CDI020121547 lecture 3

NSS Enriching Knowledge Lecture Series: International cooperation and regional politics since 1945 3: Globalisation of Food: Politics, Economy and Society New Dr... Globalisation of Fo

NSS Enriching Knowledge Lecture Series:

International cooperation and regional politics since 1945 (3):

Globalisation of Food:

Politics, Economy and Society (New)

Dr KWONG Chi-man Hong Kong Baptist University

CDI020121547

1.12.2012

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and SocietyI: Food: Simple Matter of Demand and Supply?

 A g e o f P l e n t y

 Food for a farm labourer, Britain, 1796

 The meals of a mill worker, Britain, 1876

 A blogg er’ s meal, Hong Kong, 2012

 F a m i n e C a s e s A f t e r 1 9 4 5

Food: S imple Matter of Demand and Supply?

 F o o d : s o l e l y e c o n o m i c i s s u e ?

 H u m a n r i g h t s i s s u e ?

 “The Freedom from Want” – Four Freedoms of Franklin Roosevelt, US President, 1941

 Universal Declaration of Human Rig hts, 1948

 Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food…(Article 25)

Food: S imple Matter of Demand and Supply?

 Ea tin g h abit as expression of c la ss identity

 Ethnicity and Identity

 Nationa l iden tity and n ational cuisine

 Reg ional culture

 Culture

 Globalisation

 Glocalisatio n

Food: S imple Matter of Demand and Supply?

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and SocietyII: Globalisation of Food, 1493-1939

 A g e o f D i s c o v e r y , 1 4 9 3 - 1 8 5 0

 Trade and Colonialism

 Movement of food from the Americas to Eurasia

 Sugarcane, spice, fruits…

 Potato and Maize

 Population increase

Globalisation of Food, 1493-1 939

 T h e M i d - N i n e t e e n t h C e n t u r y t o W W I

 Increase in productivity

 Staple food – whe at, ba rley, rice…

 Mea t – (16kg p er person /ye ar in 1870 – 50+ kg per perso n/year in 1914)

 Tra nspor ta tion

 Railway and steamships

 Emergence of large corporations and lobby g roups

 E g Unite d F ruit Compan y, 1899-1970 and Meat Union

 Mar keting and c onsumer ism

Globalisation of Food, 1493-1 939

 T h e M i d - N i n e t e e n t h C e n t u r y t o W W I ( c o n ’ t )

 International trade – Free Trade

 Free trade and division of labour

 Banana republics (monoculture)

 South America and Australia

 Migration and changing diet

Globalisation of Food, 1493-1 939

 Sell goods and buy food/ Grow food and buy goods? - Autarchy or Globalisation?

 Attempt to dismantle tariff battier failed - conservative opposition

 Vicious cycle: increasingly difficult to feed working population with home-g rown food – increased reliance on import – unwilling to break tariff barrier

Globalisation of Food, 1493-1939

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and SocietyIII: Food and the World Wars

 G e r m a n y

 Context: Unable to sustain itself during the First World War under British blockade – “Turnip Winte

r”: near-famine in 1917; 750,000 died of malnutrition

Food and the World Wars

 G e r m a n y ( c o n ’ t )

 Autarchy vs Free trade? Debate in the 1920s

 Arg ument of Autarchy won

 Suppo rted by rig h t-wing movements

 The Nazis and Food

 Reich F ood Corp oration – to tal state con trol sinc e 1933

 “Blood an d soil”: Ra ce, a g riculture, a nd L eben sr aum

 Und erstood the inab ility to feed the Germans durin g war time – attac k th e Soviet Union!

 Gene ralplan Ost, 1940

Food and the World Wars

 J a p a n

 Context: Rapid modernisation after 1868

 Chang ing eating habits

 More a nimal protein

 Incr ease in r ice c onsump tion

 25% increase from 1890s to 1914

 Reliance on colonial supply: Korea and Taiwan

 Still not enough!

 Man chur ia – “Plan for the Settle ment of On e Million Househo ld s over Twen ty Yea rs”

 China a nd Southea st Asia

 I ta l y

 Battle for Grain 192 0s

Food and the World Wars

 A l l i e s a t t e m p t t o c o o r d i n a t e f o o d

 Combined Food Board (Anglo-American Cooperation)

 Attempts to increase production – idea of nutrition science

 Still, famine in India

 M e a l s o f t h e S o l d i e r s , W W I I

 Axis

 Allies

Food and the World Wars

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and SocietyIV: Globalisation of Food after 1945: Economy

 P o s t 1 9 4 5 s o c i o - e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t

