Global business concepts methodologies tools and applications

47, 809 Chen, Te Fu \ Graduate Institute of Central Asia, Chin Yung University, Taiwan & Lunghwa University of Science and Technology, Taiwan .... 47 Liu, An \ University of Science & T

Concepts, Methodologies, Tools and Applications

Information Resources Management Association

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Global business : concepts, methodologies, tools and applications /

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Includes bibliographical references and index.

Summary: "This multi-volume reference examines critical issues and emerging

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ISBN 978-1-60960-587-2 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-60960-588-9 (ebook) 1

International business enterprises 2 Electronic commerce I Information

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Editorial Advisory Board

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INFORMATION SCIENCE REFERENCE

Book Series

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John Wang, Montclair University, USA • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-60566-056-1

Electronic Business: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

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Acosta, Pedro Soto \ University of Murcia, Spain 1615

Adekola, O D \ Babcock University, Nigeria 1438

Adeniji, Anthonia Adenike \ Covenant University, Nigeria 1868

Aggestam, Lena \ University of Skövde, Sweden 206

Ahmed, Nazim U \ Ball State University, USA 1662

Ahonen, Aki \ OP Bank Group Central Cooperative, Finland 911

Al Rabea, Adnan I \ Al Balqa Applied University, Jordan 2360

Alas, Ruth \ Estonian Business School, Estonia 1044

Alawneh, Ali \ Philadelphia University, Jordan 1055

AlBulushi, Ahlam Abdullah \ Sultanate of Oman 1087

Al-Gharbi, Khamis \ Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman 1087

Alqatawna, Ja’far \ Sheffield Hallam University, UK 2102

Al-Refai, Hasan \ Philadelphia University, Jordan 1055

Amjad, Urooj \ London School of Economics, UK 2034

Anthopoulos, Leonidas G \ Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Greece 294

Arjonilla-Domínguez, Sixto Jesús \ Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., Spain 39

Assaf, Wael \ Scuola Superiore ISUFI - University of Salento, Italy 1375

Athanasiadou, Christina \ Ernst & Young, Greece 888

Averweg, Udo Richard \ eThekwini Municipality and University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 1858

Babatope, Ihuoma \ Delta State University, Nigeria 2420

Bachani, Jyoti \ University of Redlands, USA 150

Badr, Youakim \ INSA-Lyon, France 670

Baek, John Y \ Center for Advancement of Informal Science Education, USA 529

Baker, Valerie \ University of Wollongong, Australia 1788

Baker, Paul M.A \ Georgia Institute of Technology, USA 2112

Bakke, John Willy \ Telenor Research and Innovation, Norway 1948

Bandara, Arosha \ The Open University, UK 750

Batiha, Khaldoun \ Philadelphia University, Jordan 1055

Baumeister, Alexander \ Saarland University, Germany 1588, 1644 Beaudry, Anne \ Concordia University, Canada 1338

Beck, Phil \ Southwest Airlines, USA 1445

Berkin, Esin Ertemsir \ Yildiz Technical University, Turkey 1633

Biggert, Timothy \ IBM Global Business Services, USA 311

Biggiero, Lucio \ University of L’Aquila, Italy 2525

Braun, Patrice \ University of Ballarat, Australia 1978

Bricout, John C \ University of Central Florida, USA 2112

Btoush, Mohammad Hjouj \ Sheffield Hallam University, UK 2102

Burakova-Lorgnier, Marina \ ECE-INSEEC Research Laboratory, University of Montesquieu Bordeaux 4, France 1896

Calo, Seraphin B \ IBM Research, USA 750

Campos, Eduardo Bueno \ University of Madrid, Spain 418

Capó-Vicedo, Josep \ Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain 1475

Carayon, Pascale \ University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA 1879

Casado-Lumbreras, Cristina \ Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain 627

Caswell, Nathan S \ Janus Consulting, USA 2275

Chamakiotis, Petros \ University of Bath, UK 1688

Chan, Cliff E L \ Mitsubishi Electric, Singapore 1023

Chang, Yuan-Chieh \ National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan 1796

Chen, Ye-Sho \ Louisiana State University, USA 47, 809 Chen, Te Fu \ Graduate Institute of Central Asia, Chin Yung University, Taiwan & Lunghwa University of Science and Technology, Taiwan 1109, 2202 Chi, Hui-Ru \ National Changhua University of Education, Taiwan 1796

Chugh, Ritesh \ CQUniversity Melbourne, Australia 2135

Claver-Cortés, Enrique \ University of Alicante, Spain 929

Colomo-Palacios, Ricardo \ Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain 403, 627, 1615 Coltman, Tim \ University of Wollongong, Australia 1788

Cox, Sharon \ Birmingham City University, UK 732

Craven, Robert \ Imperial College, UK 750

Croteau, Anne-Marie \ Concordia University, Canada 1338

Dai, Jie \ Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China 1149

Datta, B \ Indian Institute of Technology, India 2331

Davies, John \ Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand 2044

De, S K \ Indian Institute of Technology, India 2331

de Juana-Espinosa, Susana \ University of Alicante, Spain 967

De Maggio, Marco \ University of Salento, Italy 2380

Dekker, Ronald \ Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands & ReflecT at Tilburg University, The Netherlands 1603

Del Vecchio, Pasquale \ University of Salento, Italy 2380

Dong, Dong \ Hebei Normal University, China 83

Drost, Adam W \ eCareerFit.com, USA 2087

Duin, Heiko \ BIBA Bremer Institut für Produktion und Logistik GmbH, Germany 254

Durbin, Teresa \ San Diego Gas and Electric, USA 718

Dyehouse, Melissa A \ Purdue University, USA 529

Egyedi, Tineke M \ Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands 105

Eisenhauer, Markus \ Fraunhofer FIT, Germany 569

El Emary, Ibrahiem M M \ King Abdulaziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2360 Elia, Gianluca \ Scuola Superiore ISUFI - University of Salento, Italy 1375, 2380

Faithorn, Lisa \ NASA Ames Research Center, USA 1201

Fayyoumi, Ayham \ Scuola Superiore ISUFI - University of Salento, Italy 1375

Fengel, Janina \ University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Germany 373

Ferlander, Sara \ Södertörn University, Sweden 1904

Fernandes, Cristina \ PhD student at University of Beira Interior, Portugal 1765

Fernández-Sánchez, José Antonio \ University of Alicante, Spain 967

Ferreira, João J \ University of Beira Interior, Portugal 1765

Fink, Lior \ Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel 28

Floren, Alexander \ Saarland University, Germany 1588

Florkowski, Gary W \ Katz Graduate School of Business, USA 976

Foster, Jonathan \ University of Sheffield, UK 1570

Fragidis, Garyfallos \ Technological Educational Institute of Serres, Greece 2473

Francesca, Grippa \ University of Salento, Italy 2398

Frost, Eric \ San Diego State University, USA 718

Gadman, Leslie \ London South Bank University, UK 1522

Galanaki, Eleanna \ Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece 948

Galván, Ramón Sanguino \ University of Extremadura, Spain 183

García-Crespo, Ángel \ Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain 403, 627, 1615 Gayialis, Sotiris P \ National Technical University of Athens, Greece 888

Gemoets, Leopoldo \ University of Texas at El Paso, USA 229

Giambona, Genoveffa (Jeni) \ University of Reading, UK 1396

Gianluca, Elia \ University of Salento, Italy 2398

Gibbs, Jennifer L \ Rutgers University, USA 1413

Gibson, Lucy W \ eCareerFit.com & Resource Assoiciates,, USA 2087

Given, Lisa M \ University of Alberta, Canada 468

Gómez-Berbís, Juan Miguel \ Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain 403, 627 Goossenaerts, Jan \ Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands 2229

Goswami, Ranjit \ Indian Institute of Technology, India 2331

Grippa, Francesca \ University of Salento, Italy 2380

Grisoni, Louise \ Bristol Business School, UK 1249

Gruber, Harald \ European Investment Bank, Luxembourg 2352

Gürol, Yonca \ Yildiz Technical Unversity, Turkey 1633

Guiderdoni-Jourdain, Karine \ The Institute of Labour Economics and Industrial Sociology (LEST); Université de la Méditerranee, France 2073

Gulliver, S R \ University of Reading, UK 135

Gupta, Surendra M \ Northeastern University, Boston, USA 357

Gupta, Pramila \ CQUniversity Melbourne, Australia 2135

Haghirian, Parissa \ Sophia University, Japan 1536

Halas, Helena \ SETCCE, Slovenia 192

Hall, Laura Lunstrum \ University of Texas at El Paso, USA 229

Haller, Armin \ National University of Ireland - Galway, Ireland 782

Häsel, Matthias \ University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany 512

Hassall, Kim \ University of Melbourne, Australia 643

Holt, Duncan \ RAYTHEON, Australia 1961

Hongsranagon, Prathurng \ Chulalongkorn University, Thailand 2512

Hoonakker, Peter \ University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA 1879

Hua, Grace \ Louisiana State University, USA 809

Huang, Liusheng \ University of Science & Technology of China, China & CityU-USTC Advanced Research Institute, China 487

