2. Acidification in Piglet creep feed

CONVERSION CONVERSION Meaningful results Foundation of conviction Our opinion... ENVIRONMENTAL Abandoned by the mother Change of premises New method of feeding NUTRITIONAL Poor d

Acidification

in Piglet Creep Feed

A well-proven technique for palatability, bio-security, and performances in piglet feed

By Dr Michel Guillaume

PIGLET PHYSIOLOGY

Meaningful

results

Foundation

of conviction

Our

opinion

Oesophagus

Pylorus

Duodenum

Pancreas Ileum

Colon

Cardia

Fundus

Liver

Jejunum

Caecum

Rectum

DIGESTION PROCESS

SUCCUS ENTERICUS

Produced in the crypte of Lieberkühn between the villi

BILE

Secreted by the liver passes to the duodenum through duct bile ; stored into the gall blader until required

Contains sodium and potassium salts of bile acids (glycocholic), taurocholic), bile pigments,

biliveridin, biribulin, cholesterol, mucin

DUODENUM

SMALL

INTESTINE

CHYME SOFTENED SEMI-FLUID

ACIDIC MATERIAL

Liberation of the hormone secretin from the epithelium

of the small intestine into the blood When it reaches the

pancreatic circulation it stimulates the pancreatic cells

to secrete a watery fluid high in bicarbonate ions

Acid neutralization Emulsification of fats Fat hydrolysis

Activation of pancreatic lipase

Acid Peptides

Lubrification and protection

of duodenum wall from the hydrochloric acid entering from the stomach

PANCREATIC JUICE

Secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct

DUODENAL JUICE

Alkaline secretion entering the duodenum through ducts situated between the villi

Stimulates the secretions into the pancreatic juice pro-enzymes and pro-enzymes such as :

PRO ELASTASE AMYLASE (attack the –1.4 glucan link in starch and glycogen)

LIPASE (break down of fats hydrolysis of fats to monoglyceride stage)

LECITHINASES (hydrolysis)

NUCLEASES (attack the linkage between the sugar and the nitrogenous bases, liberating free purines and

pyrimidines)

ENZYMATIC FONCTIONS

Liberation of the hormone cholecystokinin

(pancreozymin) from the mucosa

Liberation of enzyme enterokinase

from the duodenum mucosa TRYPSINOGEN

CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN PROCARBOXYPEPTIDASES A ET B

TRYPSIN

(autocatalytic reaction)

Act upon peptide linkages involving the

carboxyl groups of lysine and arginine

CHYMOTRYPSIN

Act upon peptide bonds involving the carboxyl

groups of the aromatic amino acids,

endo-peptidase

CARBOXYPEPTIDASE

Proteolitic enzyme attack the peptides bonds

CONVERSION

CONVERSION

Meaningful

results

Foundation

of conviction Our

opinion

ENVIRONMENTAL

Abandoned by the mother Change of premises New method of feeding

NUTRITIONAL

Poor digestion Bacterial proliferation

Diarrhea

THE WEANING PROBLEM

STRESS

Meaningful

results

Foundation

of conviction Our

opinion

STRESS EQUATION

Mixed group of piglets

Temperature

Feed diet changes

Inadequate enzymatic system Change of environnement

Microbial stress

“Emotional” stress

Digestive stress

HYPOGLYCEMIA + IMMUNODEPRESSION = RISK OF SCOURING

Insufficient production of hydrochloric acid (age of the animal, density of feed diet, stress)

Feed pH too high High acid buffering capacity

Default in feed

fractionning and

partitionning

Default in the conversion of pepsinogen into pepsin by hydrochloric acid

Lack of protein digestion

pH Intestine 

MAJOR RISK OF SCOURING, ENTEROTOXEMIA

DEFAULT IN ACIDIFICATION OF

THE STOMACH

LACK OF GASTRIC PERFORMANCE

Microbial

Fermentation 

Enhance growth and development

of pathogenic colibaccili

INTESTINAL MALABSORPTION

Accumulation and congestion of feed particles in the digestive lumen

Trend followed by gastric pH in piglets weaned at 10 days of age,

fed with a diet containing 50 % skim milk and cereals

TABLE 1

PALLIDOVA & JOHNSON

AGE (DAYS) pH

10

20

30

40

50

60 Adult (several authors)

4.19 + - 0.45 3.42 + - 0.18

429 + - 0.34 3.24 + - 0.53 3.79 + - 0.69 2.84 + - 0.38 1.7 – 1.8

ACID BUFFERING CAPACITY

OF FEED

Neutralization of acid released by the gastric mucosa

Determination of acid buffering capacity of feed :