 Relative peace

 Population increase

 Industrialisation and urbanisation

 Incr ease in we alth

 Chan g e in lifestyle

 Multinationals

Globalisation of Food after 1945: Economy

 Example: factory ships

Globalisation of Food after 1945: Economy

 T h e P r o b l e m o f D i s t r i b u t i o n

 Uneven distribution

 Obesity in developed countries

 Famines around the world

 Causes

 Natural disaster

 Internal and international politics

 International trade

Globalisation of Food after 1945: Economy

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and SocietyV: Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics

 W o r l d f o o d s i t u a t i o n i n 1 9 4 5

 Overall amoun t of food available to the world: 12% less than before the war – and a drought broke out in 1946

 Many had less than h alf of what they had in 1945 than in 1939

 Europe

 Pro duc tion w as o nly 36% o f p rew ar leve l

 Germa ny: 1, 000 c al or ies p er pers on pe r d ay in cities

 Some Germa ns lo st a po un d a da y in 1946

 2 milli on die d in the Sovie t Union

 Even B rita in h ad to in troduce r at ionin g in 194 5

 Asia

 F amin e in Ch ina , Kor ea, Ja va , an d V ietn am

 30 million in China suffere d from und er - nouris h ment

 100,000 star ved to death in Toky o th re e mont h s a fter the w a r

 The Americas

Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics

 F o o d a s C o l d W a r W e a p o n

 Berlin Airlift, 1948

 Marshall Plan VS Warsaw Pact

 Relie f pa ckag e (CAR E) from the USA

 Politics of Aid

 Abun da nce as propa g an da: Hong Kon g

 Chinese food an d water: Hon g Kong

 East Pearl River Water

 Ng Fung Hong

 Food trains during the 1967 Riot

Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics

 I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o o p e r a t i o n A t t e m p t s ( B y U N )

 The International Institute of Agriculture, 1905-1945

 Combined Food Board during the Second World War

 United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture, 1943 (Hot Spring Conference)

 Not only a bout food aid

 Also p ut for wa rd the idea of eating hea lth ily

 Food and Agriculture Organisation,

1945- World Food Programme, 1961

 World Food Conference, 1974

 World Food Council, 1974-1993

 World Summit on Food Security, 1996, 2002, 2 009

Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics

 I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o o p e r a t i o n A t t e m p t s ( B y O t h e r s )

 World Trade organization, 1993

 Global Food Security Program (World Bank), 2010

 European Union

 Euro pean F oo d Sa fety Author ity

Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics

Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics

 States vs Corporations and interest groups

 Politics within the states

 States vs individuals

 Corporations vs individuals

Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics

 L i m i t a t i o n s o f C o o p e r a t i o n ( c o n ’ t )

 Other Causes

 Political

 Internal situation in countries

 Multinational and agricultural interests

 Lack of consensus among countries

 Politics of food aid

 Technological and Economic

 Trade and food aid

 Bottleneck in production

 Speculation and trade barrier

 Oil price and food fuel

 New technology vs vested interest

Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and SocietyVI: Globalisation of Food after 1945: Society

 P r i c e s o f I n c r e a s e d P r o d u c t i v i t y

 Envi ronmental

 Wa sta g e

 Imp ac t of a g ricultur e on e nvironm ent

 Carb on footp rint of food

 L oss o f biodi versity

 Stand a rdisat ion of flavour

 Artific ial flav our

Globalisation of Food after 1945: Society

 C u l t u r a l a n d C l a s s D i m e n s i o n s

 National cuisine and reg ional food?

 Class dimension of food?

 Conservation VS tradition

 Whale hunting in Japan: a means to get protein quickly after the Second World War

 Now seen as a traditional institutional that should not be abandoned

 Employment

 Vested interest

Globalisation of Food after 1945: Society

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

The END!

Food for a farm labourer, 1796

The meals of a mill worker, 1876

Famine Cases After 1945

N a t h a n N u n n ; N a n c y Q i a n , ( 2 0 1 1 ) “ T h e P o t a t o ' s C o n t r i b u t i o n t o P o p u l a t i o n a n d U r b a n i z a t i o n : E v i d e n c e f r o m a H i

s t o r i c a l E x p e r i m e n t ” Q u a r t e r l y J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m i c s 1 2 6 ( 2 ) : 6 0 0

Potatoes and Population Growth

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 38

Potatoes and Population Growth

N a t h a n N u n n ; N a n c y Q i a n , ( 2 0 1 1 ) “ T h e P o t a t o ' s C o n t r i b u t i o n t o P o p u l a t i o n a n d U r b a n i z a t i o n : E v i d e n c e f r o m a H i

s t o r i c a l E x p e r i m e n t ” Q u a r t e r l y J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m i c s 1 2 6 ( 2 ) : 5 9 4