Huerta-Carvajal, María Isabel \ Universidad de las Americas-Puebla, Mexico 842

Hurley-Hanson, Amy E \ Chapman University, USA 619

Ifinedo, Princely \ University of Jyväskylä, Finland & Cape Breton University, Canada 1170, 1217 Ignatiadis, Ioannis \ Kingston University, UK 2473

Ilg, Markus \ Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, Austria 1644

Imafidon, Tongo Constantine \ Covenant University, Nigeria 1508

Isaac, Robert G \ University of Calgary, Canada 2433

Jackson, Pamela \ Fayetteville State University, USA 1134

Järvinen, Raija \ National Consumer Research Centre, Finland 911

Jennex, Murray E \ San Diego State University, USA 718

Jentsch, Marc \ Fraunhofer FIT, Germany 569

Jiang, James \ University of Central Florida, USA 1445

Jin, Hai \ Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China 1149

Jones, Joanna \ University of Wales Newport, UK 984

Judge, Robert \ San Diego State University, USA 718

Julsrud, Tom Erik \ Telenor Research and Innovation, Norway 1948

Juntunen, Arla \ Department of Marketing and Management Helsinki School of Economics, Finland & Finland’s Government Ministry of the Interior, Police Department, Finland 820, 956 Justis, Bob \ Louisiana State University, USA 809

Kalfakakou, Glykeria \ Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece 1458

Kamath, Manjunath \ Oklahoma State University, USA 2275

Kamau, Caroline \ Southampton Solent University, UK 1707

Kanellis, Panagiotis \ National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece 741

Karakostas, Bill \ City University, UK 593

Karat, John \ IBM Research, USA 750

Karat, Clare-Marie \ IBM Research, USA 750

Kardaras, Dimitris K \ Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece 593

Katriou, Stamatia-Ann \ ALTEC S.A., Greece 2473

Keesey, Christopher \ Ohio University, USA 121

Kettunen, Juha \ Turku University of Applied Sciences, Finland 611, 1281 Kim, Young Hoon \ Rutgers University, USA 1413

Kipp, Alexander \ High Performance Computing Center Stuttgart, Germany 1306

Kivistö-Rahnasto, Jouni \ Tampere University of Technology, Finland 911

Klein, Gary \ University of Colorado in Colorado Springs, USA 1445

Kleinknecht, Alfred \ Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands 1603

Klobučar, Tomaž \ Jožef Stefan Institute & SETCCE, Slovenia 192

Koumpis, Adamantios \ ALTEC S.A., Greece 2473

Kovac, Jure \ Faculty of Organizational Sciences & University of Maribor, Slovenia 1750

Krcmar, Helmut \ Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Germany 1267

Kung, Hsiang-Jui \ Georgia Southern University, USA 67

Kwak, N K \ Saint Louis University, USA 344

Kwan Tan, Albert Wee \ National University of Singapore, Singapore 271

Kyritsis, M \ Brunel University, UK 135

Lagraña, Fernando A.A \ Webster University Geneva, Switzerland & Grenoble École de Management, France 1999

Land, Frank \ London School of Economics, UK 2034

Landaeta, Reinaldo Plaz \ University of Madrid, Spain 418

Law, Wai K \ University of Guam, Guam 1924

Lawless, Désirée S \ Woodward, USA 67

Lawless, William F \ Paine College, USA 67

Lee, Sun Kyong \ Rutgers University, USA 1413

Lee, Chang Won \ Jinju National University, Korea 344

Leimeister, Jan Marco \ Kassel University, Germany 1267

Lenart, Gregor \ University of Maribor, Slovenia 995

Lesh, Richard A \ Indiana University, USA 529

Leung, Ying Tat \ IBM Almaden Research Center, USA 2275

Li, Xueping \ University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA 691

Li, Pengtao \ California State University, Stanislaus, USA 2244

Li, Qing \ City University of Hong Kong, China & CityU-USTC Advanced Research Institute, China 487

Lin, Angela \ University of Sheffield, UK 1570

Liu, Chuanlan \ Louisiana State University, USA 47

Liu, An \ University of Science & Technology of China, China & City University of Hong Kong, China & CityU-USTC Advanced Research Institute, China 487

lo Storto, Corrado \ Universitá di Napoli Federico II, Italy 863

Lobo, Jorge \ IBM Research, USA 750

López, Francisco J \ Macon State College, USA 229

López, Ana Villar \ Universitat Jaume I, Spain 434

Lounsbury, John W \ University of Tennessee at Knoxville and eCareerFit.com, USA 2087

Lukosch, Stephan \ Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands 661

Luna-Reyes, Luis Felipe \ Universidad de las Americas-Puebla, Mexico 842

Luo, Yaqin \ Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China 1149

Lupton, Natalie \ Central Washington University, USA 549

Lupu, Emil \ Imperial College, UK 750

Ma, Jiefei \ Imperial College, UK 750

Maamar, Zakaria \ Zayed University, UAE 670

Mahmood, M Adam \ University of Texas at El Paso, USA 229

Manassian, Armond \ American University of Beirut, Lebanon 2433

Martakos, Drakoulis \ National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece 741

Martín, Fernando Paniagua \ Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain 1615

McGuire, Kerry \ University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA 1879

Medina-Garrido, José Aurelio \ Cadiz University, Spain 39

Mehri, Darius \ University of California - Berkeley, USA 1157

Mendes, Júlio da Costa \ University of Algarve, Portugal 446

Mohamed, Mirghani S \ New York Institute of Technology, Bahrain 2457

Mohamed, Mona A \ New York Institute of Technology, Bahrain 2457

Molnar, Darin R \ CEO, eXcolo Research Group, USA 1675

Montagno, Ray \ Ball State University, USA 1662

Moody, Janette \ The Citadel, USA 1991

Moon, Nathan W \ Georgia Institute of Technology, USA 2112

Morar, S \ Consultant, UK 135

Moreno, Carlos Merino \ University of Madrid, Spain 418

Mulej, Matjaz \ University of Maribor, Slovenia 2257

Munde, Gail \ East Carolina University, USA 2060

Murphy, Lyndon \ University of Wales Newport, UK 984

Narayanan, V K \ Drexel University, USA 286

Narendra, Nanjangud C \ IBM Research India, India 670

Natale, Peter J \ Regent University, USA 1562

Natarajan, Thamaraiselvan \ NITT-National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, India 1094

Navarro, Montserrat Boronat \ Universitat Jaume I, Spain 434

Nazari, Jamal A \ Mount Royal College & University of Calgary, Canada 2433

Nedelko, Zlatko \ University of Maribor, Slovenia 2257

Nissen, Mark E \ Naval Postgraduate School, USA 1494

Nitse, Philip S \ Idaho State University, USA 1933

Nolas, Sevasti-Melissa \ London School of Economics, UK 2034

Obuh, Alex Ozoemelem \ Delta State University, Nigeria 2420

Oikonomitsios, Stylianos \ CIA, Consultant, Greece 888

Oiry, Ewan \ The Institute of Labour Economics and Industrial Sociology (LEST); Université de la Méditerranee, France 2073

Olivas-Luján, Miguel R \ Clarion University of Pennsylvania, USA & Tecnológico de Monterrey, México 976

Oren, Eyal \ Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands 782

Osorio, Diana Benito \ Universidad Rey Juan Carlos–Madrid, Spain 1577

Özdemir, Erkan \ Uludag University, Turkey 2019

Palacios, Tomás M Banegil \ University of Extremadura, Spain 183

Panayiotou, Nikolaos A \ National Technical University of Athens, Greece 888

Panayotopoulou, Leda \ Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece 948

Panteli, Niki \ University of Bath, UK 1688

Park, Jore \ IndaSea, Inc., USA 1933

Parker, Kevin R \ Idaho State University, USA 1933

Pimpa, Nattavud \ RMIT University, Australia 2352

Powell, Loreen Marie \ Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, USA 777

Powell, Steven R \ California State Polytechnic University, USA 1231

Prause, Christian R \ Fraunhofer FIT, Germany 569

Premchaiswadi, Wichian \ Siam University, Thailand 699

Pucihar, Andreja \ University of Maribor, Slovenia 995

Qi, Li \ Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China 1149

Quaddus, Mohammad \ Curtin University, Australia 1548

Quan, Jing \ Perdue School of Business, USA 56

Quer-Ramón, Diego \ University of Alicante, Spain 929

Rachan, Wilfred \ University of Leiden, The Netherlands 2493

Rahim, Md Mahbubur \ Monash University, Australia 1548

Raisinghani, Mahesh \ Texas Women’s University, USA 651

Rajagopal \ Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, ITESM, Mexico 1

Rajah, Saraswathy R Aravinda \ NITT-National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, India 1094

Ramakrishna, Hindupur \ University of Redlands, USA 150

Rao, Pramila \ Marymount University, USA 635

Rathi, Dinesh \ University of Alberta, Canada 468

Rawlinson, David \ Central Washington University, USA 549

Richardson, Robert \ Mental Health Associates, USA 1522

Rimbau-Gilabert, Eva \ Open University of Catalonia (UOC), Spain 1298

Robbins, Stephanie S \ University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA 1134

Ruano-Mayoral, Marcos \ Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain 403

