journeys, and high hopes In this book you will read
about the dreams and adventures of people who
settled the new territories
Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New York Sales Offices: Needham, Massachusetts • Duluth, Georgia • Glenview, Illinois Coppell, Texas • Sacramento, California • Mesa, Arizona
The Growing United States
by Cynthia Clampitt
Trang 3A Growing Nation
In the 1800s the United States was growing People arrived
from other lands The size of the country grew too
Some people came to the United States to escape poverty
They needed land to build homes and start farms Many
Americans began to believe it was the nation’s manifest
destiny to grow.
Before people could head west, the land had to be
explored Trails had to be blazed, or marked It was the
mountain men who opened up the West.
The trappers, traders, and scouts known as mountain men traveled through wild areas of the West.
3
The Mountain Men
The mountain men were fur trappers, traders, and scouts
They blazed trails and created interest in this land with their stories of the West
Mountain man Jim Beckwourth was the son of an enslaved African American woman He headed west after being given his freedom He found an easier way to cross the Sierra Nevada, a mountain range in California
Kit Carson was a mountain man who became a folk hero
Carson joined a group of trappers when he was a teenager
He became a scout for the United States military In 1854
he became an American Indian agent, a person who helped American Indians solve problems Carson became well known for his fairness to the American Indians
Jim Beckwourth, the son
of an enslaved person, was a mountain man.
Trang 4Jedediah Smith was part of a group that found a way to
the Northwest in 1824 In 1826 Smith became one of the first
Americans to enter California from the east
Smith’s adventures were often dangerous He nearly died of
thirst in the desert He was almost killed by a grizzly bear
Jim Bridger’s name lives on in the Bridger Range in
Montana and Bridger Pass and Bridger-Teton National Forest
in Wyoming Bridger explored from the Canadian border to
New Mexico
Jedediah Smith, shown here leading trappers through the
desert, is considered one of the greatest mountain men.
5
Mountain man John Colter traveled with Lewis and Clark before becoming a fur trapper and a scout In 1807 he became the first American to see the area American Indians called Yellowstone Sometimes people did not believe his stories of boiling mud and geysers
The days of the mountain men were over by about 1850
Trails had been blazed to Oregon and California Settlers were now heading west
No one believed John Colter when he described the geysers he saw in Yellowstone.
Trang 5Moving to Oregon Country
In 1810 the British controlled most of the fur trade in the
Pacific Northwest The United States government became
worried that the British would try to take over more land
In 1818 Britain and the United States agreed to share the
large part of the Northwest known as Oregon Country This
area included all of present-day Oregon,
Washington, and Idaho, and parts of
Montana, Wyoming, and British Columbia
Many settlers went west including
Dr Marcus Whitman and his wife They
showed the Cayuse how to build houses,
plow fields, and irrigate crops
7
In 1842 Marcus Whitman traveled to Washington, D.C.,
to ask federal officials to encourage settlement in Oregon
In 1843 he traveled with a wagon train of nearly one
thousand immigrants across the country This journey became known as the “great migration.”
This great migration convinced many people that the
Oregon Trail was safe
By the mid-1840s, six thousand people had moved to Oregon Country
Mountains and rivers were among the many challenges that settlers faced heading west.
Trang 6Because so many people were moving to the region, the
United States and Great Britain once again talked about their
agreement about Oregon Country The two countries agreed
on the northern border of Oregon
This agreement encouraged many more people to move
west Wagon trains were soon crossing the continent The
journey was two thousand miles long and could take four to
six months to complete
The Oregon Trail led from Missouri to Oregon Country
and cattle, eat dinner, and make repairs Children could play
once their chores were done
Mountains and rivers were hard to cross Many people
died The promise of a new life, however, encouraged people
to continue on their journey
During the 1840s about twelve thousand people used the
Oregon Trail Of all the great overland routes to the West, the
Oregon Trail was used longest
Families traveled in wagon trains
People brought their pets and farm animals with them too.
9
The Whitman Massacre
In 1847 both American Indians and settlers in Oregon Country got sick with measles Dr Whitman cared for many sick children Many settlers’ children got better but many American Indian children died The American Indians were angry On November 29, 1847, they attacked, killing the Whitmans and twelve other settlers The Whitman Massacre, as it was later called, led to the United States government deciding to create the Oregon Territory, with a local government and soldiers to protect its citizens
Trang 7Mexico in the 1800s
The 1800s were a difficult time in Mexico In 1821 an army
led by Agustín de Iturbide (ah gus TEEN day ee ter BEE day)
took control of most of Mexico Spain could not regain control
On August 24, 1821, a treaty was signed that gave Mexico
its independence from Spain
Iturbide crowned himself emperor of Mexico in 1822 The
empire did not last long, however Antonio López de Santa
Anna led the military against the emperor In 1824 Iturbide
was arrested and shot
Santa Anna declared that Mexico was now a republic
Soon, different military groups were fighting for control
Mexico’s government changed every year or two
In 1833 Santa Anna was named president Santa Anna
passed laws that hurt the United States immigrants who had
settled in the area of Mexico known as Texas
The Texans revolted Santa Anna defeated the
Texans at the Alamo in 1836 Santa Anna’s
army was later defeated by Sam Houston’s
troops and Santa Anna was captured
11
To gain his freedom, Santa Anna promised not to try to
recapture Texas The United States annexed Texas in 1845
and the Mexican people removed Santa Anna from power
President James Polk tried to make peace He offered $30 million to Mexico for New Mexico and California, but Mexico refused
United States troops in Texas were attacked by Mexican troops in 1846 The Mexican War began It lasted until 1848
The treaty that ended the war gave the United States most of the American Southwest It also gave Mexico $15 million and granted citizenship to the Mexicans living in the Southwest
Santa Anna surrenders
to Sam Houston.