Measurement of the quantity of hydrochloric acid necessary

to reach pH 3 after one hour at 37°C

This measurement is rated in meq / Kg

The stronger the acid buffering capacity, the higher the quantity of acid neutralized

Meaningful

results

Foundation

of conviction Our

opinion

ACID BINDING CAPACITY

OF VARIOUS FEED COMPONENT

(mcq HCL/kg to pH3.0)

FEED COMPONENTS

Maize, wheat 190 Corn gluten feed 400

Barley 230 Field beans 510

Manioc meal 320 Rape-seed meal 875

Wheat bran 570 Soy-bean meal 970

Dried Molasses pulp 720 Skim milk powder 935

Lucerne green meal 970 Fishmeal 895

Meat and bone meal

1975

MINERAL FEED COMPONENTS

Sodiumchloride 0

Monocalciumphosphate H2O 500

Dicalciumphosphate 2H2O 5920

Calcium carbonate 20140

Magnesium oxide 48600

Meaningful results

Foundation

of conviction Our

opinion

ACID BUFFERING CAPACITY

OF FEEDS

(B.Lundjensen)

Meq/Kg = quantity of Hcl added to 1 Kg to reach pH 3

after 1 hour at 37°

Over 750 meq  E coli

PHYSIOLOGICAL UTILIZATION

OF MILK PROTEINS

High digestive utilization rate

Casein

Casein coagulates at pH 4

Complete

PH 4 = coagulation

Meaningful

results

Foundation

of conviction Our

opinion

Effect of : EARLY WEANING DIETS on STOMACH DIGESTIVE

PERFORMANCE

(Replacement of casein from mother’s milk by)

SUBSTITUTES OF MILK PROTEINS :

Skim milk powder Vegetable proteins i.e soya Animal proteins i.e fish products extract / meal

High acid binding capacity

1500 MEQ/Kg Need a lower pH for digestion i.e = casein : 4

soya proteins = 2.3 Fish proteins = 2.2

Low digestive utilization rate Poor feed transformation Wastage of nutrients Developpment and growth of

E coli,clostridiae Scouring

Raising of pH

Insufficient production of Hcl = neutralization

Insufficient comminution or breakdown of nutrients

Insufficient coagulation – Speeding up of intestinal

transit time

Disappearence of lactic acidophylic species

Lack of bacterial “fencing” Lack of enzymatic

stimulation in small intestine

CONVERSION IN PRODUCTION OF POLYPEPTIDES READY

FOR ENZYMATIC ATTACK IN SMALL

INTESTINE

(Trypsin-Peptidases)

PEPSINOGEN PEPSIN

COAGULATION

OF CASEIN (-B-K)

Meaningful results

Foundation

of conviction Our

opinion

ROLE AND FUNCTIONS OF AN ACIDIFIER IN EARLY WEANING DIETS

Preservation and bacterial sanitization of feed

Correction of physiological deficiency in acid production HCL

Progressive increased activity

(not hindering hcl secretion by gastric wall glands)

Correction of acid buffering capacity of feed ingredients

Efficient soaking and mixing of acid with food

Coagulation and floculation of proteins

Conversion of pepsinogen in active pepsin by acid activation

Comminution and degradation of proteins (into amino acids)

(ready for enzymatic attack and absorption through the intestinal wall)

Bacterial fence (against E.COLI, clostridiae)

CHYME

Acid neutralization Stimulation of

enzymatic secretion Control over

pathogenic bacterial growth

Improved digestion Absorption

Assimilation Reduction in recourse for antibiotic

HEALTHY GROWTH

Sugar acidulation

Improved feed intake

Feeding Results

Total Period (41 days)