Russo, Alessandra \ Imperial College, UK 750

Sahut, Jean-Michel \ Amiens School of Management, France 499

Salonen, Jarno \ VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland 911

Sarkar, Avijit \ University of Redlands, USA 150

Schubert, Lutz \ High Performance Computing Center Stuttgart, Germany 1306

Schümmer, Till \ FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany 661

Scott, Craig R \ Rutgers University, USA 1413

Semolic, Brane \ Project & Technology Management Institute & Faculty of Logistics, University of Maribor, Slovenia 1750

Shaqrah, Amin Ahmad \ Alzaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan 1071

Sharma, Sushil \ Ball State University, USA 1662

Siddiqi, Jawed \ Sheffield Hallam University, UK 2102

Silburn, Nicholas L.J \ Henley Business School, UK 1396

Singh, Mohini \ RMIT University, Australia 1548

Sloman, Morris \ Imperial College, UK 750

Smith-Robbins, Sarah \ Indiana University, USA 121

Söderström, Eva \ University of Skövde, Sweden 206

Sofge, Donald A \ Naval Research Laboratory, USA 67

Stamati, Teta \ National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece 741

Stamati, Konstantina \ National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece 741

Stylianou, Antonis C \ University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA 1134

Sun, Zhaohao \ University of Ballarat, Australia 83

Suryavanishi, Kumal \ IBM Global Business Services, USA 311

Swatman, Paula \ University of South Australia, Australia 1961

Swayne, Huw \ University of Glamorgan, UK 984

Sweeney, Edward \ Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland 1820

Taurino, Cesare \ Scuola Superiore ISUFI - University of Salento, Italy 1375

Thoben, Klaus-Dieter \ BIBA Bremer Institut für Produktion und Logistik GmbH, Germany 254

Thomas, Brychan \ University of Glamorgan, UK 984

Timms, Duncan \ University of Stirling, Scotland 1904

Tolias, Evangelos \ ALTEC S.A., Greece 2473

Tomás-Miquel, José V \ Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain 1475

Tung, Huilien \ Auburn University, USA 67

Valdés-Conca, Jorge \ University of Alicante, Spain 967

Wagner, Claudia-Maria \ Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland 1820

Wallis, Steven E \ Institute for Social Innovation, USA & Foundation for the Advancement of Social Theory, USA 2177

Wang, Fen \ Central Washington University, USA 549

Wang, Eric T.G \ National Central University, Taiwan 1445

Ward, Andrew C \ University of Minnesota, USA 2112

Wenyin, Liu \ City University of Hong Kong, China & CityU-USTC Advanced Research Institute, China 487

Wilkins, Linda \ RMIT University, Australia 1961

Williams, James G \ University of Pittsburgh, USA 699

Wittkower, D E \ Coastal Carolina University, USA 2157

Wolff, R Ayşen \ Haliç University, Turkey 1633

Worden, Daniel \ RuleSmith Corporation, Canada 1732

Woszczynski, Amy B \ Kennesaw State University, USA 1991

Wulff, Vlad Stefan \ University of Southern Denmark, Denmark 1838

Yearwood, John \ University of Ballarat, Australia 83

Yu, Pei-Ju \ Chunghua Institution for Economic Research, Taiwan 1796

Zapounidis, Konstantinos C \ Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece 1458

Zaragoza-Sáez, Patrocinio \ University of Alicante, Spain 929

Zeng, Qingfeng \ Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, China 47

Zhang, Jilong \ RMIT University, Australia 2554

Zhang, Xingguo \ Aging and Disability Service Administration, USA 549

Zhao, Fang \ Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia 1290

Zhou, Haibo \ Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands 1603

Volume I

Section I Fundamental Concepts and Theories

This section serves as a foundation for this exhaustive reference tool by addressing crucial theories sential to the understanding of global business Chapters found within these pages provide an excellent framework in which to position global business within the field of information science and technol- ogy Insight regarding the critical incorporation of global measures into global business is addressed, while crucial stumbling blocks of this field are explored With a little over 10 chapters comprising this foundational section, the reader can learn and chose from a compendium of expert research on the elemental theories underscoring the global business discipline.

es-Chapter 1.1 Marketing Strategy, Technology and Modes of Entry in Global Retailing 1

Rajagopal, Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, ITESM, Mexico

Chapter 1.2 The Business Value of E-Collaboration: A Conceptual Framework 28

Lior Fink, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel

Chapter 1.3 Virtual Corporations 39

Sixto Jesús Arjonilla-Domínguez, Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., Spain

José Aurelio Medina-Garrido, Cadiz University, Spain

Chapter 1.4 E-Business Strategy in Franchising 47

Ye-Sho Chen, Louisiana State University, USA

Chuanlan Liu, Louisiana State University, USA

Qingfeng Zeng, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, China

Chapter 1.5 E-Business Strategy and Firm Performance 56

Jing Quan, Perdue School of Business, USA

Désirée S Lawless, Woodward, USA

Donald A Sofge, Naval Research Laboratory, USA

William F Lawless, Paine College, USA

Chapter 1.7 Demand Driven Web Services 83

Zhaohao Sun, University of Ballarat, Australia

Dong Dong, Hebei Normal University, China

John Yearwood, University of Ballarat, Australia

Chapter 1.8 Between Supply and Demand: Coping with the Impact of Standards Change 105

Tineke M Egyedi, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

Chapter 1.9 Engagement, Immersion, and Learning Cultures: Project Planning and

Decision Making for Virtual World Training Programs 121

Christopher Keesey, Ohio University, USA

Sarah Smith-Robbins, Indiana University, USA

Chapter 1.10 Learning Space in Virtual Environments: Understanding the Factors

Influencing Training Time 135

M Kyritsis, Brunel University, UK

S R Gulliver, University of Reading, UK

S Morar, Consultant, UK

Chapter 1.11 Business Analytics Success: A Conceptual Framework and an

Application to Virtual Organizing 150

Hindupur Ramakrishna, University of Redlands, USA

Avijit Sarkar, University of Redlands, USA

Jyoti Bachani, University of Redlands, USA

Chapter 1.12 An Overview of International Intellectual Capital (IC) Models and

Applicable Guidelines 183

Tomás M Bañegil Palacios, University of Extremadura, Spain

Ramón Sanguino Galván, University of Extremadura, Spain

Chapter 1.13 Business Models and Organizational Processes Changes 192

Helena Halas, SETCCE, Slovenia

Tomaž Klobučar, Jožef Stefan Institute & SETCCE, Slovenia

Chapter 1.14 Guidelines for Preparing Organizations in Developing Countries for

Standards-Based B2B 206

Lena Aggestam, University of Skövde, Sweden

Eva Söderström, University of Skövde, Sweden

global business Research fundamentals imperative to the understanding of developmental processes within information/knowledge management are offered From broad examinations to specific discus- sions on electronic tools, the research found within this section spans the discipline while offering detailed, specific discussions From basic designs to abstract development, these chapters serve to expand the reaches of development and design technologies within the global business community This section includes more than 15 contributions from researchers throughout the world on the topic

of global business.

Chapter 2.1 Building Business Value in E-Commerce Enabled Organizations:

An Empirical Study 229

M Adam Mahmood, University of Texas at El Paso, USA

Leopoldo Gemoets, University of Texas at El Paso, USA

Laura Lunstrum Hall, University of Texas at El Paso, USA

Francisco J López, Macon State College, USA

Chapter 2.2 Enhancing the Preparedness of SMEs for E-Business Opportunities by

Collaborative Networks 254

Heiko Duin, BIBA Bremer Institut für Produktion und Logistik GmbH, Germany

Klaus-Dieter Thoben, BIBA Bremer Institut für Produktion und Logistik GmbH, Germany

Chapter 2.3 An Information Technology Planning Framework for an Industry Cluster 271

Albert Wee Kwan Tan, National University of Singapore, Singapore

Chapter 2.4 Linking Information Technology, Knowledge Management, and

Strategic Experimentation 286

V K Narayanan, Drexel University, USA

Chapter 2.5 Collaborative Enterprise Architecture for Municipal Environments 294

Leonidas G Anthopoulos, Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Greece

Chapter 2.6 Using Enterprise Architecture to Transform Service Delivery: The U.S

Federal Government’s Human Resources Line of Business 311

Timothy Biggert, IBM Global Business Services, USA

Kumal Suryavanishi, IBM Global Business Services, USA

Ryan Kobb, IBM Global Business Services, USA

Chapter 2.7 An Application of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Model to Strategic

Outsourcing for Effective Supply-Chain Linkages 344

N K Kwak, Saint Louis University, USA

Chang Won Lee, Jinju National University, Korea

Chapter 2.9 Semantic Interoperability Enablement in E-Business Modeling 373

Janina Fengel, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Germany

Chapter 2.10 Semantic Competence Pull: A Semantics-Based Architecture for Filling

Competency Gaps in Organizations 403

Ricardo Colomo-Palacios, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain

Marcos Ruano-Mayoral, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain

Juan Miguel Gómez-Berbís, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain

Ángel García-Crespo, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain

Chapter 2.11 Model on Knowledge-Governance: Collaboration Focus and

Communities of Practice 418

Eduardo Bueno Campos, University of Madrid, Spain

Carlos Merino Moreno, University of Madrid, Spain

Reinaldo Plaz Landaeta, University of Madrid, Spain

Chapter 2.12 Knowledge Integration through Inter-Organizational Virtual Organizations 434

