Applying career development theory to counseling, 6e chapter 13 and 14

KRUMBOLTZ’S VIEW OF CAREER DECISION MAKING Genetic Influences Environmental Conditions and Events Social conditions Parents and caretakers Peer group Structured educational setting Occup

Chapter 13

BANDURA’S TRIADIC RECIPROCAL INTERACTION SYSTEM

Cognitive structures regulate

Personal factors (memories, beliefs, preferences, self-perceptions)

KRUMBOLTZ’S VIEW OF CAREER DECISION MAKING

Genetic Influences

Environmental Conditions and Events

Social conditions Parents and caretakers Peer group

Structured educational setting Occupational conditions

Learning experiences

Instrumental (H) Associative (O) Task approach skills

Goal setting Values clarification Generating alternatives Obtaining occupational

information

CLIENT RESOURCES AND SKILLS (KRUMBOLTZ) Self-observation generalizations about

Abilities

Interests

Values

The world (occupational information)

Task approach skills

Goal setting

Values clarification

Generating alternatives

COUNSELOR TECHNIQUES – BEHAVIORAL

(KRUMBOLTZ)

Reinforcement

Positive Aspects of information seeking Aspects of career decision making

Of reinforcement

Role models

Associative learning experience Counselors as role models Family and community figures as role models

Role playing

Client plays self Client plays other Audio or videotape

Simulation

Job Experience Kits Introductory courses Volunteer work

COUNSELOR TECHNIQUES – COGNITIVE (KRUMBOLTZ)

Goal clarification: Examine goals specifically; break into smaller goals

Counter a troublesome belief: Look for inaccurate generalizations about beliefs about self or others

Look for inconsistencies between words and actions

Cognitive rehearsal: Practice or rehearse positive statements to reduce negative self-thoughts

HAPPENSTANCE LEARNING THEORY FUNDAMENTAL GOALS FOR CAREER COUNSELING

1 To help clients learn to take actions to achieve more satisfying and career and personal lives – not to make one decision.

2 Career assessments are used to stimulate learning, not to match traits with occupational characteristics.

3 Clients learn to engage in exploratory actions to develop beneficial unplanned events.

4 Counseling goals are measured by the client’s accomplishments outside the counseling session.

APPLYING HAPPENSTANCE LEARNING THEORY TO CAREER COUNSELING

Skills needed to deal with opportunities

that arise by chance:

Curiosity – Explore opportunities resulting from chance events

Persistence – Learn when there are setbacks

Flexibility – Change attitude to deal with chance events

Optimism – Pursue new events; find that actions can pay off

Risk taking – Responding to new events

APPLYING HAPPENSTANCE LEARNING THEORY TO CAREER COUNSELING

Four counseling steps:

1 Normalize planned happenstance in client’s background.

2 Help transform curiosity into learning and exploration opportunities.

3 Teach clients to produce desirable chance

events.

4 Teach clients to overcome blocks to action.

Chapter 14

DIFFERENCE IN EMPHASIS IN SOCIAL LEARNING THEORIES

Krumboltz Social Cognitive Career Learning Theory

Emphasis on cognitive- Emphasis on cognitive processes behavioral processes

Focus on learning Focus on choice

Focus on planned Focus on self-efficacy happenstance

Application focused Research focused

SOCIAL COGNITIVE CAREER THEORY

BASIC CONCEPTS

Self-efficacy – Judgments of one’s abilities to

organize and carry out actions

Outcome – Estimates of the probability of

expectations an outcome

Goals – Set objectives that guide

actions

CONTEXTUAL FACTORS IN SOCIAL COGNITIVE CAREER THEORY Barriers

Supports

Background contextual factors

Contextual influences proximal to choice behaviors

SOCIAL COGNITIVE MODEL OF CAREER CHOICE

Self-efficacy effects

Learning experiences and

outcome expectations

and interests

which effect choice goals

which effect choice actions

Choice actions

effect performance domains and attainment

which effect

Self-Efficacy

which effects learning experiences and outcome expectations and interests

WAYS OF DEALING WITH BARRIERS

Identify possible barriers to achieving career goals

Examine the likelihood that client will have to deal with barriers

Develop strategies for dealing with barriers if they occur

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Decisional Balance Sheets –

WAYS OF DEALING WITH SUPPORTS

Identify ways families, friends, teachers, and others can help in achieving career goals

Provide support in achieving career goals

OTHER SOCIAL COGNITIVE MODELS OF CAREER

DEVELOPMENT

Model of Interests

Model of Performance

Model of Work and Life Satisfaction

SOCIAL COGNITIVE CAREER THEORY EMPHASIZES ATTENTION TO THESE POPULATIONS

Women

Culturally diverse peoples