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 39

Increased Productivity

A l e x a n d e r A p o s t o l i d e s , “ E n g l i s h A g r i c u l t u r a l O u t p u t A n d L a b o u r P r o d u c t i v i t y , 1 2 5 0 – 1 8 5 0 : S o m e P r e l i m i n a r y E s t i

m a t e s ” h t t p : / / w w w b a s v a n l e e u w e n n e t / b e s t a n d e n / a g r i c l o n g r u n 1 2 5 0 t o 1 8 5 0 p d f

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 40

Increased Productivity

K T H F a r r e r , A S e t t l e m e n t A m p l y S u p p l i e d , p 2 5 0 ; h t t p : / / w w w p i r s a g o v a u / a g h i s t o r y / l i v e s t o c k / b e e f / m a r k e t s _ a n d _ m a r k e t i n g / m a r k e t i n g _ - _ p r o d u c e

Export of Frozen Meat 1881-1900 (tons)

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 41

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 42

Canned Food, 1890s

http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8031/7986212820_c0be7643c6_m.jpg

Please use this link to view the picture of the Cooked Corn Beef, USA, 1890s

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 43

Marketing and Commercials

http://www.britishempire.co.uk/images/crackerspack.jpg

http://www.britishempire.co.uk/images/patersonspack.jpg

Please use the following two links to view two posters.

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 44

Banana Carriers

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a6/SS_Abangarez.jpg

Please use this link to view the picture of

SS Abangarez, 5,000t cargo ship built for the United Fruit Company in 1911

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 45

German Generalplan Ost, 1940

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Generalplan_Ost_map.tiff/lossy-page1-1024px-Generalplan_Ost_map.tiff.jpg

Please use this link to view the map.

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 46

War Deaths, 1945- 2000

http://www.worldmapper.org/images/largepng/287.png

Please use this link to view the map which shows the war deathsFrom 1945 to 2000

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 47

International Fast Food Dist.

http://www.worldmapper.org/images/largepng/364.png

Please use this link to view the map which shows the international Fast food distribution.

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 48

Food Multinationals

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/27/consumer-brands-owned-ten-companies-graphic_n_1458812.html

Please use this link to view the companies which have enormous number of consumer brands in the market.

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 49Per capita food consumption (kcal/person/day)

F A O , W o r l d A g r i c u l t u r e : t o w a r d s 2 0 1 5 / 2 0 3 0 , p 3 0

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 50

Obesity and health problem

http://www.oecd.org/els/healthpoliciesanddata/thirdlancetseriesonchronicdiseaseschina-keyfacts.htm

Please use this link to view the charts showing the overweight rates in analyzed countries and OECD (adults) in 2010.

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 51White loaf vs Rye Bread

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 52

Race, Land, Agriculture

http://file.vintageadbrowser.com/l-vaayf2et6kmhxm.jpg

Please use this link to view the Nazi Poster in 1937.

 ( E n h a n c e m e n t o f t h e ) e c o n o m i c , s o c i a l a n d p o l i t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s i n H o n g K o n g t h a t w i l l c o n t i n u e t

o c o n t r a s t f a v o r a b l y w i t h c o n d i t i o n s i n C o m m u n i s t C h i n a – “ S t a t e m e n t o f U S P o l i c y o n H o n g K o n

g , ” N S C 6 0 0 7 , 1 9 6 0

 U S f o o d a i d t o H o n g K o n g ( P L 4 8 0 ) – a l l A m e r i c a n o u t p u t s

 4 million USD (30,400,000USD in 2011) per annum between 1958-1961

 1 million under refugee program

 0.8 million under information program

 0.027 million under educational exchange

Hong Kong as Cold War Front: Food

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 54

A CARE Relief Package

Cooperative for Assistance and Relief

Everywhere

http://blob.freent.de/contentblob/739398/teaserImg847x565/carepakete-luftbruecke.jpg

Please use this link to view the picture of a care relief package.

 U S D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e v s U S M i l i t a r y a n d U N R e l i e f a n d R e h a b i l i t a t i o n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( U N

R R A )

 Dept of Agriculture wanted to reduce production to protect the US farming interest from overproduction

 Food administrators encouraged the production and consumption of meat – instead of producing enough grain for the starving European population

 USA unable to provide enoug h g rain for the starving European countries in 1946 – had to be helped by countri

es such as Britain and Canada

“Bare Shelf” Policy of 1944

Idea of World FOOD Board

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 57Changing Japanese Diet, 1961- 2006

“ R e s o u r c e c o n s u m p t i o n i n J a p a n e s e a g r i c u l t u r e a n d i t s l i n k t o f o o d s e c u r i t y , ” E n e r g y P o l i c y , V o l 3 9 , N o 3 , ( M a r 2 0 1 1 )

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 58

Japanese Military Ration

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 60

Meals at the Home Front…

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/u010000/u011869.jpg

http://pic50.picturetrail.com/VOL437/658868/10754765/367572848.jpg

Please use these links to view the pictures of meals at the home front.