Montserrat Boronat Navarro, Universitat Jaume I, Spain

Ana Villar López, Universitat Jaume I, Spain

Chapter 2.13 The Development of Knowledge and Information Networks in

Tourism Destinations 446

Júlio da Costa Mendes, University of Algarve, Portugal

Chapter 2.14 Designing Digital Marketplaces for Competitive Advantage 468

Dinesh Rathi, University of Alberta, Canada

Lisa M Given, University of Alberta, Canada

Chapter 2.15 Business Models for Insurance of Business Web Services 487

Liu Wenyin, City University of Hong Kong, China & CityU-USTC Advanced Research Institute, China

An Liu, University of Science & Technology of China, China & City University of Hong Kong, China & CityU-USTC Advanced Research Institute, China

Qing Li, City University of Hong Kong, China & CityU-USTC Advanced Research Institute, China

Liusheng Huang, University of Science & Technology of China, China & CityU-USTC Advanced Research Institute, China

Chapter 2.16 Business Model of Internet Banks 499

Jean-Michel Sahut, Amiens School of Management, France

Chapter 2.18 Multi-Tier Design Assessment in the Development of Complex

Organizational Systems 529

Melissa A Dyehouse, Purdue University, USA

John Y Baek, Center for Advancement of Informal Science Education, USA

Richard A Lesh, Indiana University, USA

Chapter 2.19 EBDMSS: A Web-Based Decision Making Support System for Strategic

E-Business Management 549

Fen Wang, Central Washington University, USA

Natalie Lupton, Central Washington University, USA

David Rawlinson, Central Washington University, USA

Xingguo Zhang, Aging and Disability Service Administration, USA

Section III Tools and Technologies

This section presents an extensive coverage of various tools and technologies available in the field of global business that practitioners and academicians alike can utilize to develop different techniques These chapters enlighten readers about fundamental research on the many methods used to facilitate and enhance the integration of this worldwide industry by exploring the usage of such tools as sup- ply chain design, IT strategy, and new business models, all increasingly pertinent research areas It is through these rigorously researched chapters that the reader is provided with countless examples of the up-and-coming tools and technologies emerging from the field of global business With more than 20 chapters, this section offers a broad treatment of some of the many tools and technologies within the global business community

Chapter 3.1 MICA: A Mobile Support System for Warehouse Workers 569

Christian R Prause, Fraunhofer FIT, Germany

Marc Jentsch, Fraunhofer FIT, Germany

Markus Eisenhauer, Fraunhofer FIT, Germany

Chapter 3.2 Fuzzy Modelling for Integrated Strategic Planning for Information Systems

and Business Process Design 593

Dimitris K Kardaras, Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece

Bill Karakostas, City University, UK

Chapter 3.3 Human Resources in the Balanced Scorecard System 611

Juha Kettunen, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Finland

Chapter 3.4 The Role of HRIS in Crisis Response Planning 619

Amy E Hurley-Hanson, Chapman University, USA

Cristina Casado-Lumbreras, Universidad Complutense, Spain

Chapter 3.6 E-Recruitment in Emerging Economies 635

Pramila Rao, Marymount University, USA

Volume II

Chapter 3.7 E-Logistics: The Slowly Evolving Platform Underpinning E-Business 643

Kim Hassall, University of Melbourne, Australia

Chapter 3.8 E-Business Perspectives through Social Networks 651

Mahesh Raisinghani, Texas Women’s University, USA

Elon Marques, University of Dallas, USA

Chapter 3.9 Designing E-Business Applications with Patterns for

Computer-Mediated Interaction 661

Stephan Lukosch, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

Till Schümmer, FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany

Chapter 3.10 Business Artifacts for E-Business Interoperability 670

Youakim Badr, INSA-Lyon, France

Nanjangud C Narendra, IBM Research India, India

Zakaria Maamar, Zayed University, UAE

Chapter 3.11 Adaptive Web Presence and Evolution through Web Log Analysis 691

Xueping Li, University of Tennessee, USA

Chapter 3.12 On-Line Credit Card Payment Processing and Fraud Prevention for E-Business 699

James G Williams, University of Pittsburgh, USA

Wichian Premchaiswadi, Siam University, Thailand

Chapter 3.13 Achieving Electric Restoration Logistical Efficiencies During Critical

Infrastructure Crisis Response: A Knowledge Management Analysis 718

Teresa Durbin, San Diego Gas and Electric, USA

Murray E Jennex, San Diego State University, USA

Eric Frost, San Diego State University, USA

Robert Judge, San Diego State University, USA

Chapter 3.14 Assessing the Impact of Mobile Technologies on Work-Life Balance 732

Sharon Cox, Birmingham City University, UK

Drakoulis Martakos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece

Chapter 3.16 Policy Technologies for Security Management in Coalition Networks 750

Seraphin B Calo, IBM Research, USA

Clare-Marie Karat, IBM Research, USA

John Karat, IBM Research, USA

Jorge Lobo, IBM Research, USA

Robert Craven, Imperial College, UK

Emil Lupu, Imperial College, UK

Jiefei Ma, Imperial College, UK

Alessandra Russo, Imperial College, UK

Morris Sloman, Imperial College, UK

Arosha Bandara, The Open University, UK

Chapter 3.17 Teleworker’s Security Risks Minimized with Informal Online Information

Technology Communities of Practice 777

Loreen Marie Powell, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, USA

Chapter 3.18 Ontologically Enhanced RosettaNet B2B Integration 782

Paavo Kotinurmi, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland

Armin Haller, National University of Ireland - Galway, Ireland

Eyal Oren, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Chapter 3.19 Data Mining in Franchising 809

Ye-Sho Chen, Louisiana State University, USA

Grace Hua, Louisiana State University, USA

Bob Justis, Louisiana State University, USA

Chapter 3.20 Developing a Corporate Memory as a Competitive Advantage in the ICT Sector 820

Arla Juntunen, Helsinki School of Economics, Finland

Chapter 3.21 City Boosterism through Internet Marketing: An Institutional Perspective 842

María Isabel Huerta-Carvajal, Universidad de las Americas-Puebla, Mexico

Luis Felipe Luna-Reyes, Universidad de las Americas-Puebla, Mexico

Chapter 3.22 Learning Organizations or Organizations for Learning? How Small Firms can Learnfrom Planned and Random Technical Problem-Solving: Implications for Technical Education 863

Corrado lo Storto, Universitá di Napoli Federico II, Italy

tion includes over 25 chapters that review numerous business aspects, such as IT diffusion, e-human resource management, and e-commerce development Also explored in this section is the use of organi- zational learning during operational change in business Contributions included in this section provide excellent coverage of today’s business community and how research into global business is impacting the social fabric of our present-day global village

Chapter 4.1 Risk Assessment in Virtual Enterprise Networks: A Process-Driven Internal

Audit Approach 888

Nikolaos A Panayiotou, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

Stylianos Oikonomitsios, CIA, Consultant, Greece

Christina Athanasiadou, Ernst & Young, Greece

Sotiris P Gayialis, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

Chapter 4.2 eInsurance: Developing Customer-Firendly Electronic Insurance Services

from the Novel Project Perspective 911

Aki Ahonen, OP Bank Group Central Cooperative, Finland

Jarno Salonen, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland

Raija Järvinen, National Consumer Research Centre, Finland

Jouni Kivistö-Rahnasto, Tampere University of Technology, Finland

Chapter 4.3 A Qualitative Study of Knowledge Management: The Multinational Firm

Point of View 929

Patrocinio Zaragoza-Sáez, University of Alicante, Spain

Enrique Claver-Cortés, University of Alicante, Spain

Diego Quer-Ramón, University of Alicante, Spain

Chapter 4.4 Adoption and Success of E-HRM in European Firms 948

Eleanna Galanaki, Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece

Leda Panayotopoulou, Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece

Chapter 4.5 A Case Study of a Data Warehouse in the Finnish Police 956

Arla Juntunen, Helsinki School of Economics, Finland & Finland’s Government

Ministry of the Interior, Finland

Chapter 4.6 Exploring the Relation between the Use of HRIS and their Implementation in

Spanish Firms 967

José Antonio Fernández-Sánchez, University of Alicante, Spain

Susana de Juana-Espinosa, University of Alicante, Spain

Jorge Valdés-Conca, University of Alicante, Spain

Chapter 4.8 The ‘Knock-on’ Effect of E-Business upon Graphic Design SMEs in

South Wales 984

Lyndon Murphy, University of Wales Newport, UK

Joanna Jones, University of Wales Newport, UK

Huw Swayne, University of Glamorgan, UK

Brychan Thomas, University of Glamorgan, UK

Chapter 4.9 “eSME Slovenia”: Initiative and Action Plan for the Accelerated Introduction

of E-Business in SMEs 995

Andreja Pucihar, University of Maribor, Slovenia

Gregor Lenart, University of Maribor, Slovenia

Chapter 4.10 Simulating E-Business Innovation Process Improvement with Virtual Teams