Trang 8The California Gold Rush
In early 1848 James Wilson Marshall picked up some
yellow pebbles in a California stream The pebbles were gold!
An immigrant named John Sutter owned the land where the
gold was found Sutter asked his workers not to tell anyone
about the gold, but the news leaked out anyway
The news spread slowly at first Everyone who heard the
news wanted to look for gold When several newspapers
published the story, news of gold in California spread quickly
At the beginning of the gold rush, miners usually worked on
their own, panning in streams or digging nearby.
13
California had never attracted large numbers of people
Much of the state was dry Mountains and deserts made it
hard to reach Now, everyone wanted to go there The gold
rush was on.
As “gold fever” spread, people left their homes and their jobs Within a few months, Sutter’s land was covered with tents and was being torn up by miners’ picks and shovels
Chinese Immigration
The Chinese name for California was “Gum Shan” or
“Gold Mountain.” By 1852 twenty-five thousand Chinese had reached California Only a few struck it rich in the gold fields Many of those who did strike gold returned to China Others stayed and found work as cooks and farmers
Some opened stores or restaurants The first Chinese laundry opened in San Francisco in 1851 Many of the former
miners went on to help build the transcontinental railroad
Trang 9The first prospectors, or people who came searching
for gold, were called forty-niners because they arrived in
1849 Life in the gold fields was not easy Most miners lived in
small tents The camps were dangerous places A few women
did come to California, some even to search for gold
Darling Clementine
One of the best-known songs about the gold rush is
“Clementine.” In it a miner sings about his daughter
who drowned He could not save her because he could
not swim
In a cavern, in a canyon,
Excavating [digging] for a mine
Lived a miner forty-niner
And his daughter, Clementine.
Oh my darling, oh my darling,
Oh my darling Clementine,
You are lost and gone forever,
Dreadful sorry, Clementine.
15
Life was also hard for the region’s American Indians Some joined the gold rush, but many were driven off by unfriendly prospectors Their lands and waterways were ruined
Californios, the Hispanics who lived in California before
it became part of the United States, also found their land overrun
By 1853 a total of 250,000 fortune-seekers had arrived
in California Even when the gold rush was over, California continued to grow Settlers began to replace the miners The gold rush was over, but California was just getting started
Immigrants, Californios, and American Indians often worked
together.
Trang 10Glossary
annex to add or attach
blaze to mark a trail, especially by cutting off a piece of
tree bark
forty-niner a nickname for a person who arrived in
California in 1849 to look for gold
gold rush the sudden movement of people to an area
where gold has been found
manifest destiny the belief that the United States should
expand west to the Pacific Ocean
mountain men scouts, fur trappers, and traders who
opened up the American West to westward settlement in
the 1800s
prospector a person who explores or examines a region,
searching for gold or other valuable resources
wagon train a common method of transportation to the
West, in which wagons traveled in groups for safety
ISBN: 0-328-14897-0
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc
All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America This publication is protected
by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited
reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise For information regarding
permission(s), write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue,
Glenview, Illinois 60025.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
Write to It!
Think about the reasons people moved in the mid-1800s, and then think about the reasons people move today Write two or more paragraphs comparing and contrasting the reasons
Write your paragraphs on a separate sheet of paper.
Photographs
Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.
Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.
Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: ©W Cody/Corbis
2 ©W Cody/Corbis
3 ©Bettmann/Corbis
4 ©Bridgeman Art Library
5 ©James Randklev/Stone/Getty Images
7 ©Corbis
9 ©Bettmann/Corbis
11 ©Bettmann/Corbis
12 ©Getty Images
15 ©Bettmann/Corbis
3, 4, 12, 15 (inset) Getty Royalty Free
Vocabulary
manifest destiny
blaze mountain men wagon train annex gold rush prospector forty-niner
In the 1800s the United States was growing It was
gaining more people, but it was also gaining more
land It was a time of covered wagons, dangerous
journeys, and high hopes In this book you will read
about the dreams and adventures of people who
settled the new territories