Starting Weight (kg) 6.07 (±0.5) 6.08 (±0.68) 6.07 (±0.79) 6.04 (±0.83) 6.09 (±0.73)

Finishing Weight (Kg) 21.77

(±2.64)

25.06 (±0.9) 25.25 (±2.64) 2.47 (±1.26) 19.43 (±2.47)

Daily Weight Gain (g) 383 (±61) 463 (±24) 468 (±56) 401 (±31) 325 (±47)

Intake/day (g) 591 (±91) 675 (±45) 666 (±81) 612 (±46) 520 (±67)

Feed Conversion Rate 1.54 (±0.04) 1.46 (±0.06) 1.43 (±0.16) 1.53 (0±.08) 1.60 (±0.09)

1st Period (21days)

Daily Weight Gain(g) 334 (±53) 412 (±48) 439 (±59) 431 (±45) 372 (±74)

Intake/day (g) 389 (±61) 451 (±48) 451 (±60) 426 (±41) 382 (±60)

Feed Conversion Rate 1.16 (±0.06) 1.10 (±0.08) 1.03 (±0.04) 0.99 (±0.06) 1.04 (0.10)

2nd Period (20days)

Daily Weight Gain(g) 434 (±94) 516 (±48) 498 (±71) 369 (±37) 276 (±56)

Intake/day (g) 803 (±141) 910 (±56) 892 (±109) 807 (±65) 665 (±85)

Feed Conversion Rate 1.87 (±0.16) 1.77 (±0.13) 1.81 (±0.26) 2.19 (±0.17) 2.47 (±0.4)

LIVE WEIGHT, AVERAGE DAILY WEIGHT GAIN, INTAKE

AND FEED CONVERSION RATE

Total Period

The influence in % on the Daily Weight Gain, Feed Intake and Feed Conversion Rate

of Formic Acid supplementation is shown by the above table

DIGESTIBILITY OF NUTRIENTS IN %

Proteins 86.2 (±2.8) 88.4 (±2.1) 89.1 (±2.2) 90.0 (±1.3) 90.0 (±.1.0)

Gross Energy 88.4 (±1.7) 89.3 (±1.5) 89.8 (±1.7) 90.3 (±0.7) 90.6 (±0.7)

Dry Matter 88.4 (±1.4) 89.2 (±1.1) 89.6 (±1.2) 89.7 (±.0.6) 89.7 (±0.5)

Proteins 87.0 (±2.8) 88.1 (±1.3) 88.4 (±2.0) 88.2 (±1.9) 89.6 (±0.8)

Gross Energy 89.3 (±1.4) 90.0 (±0.7) 88.7 (±1.4) 89.7 (±1.2) 89.8 (±0.6)

Dry Matter 89.3 (±1.5) 89.8 (±0.7) 89.3 (±1.3) 89.2 (±1.1) 89.2 (±0.6)

THE INCIDENCE OF SCOUR, IN NUMBEROF ANIMALS, AFTER FORMIC

ACID UPPLEMENTATION

EFFECT OF IN FEED ACIDIFICATION

IN PIG PRODUCTION

A - METABOLIC FUNCTION

PROMOTION OF EFFICIENT DIGESTIVE FUNCTIONS IN PIGLETS

PROMOTION OF OPTIMAL FEED UTILIZATION BY PIGLETS

B - HEALTH STATUS

PREVENTION OF NUTRITIONNAL SCOURS PREVENTION OF BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION

C - ZOOTECHNICAL PERFORMANCES

PROMOTION OF ZOOTECHNICAL PERFORMANCES

Improved feed consumption through improved palatibitity Improved weight gain

D - ECONOMICAL BENEFITS

REDUCTION IN PRODUCTION COST Reduction of nutritionnal wastages Reduction of medication cost Reduction of time of production IMPROVEMENT ON PIG PRODUCTION PROFITABILITY IMPROVEMENT ON QUALITY IMAGE OF PIG PRODUCTION

Meaningful

results

Foundation

of conviction Our

opinion