Across Europe and Asia 1023

Kenneth D Strang, APPC International Market Research, USA & University of

Central Queensland, Australia Cliff E L Chan, Mitsubishi Electric, Singapore

Chapter 4.11 Organizational Learning During Changes in Estonian Organization 1044

Ruth Alas, Estonian Business School, Estonia

Chapter 4.12 E-Business Adoption by Jordanian Banks: An Exploratory Study of the Key

Factors and Performance Indicators 1055

Ali Alawneh, Philadelphia University, Jordan

Hasan Al-Refai, Philadelphia University, Jordan

Khaldoun Batiha, Philadelphia University, Jordan

Chapter 4.13 The Influence of Internet Security on E-Business Competence in Jordan:

An Empirical Analysis 1071

Amin Ahmad Shaqrah, Alzaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan

Chapter 4.14 Internet Adoption from Omani Organizations’ Perspective:

Motivations and Reservations 1087

Khamis Al-Gharbi, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman

Ahlam Abdullah AlBulushi, Sultanate of Oman

Chapter 4.15 Snapshot of Personnel Productivity Assessment in Indian IT Industry 1094

Thamaraiselvan Natarajan, NITT-National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, India Saraswathy R Aravinda Rajah, NITT-National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, India

Sivagnanasundaram Manikavasagam, NITT-National Institute of Technology

Tiruchirappalli, India

Chapter 4.17 E-Commerce Development in China: An Exploration of

Perceptions and Attitudes 1134

Antonis C Stylianou, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA

Stephanie S Robbins, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA

Pamela Jackson, Fayetteville State University, USA

Chapter 4.18 Dynamic Maintenance in ChinaGrid Support Platform 1149

Hai Jin, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China

Li Qi, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China

Jie Dai, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China

Yaqin Luo, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China

Chapter 4.19 Engineering Design at a Toyota Company: Knowledge Management

and the Innovative Process 1157

Darius Mehri, University of California - Berkeley, USA

Chapter 4.20 The Internet and SMEs in Sub-Saharan African Countries:

An Analysis in Nigeria 1170

Princely Ifinedo, University of Jyväskylä, Finland

Chapter 4.21 E-Business and Nigerian Financial Firms Development: A Review of

Key Determinants 1178

Uchenna Cyril Eze, Multimedia University, Malaysia

Chapter 4.22 Lessons Learned from the NASA Astrobiology Institute 1201

Lisa Faithorn, NASA Ames Research Center, USA

Baruch S Blumberg, Fox Chase Cancer Center, USA

Chapter 4.23 Influencing Factors and the Acceptance of Internet and E-Business

Technologies in Maritime Canada’s SMEs: An Analysis 1217

Princely Ifinedo, Cape Breton University, Canada

Chapter 4.24 An Analysis of the Latin American Wireless Telecommunications Market

Portfolios of Telefonica and America Movil 1231

Steven R Powell, California State Polytechnic University, USA

Chapter 4.25 Exploring Organizational Learning and Knowledge Exchange through Poetry 1249

Louise Grisoni, Bristol Business School, UK

Helmut Krcmar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Germany

Chapter 4.27 Management Information System in Higher Education 1281

Juha Kettunen, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Finland

Volume III

Section V Organizational and Social Implications

This section includes a wide range of research pertaining to the social and organizational impact of global business around the world Chapters introducing this section critically analyze interoperabil- ity, collaboration, synergy and interpersonal communication/knowledge sharing Additional chapters included in this section look at trust and tension in telework practices, which has been recognized as one of the main causes of the collapse of a large number of dot-com companies With 20 chapters the discussions presented in this section offer research into the integration of global global business as well

as implementation of ethical considerations for all organizations

Chapter 5.1 Business Relationships and Organizational Structures in E-Business 1290

Fang Zhao, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia

Chapter 5.2 Exploring the Link between Flexible Work and Organizational Performance 1298

Eva Rimbau-Gilabert, Open University of Catalonia (UOC), Spain

Chapter 5.3 E-Business Interoperability and Collaboration 1306

Alexander Kipp, High Performance Computing Center Stuttgart, Germany

Lutz Schubert, High Performance Computing Center Stuttgart, Germany

Chapter 5.4 Assessing Relational E-Strategy Supporting Business Relationships 1338

Anne-Marie Croteau, Concordia University, Canada

Anne Beaudry, Concordia University, Canada

Justin Holm, Concordia University, Canada

Chapter 5.5 Collaborative Synergy and Leadership in E-Business 1350

Kenneth David Strang, Central Queensland University, Australia

Chapter 5.6 Collaborative Learning Experiences in Teaching of E-Business Management 1375

Wael Assaf, Scuola Superiore ISUFI - University of Salento, Italy

Gianluca Elia, Scuola Superiore ISUFI - University of Salento, Italy

Ayham Fayyoumi, Scuola Superiore ISUFI - University of Salento, Italy

Cesare Taurino, Scuola Superiore ISUFI - University of Salento, Italy

Chapter 5.8 Examining Tensions in Telework Policies 1413

Jennifer L Gibbs, Rutgers University, USA

Craig R Scott, Rutgers University, USA

Young Hoon Kim, Rutgers University, USA

Sun Kyong Lee, Rutgers University, USA

Chapter 5.9 Workplace Safety and Personnel Well-Being: The Impact of

Information Technology 1438

T Fagbe, ATT Safety Technologies, Nigeria

O D Adekola, Babcock University, Nigeria

Chapter 5.10 The Impact of Missing Skills on Learning and Project Performance 1445

James Jiang, University of Central Florida, USA

Gary Klein, University of Colorado in Colorado Springs, USA

Phil Beck, Southwest Airlines, USA

Eric T.G Wang, National Central University, Taiwan

Chapter 5.11 Recruiting, Selecting and Motivating Human Resources:

Methodological Analysis and Case Studies Applications 1458

Konstantinos C Zapounidis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Glykeria Kalfakakou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Chapter 5.12 Knowledge Management in SMEs Clusters 1475

Josep Capó-Vicedo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain

José V Tomás-Miquel, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain

Manuel Expósito-Langa, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain

Chapter 5.13 Visualizing Knowledge Networks and Flows to Enhance

Organizational Metacognition in Virtual Organizations 1494

Mark E Nissen, Naval Postgraduate School, USA

Chapter 5.14 The Multicultural Organization: A Histroric Organizational

Theory for Gaining Competitiveness in Global Business Environment 1508

Tongo Constantine Imafidon, Covenant University, Nigeria

Chapter 5.15 Multinational Intellect: The Synergistic Power of Cross

Cultural Knowledge Networks 1522

Leslie Gadman, London South Bank University, UK

Robert Richardson, Mental Health Associates, USA

Chapter 5.17 Understanding the Use of Business-to-Employee (B2E) Portals in an

Australian University through the Employee Lens: A Quantitative Approach 1548

Md Mahbubur Rahim, Monash University, Australia

Mohammad Quaddus, Curtin University, Australia

Mohini Singh, RMIT University, Australia

Chapter 5.18 Media Channel Preferences of Mobile Communities 1562

Peter J Natale, Regent University, USA

Mihai C Bocarnea, Regent University, USA

Chapter 5.19 Consumer Information Sharing 1570

Jonathan Foster, University of Sheffield, UK

Angela Lin, University of Sheffield, UK

Chapter 5.20 The Benefits of Home-Based Working’s Flexibility 1577

Diana Benito Osorio, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos–Madrid, Spain

Section VI Managerial Impact

This section presents contemporary coverage of the social implications of global business, more ically related to the corporate and managerial utilization of strategy and resource planning Core ideas such as training and continuing education of human resources in modern organizations are discussed throughout these chapters Issues, such as a conceptual model to show how managers evaluate internal (relative advantage and compatibility of adopting an innovation) and external (competitive pressure and partner conflict) determinants that affect the intention to adopt technological innovations in global business, are discussed Equally as crucial, chapters within this section discuss how low-cost Internet commercialization has led to much more widespread adoption of inter-organizational information sys- tems Also in this section is a focus on finding a solution to deal with Internet empowered customers and

specif-to learn how specif-to apply technologies demanded in the new digital economy

Chapter 6.1 Optimizing the Configuration of Development Teams Using EVA:

The Case of Ongoing Project Adjustments Facing Personnel Restrictions 1588

Alexander Baumeister, Saarland University, Germany

Alexander Floren, Saarland University, Germany

Chapter 6.2 The Impact of Labour Flexibility and HRM on Innovation 1603

Haibo Zhou, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Ronald Dekker, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands & ReflecT at Tilburg University, The Netherlands

Alfred Kleinknecht, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

Fernando Paniagua Martín, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain

Pedro Soto Acosta, University of Murcia, Spain

Chapter 6.4 E-HRM in Turkey: A Case Study 1633

Yonca Gürol, Yildiz Technical Unversity, Turkey

R Ayşen Wolff, Haliç University, Turkey

Esin Ertemsir Berkin, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey

Chapter 6.5 Performance Management in Software Engineering 1644

Markus Ilg, Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, Austria

Alexander Baumeister, Saarland University, Germany

Chapter 6.6 Strategy and Structure in a Virtual Organization 1662

Nazim Ahmed, Ball State University, USA

Ray Montagno, Ball State University, USA

Sushil Sharma, Ball State University, USA

Chapter 6.7 Assessment Strategies for Servant Leadership Practice and Training in the

Virtual Organization 1675

Darin R Molnar, eXcolo Research Group, USA

Chapter 6.8 E-Leadership Styles for Global Virtual Teams 1688

Petros Chamakiotis, University of Bath, UK

Niki Panteli, University of Bath, UK

Chapter 6.9 Strategising Impression Management in Corporations: Cultural

Knowledge as Capital 1707

Caroline Kamau, Southampton Solent University, UK

Chapter 6.10 Agile Alignment of Enterprise Execution Capabilities with Strategy 1732

Daniel Worden, RuleSmith Corporation, Canada

Chapter 6.11 Governance of Virtual Networks: Case of Living and Virtual Laboratories 1750

Brane Semolic, University of Maribor, Slovenia

Jure Kovac, University of Maribor, Slovenia

Chapter 6.12 Decision-Making for Location of New Knowledge Intensive Businesses on

ICT Sector: Portuguese Evidences 1765

João J Ferreira, University of Beira Interior, Portugal

Carla S Marques, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal

Cristina Fernandes, University of Beira Interior, Portugal

Chapter 6.14 Prioritizing Corporate R&D Capabilities: The Intellectual Capital Perspective 1796

Yuan-Chieh Chang, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan

Pei-Ju Yu, Chunghua Institution for Economic Research, Taiwan

Hui-Ru Chi, National Changhua University of Education, Taiwan

Chapter 6.15 E-Business in Supply Chain Management 1820

Claudia-Maria Wagner, Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland

Edward Sweeney, Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland

Chapter 6.16 Global Account Management (GAM): Creating Companywide and

Worldwide Relationships to Global Customers 1838

Svend Hollensen, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark

Vlad Stefan Wulff, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark

Chapter 6.17 An Overview of Executive Information Systems (EIS) Research in

South Africa 1858

Udo Richard Averweg, eThekwini Municipality and University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Chapter 6.18 Managerial Succession and E-Business 1868

Anthonia Adenike Adeniji, Covenant University, Nigeria

Section VII Critical Issues

This section contains 21 chapters addressing issues such as business as a social institution, social capital theory, advancing women in the workplace through technology, management theory, digital divide, and copyright in business, to name a few Within the chapters, the reader is presented with an in-depth analysis of the most current and relevant issues within this growing field of study Issues, such

as the current state of cultural integration of the workplace, are discussed Crucial questions are dressed and alternatives offered, such as the divergence between the expected and realized degrees of innovation in business to business management Rounding out this section is a look at scientific and technological revolutions, and their implications on different institutions and enterprises

ad-Chapter 7.1 Sociotechnical Issues of Tele-ICU Technology 1879

Peter Hoonakker, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA

Kerry McGuire, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA

Pascale Carayon, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA

Chapter 7.2 Contributions of Social Capital Theory to HRM 1896

Marina Burakova-Lorgnier, ECE-INSEEC Research Laboratory, University of

Montesquieu Bordeaux 4, France

Chapter 7.4 Cross-Cultural Challenges for Information Resources Management 1924

Wai K Law, University of Guam, Guam

Volume IV

Chapter 7.5 The Role of Culture in Business Intelligence 1933

Jore Park, IndaSea, Inc., USA

Wylci Fables, IndaSea, Inc., USA

Kevin R Parker, Idaho State University, USA

Philip S Nitse, Idaho State University, USA

Chapter 7.6 Contested Terrain: Place, Work and Organizational Identities 1948

John Willy Bakke, Telenor Research and Innovation, Norway

Tom Erik Julsrud, Telenor Research and Innovation, Norway

Chapter 7.7 Evolutionary Diffusion Theory 1961

Linda Wilkins, RMIT University, Australia

Paula Swatman, University of South Australia, Australia

Duncan Holt, RAYTHEON, Australia

Chapter 7.8 Advancing Women in the Digital Economy: eLearning Opportunities for

Meta-Competency Skilling 1978

Patrice Braun, University of Ballarat, Australia

Chapter 7.9 Interventions and Solutions in Gender and IT 1991

Amy B Woszczynski, Kennesaw State University, USA

Janette Moody, The Citadel, USA

Chapter 7.10 Ethical Issues Arising from the Usage of Electronic Communications

in the Workplace 1999

Fernando A.A Lagraña, Webster University Geneva, Switzerland & Grenoble

École de Management, France

Chapter 7.11 Ethics in E-Marketing: A Marketing Mix Perspective 2019

Erkan Özdemir, Uludag University, Turkey

Chapter 7.12 Accountability and Ethics in Knowledge Management 2034

Frank Land, London School of Economics, UK

Urooj Amjad, London School of Economics, UK

Sevasti-Melissa Nolas, London School of Economics, UK

Chapter 7.14 Global Issues in Human Resource Management and Their Significance

to Information Organizations and Information Professionals 2060

Gail Munde, East Carolina University, USA

Chapter 7.15 Does User Centered Design, Coherent with Global Corporate Strategy,

Encourage Development of Human Resource Intranet Use? 2073

Karine Guiderdoni-Jourdain, Université de la Méditerranee, France

Ewan Oiry, Université de la Méditerranee, France

Chapter 7.16 Holland’s Vocational Theory and Personality Traits of Information

Technology Professionals 2087

John W Lounsbury, University of Tennessee at Knoxville and eCareerFit.com, USA

R Scott Studham, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA

Robert P Steel, University of Michigan-Dearborn, USA

Lucy W Gibson, eCareerFit.com & Resource Assoiciates, USA

Adam W Drost, eCareerFit.com, USA

Chapter 7.17 Do Insecure Systems Increase Global Digital Divide? 2102

Jawed Siddiqi, Sheffield Hallam University, UK

Ja’far Alqatawna, Sheffield Hallam University, UK

Mohammad Hjouj Btoush, Sheffield Hallam University, UK

Chapter 7.18 Teleworking and the “Disability Divide” 2112

John C Bricout, University of Central Florida, USA

Paul M.A Baker, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA

Andrew C Ward, University of Minnesota, USA

Nathan W Moon, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA

Chapter 7.19 A Unified View of Enablers, Barriers, and Readiness of Small to Medium

Enterprises for E-Business Adoption 2135

Ritesh Chugh, CQUniversity Melbourne, Australia

Pramila Gupta, CQUniversity Melbourne, Australia

Chapter 7.20 Against Strong Copyright in E-Business 2157

D E Wittkower, Coastal Carolina University, USA

Chapter 7.21 The Structure of Theory and the Structure of Scientific Revolutions:

What Constitutes an Advance in Theory? 2177

Steven E Wallis, Institute for Social Innovation, USA & Foundation for the Advancement

of Social Theory, USA

stage for future research directions and topical suggestions for continued debate Discussions ing the potential of new technologies for user authentication (verification of the user’s identity) on the basis of a practical test and an analysis of trust are offered Another debate which currently finds itself at the forefront of research is the potential development and application of a ‘Social Network Scorecard’ (SNS) managerial tool to monitor social interchanges and relationships within and across organizations in order to assess the effectiveness of knowledge networks Found in these chapters, concluding this exhaustive multi-volume set are areas of emerging trends and suggestions for future research within this ever- and rapidly expanding discipline

assess-Chapter 8.1 Emerging Business Models: Value Drivers in E-Business 2.0 and towards

Enterprise 2.0 2202

Te Fu Chen, Lunghwa University of Science and Technology, Taiwan

Chapter 8.2 Vision, Trends, Gaps and a Broad Roadmap for Future Engineering 2229

Jan Goossenaerts, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands

Frank Possel-Dölken, RWTH Aachen University, Germany

Keith Popplewell, Coventry University, UK

Chapter 8.3 Emerging Trends of E-Business 2244

Pengtao Li, California State University, Stanislaus, USA

Chapter 8.4 What is New with Organization of E-Business: Organizational Viewpoint

of the Relationships in E-Business 2257

Vojko Potocan, University of Maribor, Slovenia

Zlatko Nedelko, University of Maribor, Slovenia

Matjaz Mulej, University of Maribor, Slovenia

Chapter 8.5 New Profession Development: The Case for the Business Process Engineer 2275

Ying Tat Leung, IBM Almaden Research Center, USA

Nathan S Caswell, Janus Consulting, USA

Manjunath Kamath, Oklahoma State University, USA

Chapter 8.6 Articulating Tacit Knowledge in Multinational E-Collaboration on New

Product Designs 2298

Kenneth David Strang, APPC IM Research, USA & University of Central Queensland, Australia

Chapter 8.7 Study on E-Business Adoption from Stakeholders’ Perspectives in Indian Firms 2331

Ranjit Goswami, Indian Institute of Technology, India

S K De, Indian Institute of Technology, India

B Datta, Indian Institute of Technology, India

Chapter 8.9 Optimizing and Managing Digital Telecommunication Systems Using Data

Mining and Knowledge Discovery Approaches 2360

Adnan I Al Rabea, Al Balqa Applied University, Jordan

Ibrahiem M M El Emary, King Abdulaziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Chapter 8.10 An ICT-Based Network of Competence Centres for Developing Intellectual

Capital in the Mediterranean Area 2380

Marco De Maggio, University of Salento, Italy

Pasquale Del Vecchio, University of Salento, Italy

Gianluca Elia, University of Salento, Italy

Francesca Grippa, University of Salento, Italy

Chapter 8.11 Recognizing Innovation through Social Network Analysis:

The Case of the Virtual eBMS Project 2398

Grippa Francesca, University of Salento, Italy

Elia Gianluca, University of Salento, Italy

Chapter 8.12 Organizational Password Policy 2420

Alex Ozoemelem Obuh, Delta State University, Nigeria

Ihuoma Babatope, Delta State University, Nigeria

Chapter 8.13 National Intellectual Capital Stocks and Organizational Cultures:

A Comparison of Lebanon and Iran 2433

Jamal A Nazari, Mount Royal College & University of Calgary, Canada

Irene M Herremans, University of Calgary, Canada

Armond Manassian, American University of Beirut, Lebanon

Robert G Isaac, University of Calgary, Canada

Chapter 8.14 The Role of ICTs and the Management of Multinational Intellectual Capital 2457

Mirghani S Mohamed, New York Institute of Technology, Bahrain

Mona A Mohamed, New York Institute of Technology, Bahrain

Chapter 8.15 An Approach to Efficient Waste Management for SMEs via RBVOs 2473

Stamatia-Ann Katriou, ALTEC S.A., Greece

Ioannis Ignatiadis, Kingston University, UK

Garyfallos Fragidis, Technological Educational Institute of Serres, Greece

Evangelos Tolias, ALTEC S.A., Greece

Adamantios Koumpis, ALTEC S.A., Greece

Chapter 8.16 Supply Chain Risk Management Driven by Action Learning 2493

H.P Borgman (Hans), University of Leiden, The Netherlands

Wilfred Rachan, University of Leiden, The Netherlands

Chapter 8.18 Knowledge Redundancy, Environmental Shocks, and Agents’ Opportunism 2525

Lucio Biggiero, University of L’Aquila, Italy

Chapter 8.19 Embracing Guanxi: The Literature Review 2554

Jilong Zhang, RMIT University, Australia

Nattavud Pimpa, RMIT University, Australia

The world is always expanding with people, ideas, and technology Global business looks to capitalize

on the successes of modern society and the range of products and services people look for around the world As people and cultures change, so do the products and services they look for In addition to pro-ducing and marketing new products for consumers, businesses create jobs and spur local growth in in-frastructure As change goes, so do the industries surrounding it; businesses must be ready to adapt to new technologies, products, and consumers

That is why Information Science Reference is pleased to offer this four-volume reference collection that will empower students, researchers, and academicians with a strong understanding of critical issues within global business by providing both extensive and detailed perspectives on cutting-edge theories and developments This reference serves as a single, comprehensive reference source on conceptual, methodological, technical, and managerial issues, as well as providing insight into emerging trends and future opportunities within the discipline

Global Business: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools and Applications is organized into eight distinct

sections that provide comprehensive coverage of important topics The sections are: (1) Fundamental Concepts and Theories, (2) Development and Design Methodologies, (3) Tools and Technologies, (4) Utilization and Application, (5) Organizational and Social Implications, (6) Managerial Impact, (7) Criti-cal Issues, and (8) Emerging Trends The following paragraphs provide a summary of what to expect from this invaluable reference tool

Section 1, Fundamental Concepts and Theories, serves as a foundation for this extensive reference

tool by laying the groundwork within the subject matter, and addressing crucial theories essential to the

understanding of global business The book opens with Marketing Strategy, Technology and Modes of

Entry in Global Retailing by Rajagopal, breaking down how new businesses can enter their respective

markets with proper strategy and best practices in place to allow substantive growth The section also

contains Engagement, Immersion, and Learning Cultures by Christopher Keesey, offering a guide to

avoiding common pitfalls while suggesting a plan for maximum training benefit in virtual world

imple-mentations Another among the vital chapter selections is An Overview of International Intellectual

Capital (IC) Models and Applicable Guidelines by Tomas M Banegil Palacios and Ramon Sanguino

Galvan, moving out of the fundamental concepts and into some critical theory on intellectual capital management

Section 2, Development and Design Methodologies, presents in-depth coverage of the conceptual

design and architecture of global business, focusing on aspects such as IT strategy, supply chain ment, knowledge governance, and business models Designing and implementing effective processes

manage-and strategies are the focus of such chapters as Collaborative Enterprise Architecture for Municipal

Environments by Leonidas G Anthopoulos, or Linking Information Technology, Knowledge

Manage-ment, and Strategic Experimentation by V K Narayanan The section also contains such revolutionary

methodological suggestions as those found in A Reverse Auction-Based E-Business Model for B2C

Service Markets by Tobias Kollmann For those in strategic planning departments of their businesses,

this section provides a vital reference of the latest research in the design and development of planning and growth of your business

Section 3, Tools and Technologies, shows how new devices and models can be implemented into the

growth of global business This comprehensive section includes such chapters as On-Line Credit Card

Payment Processing and Fraud Prevention for e-Business by Wichian Premchaiswadi and James G

Williams, breaking down security measures involved in account payment and credit card processing, and

Achieving Electric Restoration Logistical Efficiencies During Critical Infrastructure Crisis Response by

Murray E Jennex, Robert Judge, Eric Frost, and Teresa Durbin, an important look into crisis ment and the role business infrastructure (especially within the energy sector) must play in the process

manage-Another fantastic chapter in section 3 is Learning Organizations or Organizations for Learning? How

Small Firms can Learn from Planned and Random Technical Problem-Solving by Corrado lo Storto,

detailing knowledge management and learning strategies for keeping employees informed and sharp in critical thinking The section contains a diverse selection of the latest strategies, tools, and technologies that businesses have begun to adopt around the globe

Section 4, Utilization and Application, describes how various strategies and technologies in global

business have been utilized and offers insight on important lessons for their continued use and tion This section is filled with case studies and research from leading industry members around the

evolu-world, including selections such as The ‘Knock-on’ Effect of E-Business upon Graphic Design SMEs in

South Wales by Lyndon Murphy, Joanna Jones, Huw Swayne, and Brychan Thomas; Lessons Learned from the NASA Astrobiology Institute by Lisa Faithorn and Baruch S Blumberg; and even as diverse as Exploring Organizational Learning and Knowledge Exchange through Poetry by Louise Grisoni Sec-

tion 4 has the broadest range of topics, the largest volume of chapters, and contains works from authors from over a dozen countries

Section 5, Organizational and Social Implications, discusses the human impact on global business,

and how people influence the decision making and directions that companies take, with topics ing human resource management, synergy, information transfer, and many more The section includes

includ-chapters such as Trust, Virtual Teams, and Grid Technology by Genoveffa Giambona, Nicholas L.J

Silburn, and David W Birchall, detailing the importance of employee trust and security measures in

place in networked technologies within a business Another representative chapter is The Multicultural

Organization by Tongo Constantine Imafidon, part of a group of chapters on culture in business Closing

out section five is The Benefits of Home-Based Working’s Flexibility by Diana Benito Osorio, which,

as the title suggests, compiles benefits of home business and strategies for growth in small and home businesses

Section 6, Managerial Impact, presents focused coverage of global business as it relates to

manage-rial improvements and considerations in the workplace In Assessment Strategies for Servant Leadership

Practice in the Virtual Organization, Darin R Molnar writes about “servant leadership,” a method gaining

popularity in recent decades as a management technique, and its integration into virtual organizations

Prioritizing Corporate R&D Capabilities by Hui-Ru Chi, Pei-Ju Yu, and Yuan-Chieh Chang offers

strate-gies and lessons learnt about the importance of research and development, with surveys from managers

of different industries relaying their findings An always vital topic in management is succession, and

Managerial Succession and E-Business by Anthonia Adenike Adeniji closes out section 6.

Section 7, Critical Issues, addresses vital issues related to global business, including ethics, security,

digital divide, intellectual capital, the role of culture and gender, and business as social enterprise The section has a broad range of critical, theoretical, and analytical topics, and closes out with two fascinat-

ing chapters: Against Strong Copyright in E-Business by D E Wittkower and The Structure of Theory

and the Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Steven E Wallis These two chapters take sometimes

marginalized or ignored topics and show their vital relevance to global business as ways of ing how such things as intellectual property or organizational (r)evolution can inhibit or shape growth

understand-Section 8, Emerging Trends, highlights areas for future research within the field of global business,

while exploring new avenues for the advancement of the discipline This section holds chapters such as

The Global Telecommunications Industry Facing the IP Revolution by Harald Gruber, discussing how

Internet Protocols are changing, and what businesses inside and outside the telecommunications industry

must do to adapt and grow Another emerging topic is covered in Organizational Password Policy by

Alex Ozoemelem Obuh and Ihuoma Sandra Babatope, wherein the authors discuss the importance of keeping strict security measures such as password protection within businesses As technology expands, and knowledge management grows into distance learning and cultural integration, chapters such as

Tailor-Made Distance Education as a Retention Strategy: The “Learning at the Workplace” Program

in Thailand by Prathurng Hongsranagon become vital resources for managers of global businesses.

Although the primary organization of the contents in this multi-volume work is based on its eight sections, offering a progression of coverage of the important concepts, methodologies, technologies, applications, social issues, and emerging trends, the reader can also identify specific contents by utilizing the extensive indexing system listed at the end of each volume Furthermore to ensure that the scholar, researcher, and educator have access to the entire contents of this multi volume set as well as additional coverage that could not be included in the print version of this publication, the publisher will provide unlimited multi-user electronic access to the online aggregated database of this collection for the life

of the edition, free of charge when a library purchases a print copy This aggregated database provides

far more contents than what can be included in the print version, in addition to continual updates This

unlimited access, coupled with the continuous updates to the database ensures that the most current research is accessible to knowledge seekers

As a comprehensive collection of research on the latest findings related to multinational and

multicul-tural enterprises, Global Business: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools and Applications, provides

research-ers, administrators, and all audiences with a complete understanding of the development of applications and concepts in global business Given the vast number of issues concerning usage, failure, success,

policies, strategies, and applications of global business in organizations, Global Business: Concepts,

Methodologies, Tools and Applications addresses the demand for a resource that encompasses the most

pertinent research in global business development, deployment, and impact

This section serves as a foundation for this exhaustive reference tool by addressing crucial theories essential to the understanding of global business Chapters found within these pages provide an excellent framework in which

to position global business within the field of information science and technology Insight regarding the critical incorporation of global measures into global business is addressed, while crucial stumbling blocks of this field are explored With a little over 10 chapters comprising this foundational section, the reader can learn and chose from a compendium of expert research on the elemental theories underscoring the global business discipline.

Theories

Chapter 1.1

DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60960-587-2.ch101

A firm, which would like to involve itself in the

international business, may look for its entry into

international marketing in many possible ways

including exporting, licensing, franchising, or as

a production firm with multi-national plant

loca-tions However, at any level of market entry the

managerial trade-off lies between extent of risk

and operational control The low intensity modes

of entry minimize risk e.g contracting with a

local distributor requires no investment in the

destination country market as the local distributors

may own offices, distribution facilities, sales

personnel, or marketing campaigns Under the

normal arrangement, whereby the distributor takes title to the goods or purchases them as they leave the production facility of the international com-pany, there is not even a credit risk, assuming that the distributor has offered a letter of credit from his bank At the same time such arrangement to enter a destination country may minimize control along with the risk factor In many cases, low-intensity modes of market participation cut off the international firm with information network while operational controls can only be obtained through higher-intensity modes of market par-ticipation, involving investments in local execu-tives, distribution, and marketing programs

Rajagopal

Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, ITESM, Mexico

Marketing Strategy, Technology and Modes of

Entry in Global Retailing

Breakfast cereal, a relatively new introduction

to the Bulgarian market, is the fastest growing

sector in the Bulgarian bakery products market

According to a research study (Euromonitor,

2006), ready-to-eat breakfast cereals grew by

90 percent in value terms during 2000-2005 and

the market grew by approximately 14 percent just

in 2005 Despite this impressive growth, cereal

consumption in Bulgaria is low compared to other

countries, which illustrates the immaturity of the

market and its potential for the future Besides

the “novelty” of breakfast cereals, a key reason

for the success of breakfast cereals in Bulgaria

is their healthy image, which manufacturers have

carefully created by illustrating that their products

are part of a balanced diet Although the concept

of health and wellness is growing in popularity in

Bulgaria, consumers still need additional

educa-tion on the subject The foreign cereal

manufac-turing companies like Nestle, Kraft, Kellogg and

General Mills etc have therefore invested heavily

in radio and television advertising to promote a

healthy image for their products and attract health

conscious consumers These companies have

also set up demonstrations in supermarkets that

are designed to educate consumers on the health

benefits of breakfast cereals By using samples and

other promotional materials, manufacturers have

tried to inspire trials and eventually repeat

pur-chases of their products These campaigns mainly

targeted the bigger cities, where consumers are

generally more willing to try new products The

entry of foreign brands in the breakfast cereals in

Bulgaria is further moved ahead by the fast

expan-sion of supermarkets and the development of this

distribution channel over the next several years

will play a crucial role in making breakfast

cere-als more widely available (Euromonitor, 2006).

Many companies begin their

internationaliza-tion opportunistically through a variety of

arrange-ments that may be described as “piggybacking,”

because they all involve taking advantage of a

channel to an international market rather than

se-lecting the country-market in a more conventional manner Piggybacking is an interesting develop-ment The method means that organizations with little exporting skill may use the services of one that has Another form is the consolidation of orders by a number of companies in order to take advantage of bulk buying Normally these would

be geographically adjacent or able to be served, say, on an air route The fertilizer manufacturers

of Zimbabwe, for example, could piggyback with the South Africans who both import potassium from outside their respective countries Such practices may be noticed as American breakfast cereal products like Post from the owners of the leading US brand, which entered in the Mexican market via their subsidiary Kraft rather than direct from USA, thus leading to the rather bizarre situ-ation of packs of breakfast cereals with English language packaging covered with stickers in Span-ish The most common form of piggybacking is

to internationalize by serving a customer who is more international than the vendor firm Thus, a customer requests an order, delivery, or service in more than one country, and the supplier starts sell-ing internationally in order to retain the customer and increases its penetration of the account This

is particularly common in the case of to-business companies and technology-oriented start-ups (Arnold, 2003) The innovative concept

business-of market entry strategy is based on moving with

consumer space which indicates that foreign

firms enter the destination market by developing adequate consumer awareness on the products and services prior to launch This strategy is followed largely by the fast moving consumer goods manu-facturing companies and such practice is termed

as go-to-market strategy Go-to-market planning enables the firm to achieve higher margins, ac-celerated revenue growth and increased customer satisfaction through existing sales channels An effective go-to-market strategy aligns products & services, processes, and partners with customers and markets to deliver brand promise, the desired customer experience, and tangible value Go-to-

market strategy services help technology suppliers

overcome market challenges

Anti-ageing products are driving growth in Hong

Kong’s skin care market, on the back of

increas-ing consumer interest in premium products and

the development of consumer-focused cosmetics

retailing Consumer interest in premium products

has been spurred, in part, by recent media reports

on the safety of chemicals present in some skin

care products Catching on to this consumer

trend, manufacturers have been introducing more

premium anti-ageing products containing rare

ingredients, and products benefiting from more

advanced technology, to the market This has

generated greater consumer interest in premium

quality products and has provided a further boost

to the market Guerlain, for example, is expected

to launch a new skin care cream in 2006, which

is based on a rare orchid extract and is expected

to retail for more than US$350 Further, a recent

entrant to Hong Kong’s skin care market,

Sulwha-soo which is a premium herbal based brand from

Amore Pacific of Korea that draws on Oriental

medicine by using a unique compound of five

herbs to deliver a range of products targeted at

women over 35 The value driver of growth in

the anti-ageing products market in Hong Kong

is the trend towards concept stores and beauty

boutiques, which are retail outlets designed to

emphasize the experiential aspects of premium

cosmetic products Developed to attract new

customers and gain their loyalty in Hong Kong’s

increasingly competitive market, these

brand-specific beauty salons and spas, not only engage

in a highly personalized product sales process,

but also provide make-up and skin care services

Since 2004, major players, such as Kose, L’Oréal,

H2O and cult brand Aesop, have set up concept

stores around the city, in the hopes of developing a

loyal customer base (Hofmann, 2006) Such retail

strategy where concept of the product is delivered

with practical experience on it establishes the

go-to-market strategy on consumer space.

Some firms who are aggressive have clearly defined plans and strategy, including product, price, promotion, and distribution and research elements Passiveness versus aggressiveness depends on the motivation to export In countries like Tanzania and Zambia, which have embarked

on structural adjustment programs, organizations are being encouraged to export, motivated by foreign exchange earnings potential, saturated domestic markets, growth and expansion objec-tives, and the need to repay debts incurred by the borrowings to finance the programs The type of export response is dependent on how the pressures are perceived by the decision maker The degree

of involvement in foreign operations depends

on “endogenous versus exogenous” motivating factors, that is, whether the motivations were

a result of active or aggressive behavior based

on the firm’s internal situation (endogenous) or

a result of reactive environmental(exogenous) changes (Piercy, 1982) There is certainly no single strategy that fits all firms, products and markets The competitive strategy for an established firm

to start a new venture and launch a new product must be shaped by the characteristics of the firm, the market, and other environmental factors Market entry through expansion of the company draws many challenges to firms considering new business options Capitalizing on overseas markets often opens doors to new levels of top and bottom line growth Moreover, introducing

a new product or service into a new market is

an even bigger strategic challenge A Successful Entry strategy may conceptualize and implement well structured entry processes to drive future growth, explore diversified stream of revenues and augment profit margins It also addresses new competitors, customers, partners, suppliers and other market dynamics However, there are five major modes which a foreign firm may apply to enter in the international markets These modes

of entry include exporting, contractual agreement, joint venture, strategic alliance and wholly owned subsidiaries