Building construction handbook 8th edition

Preface to eighth edition xi Part One General Built environment 2 The structure 5 Primary and secondary elements 12 Component parts and functions 15 Construction activities 19 Constructi

Trang 2

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

HANDBOOK

tailieuxdcd@gmail.com

Trang 4

AMSTERDAM. BOSTON. HEIDELBERG. LONDON. NEW YORK. OXFORD

PARIS. SAN DIEGO. SAN FRANCISCO. SINGAPORE.SYDNEY . TOKYO

Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier

Trang 5

30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA

Eighth edition 2010

Copyright ª 1988, 1995, 1996, R Chudley

Copyright ª 1998, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, R Chudley and R Greeno

Illustrations by the authors

The right of R Chudley and R Greeno to be identified as the authors of this work

has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,

electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and

retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Details on how to seek

permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangementswith organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency,can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions

The book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the

Publisher (other than as may be noted herein)

Notices

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and

experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, ormedical treatment may become necessary

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in

evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein Inusing such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of

others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,

assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of productsliability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products,

instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Control Number:

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN: 978-1-85617-805-1

Typeset by MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company

Printed and bound in Great Britain

10 11 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications

visit our website at elsevierdirect.com

Working together to grow

libraries in developing countries

www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org

Trang 6

Preface to eighth edition xi

Part One General

Built environment 2

The structure 5

Primary and secondary elements 12

Component parts and functions 15

Construction activities 19

Construction documents 20

Construction drawings 21

Building survey 28

HIPs/Energy Performance Certificates 32

Method statement and programming 33

Weights and densities of building materials 35

Imposed floor loads 37

Product and practice accreditation 66

CPI System of Coding 67

CI/SfB system of coding 68

Part Two Site Works

Site survey 70

Site investigations 71

Soil investigation 74

Soil assessment and testing 81

Site layout considerations 88

Site security 91

Site lighting and electrical supply 94

Site office accommodation 98

v

Trang 7

Materials storage 101

Materials testing 106

Dry and wet rot 121

Protection orders for trees and structures 123

Locating public utility services 124

Part Four Substructure

Foundations function, materials and sizing 206

Foundation beds 215

Short bored pile foundations 221

Foundation types and selection 223

Ground water control 303

Soil stabilisation and improvement 313

Reclamation of waste land 318

Contaminated sub-soil treatment 319

Trang 8

Part Five Superstructure † 1

Choice of materials 322

Brick and block walls 323

Cavity walls 338

Damp-proof courses and membranes 344

Gas resistant membranes 351

Rendering to external walls 408

Cladding to external walls 410

Roofs † basic forms 417

Pitched roofs 420

Double lap tiling 437

Single lap tiling 439

Access for the disabled 492

Part Six Superstructure † 2

Reinforced concrete slabs 496

Reinforced concrete framed structures 500

Structural steelwork sections 532

Structural steelwork connections 537

Structural fire protection 542

Trang 9

Long span roofs 569

Shell roof construction 579

Concrete surface finishes 614

Concrete surface defects 616

Part Seven Internal Construction and Finishes

Plasters and plastering 636

Dry lining techniques 639

Plasterboard 642

Wall tiling 645

Domestic floors and finishes 647

Large cast in-situ ground floors 654

Concrete floor screeds 656

Timber suspended floors 658

Lateral restraint 661

Timber beam design 664

Timber floors, fire protection 667

Reinforced concrete suspended floors 668

Precast concrete floors 673

Raised access floors 678

Trang 10

Part Eight Domestic Services

Cold water installations 769

Hot water installations 771

Flow controls 774

Cisterns and cylinders 775

Pipework joints 777

Sanitary fittings 778

Single and ventilated stack systems 781

Hot water heating systems 784

Electrical supply and installation 788

Gas supply and gas fires 797

Open fireplaces and flues 801

Trang 12

PREFACE TO EIGHTH EDITION

This edition retains the predominantly illustrative format of earlier editions, presenting the principles of building construction with comprehensive guidance

to procedures with numerous examples of formulated and empirical design Summary notes are supplemented with references to further reading where appropriate.

The content applies to both current and established UK construction practice This includes the building and maintenance of housing and other low-rise structures and the more advanced techniques applied to medium and high-rise commercial and large industrial buildings Many examples from previous editions are kept as important references and benchmarks for newer applications These have evolved in response to material developments and in consideration for environmental issues, not least with regard to energy conservation measures and sustainable building.

The UK’s housing stock of about 25 million dwellings includes approximately

2 million units built in the past decade Therefore, the aftercare of older buildings is an important part of the construction industry’s economy In order

to represent this important sector of maintenance, refurbishment, renovation and remedial work, many established practices are included in the Handbook.

Modern construction processes and associated technology are incorporated in this new edition, however the content is not extensive, nor is it intended to be prescriptive Building design and subsequent construction techniques are varied and diverse depending on availability of materials and skills This Handbook provided guidance to achieving these objectives, but sufficient publishing space cannot cover every possibility Therefore, the reader is encouraged to supplement their study with site observation and practice, with further reading of professional journals, legislative papers and manufacturer’s catalogues.

Roger Greeno 2010

xi

Trang 14

MATERIAL WEIGHTS AND DENSITIES

IMPOSED FLOOR LOADS

CPI SYSTEM OF CODING

CI/SFB SYSTEM OF CODING

1

Trang 15

Environment = surroundings which can be natural, man-made or a

combination of these.

Built Environment = created by man with or without the aid of the

natural environment.

Trang 17

Physical considerations

1 Natural contours of land.

2 Natural vegetation and trees.

3 Size of land and/or proposed building.

4 Shape of land and/or proposed building.

5 Approach and access roads and footpaths.

6 Services available.

7 Natural waterways, lakes and ponds.

8 Restrictions such as rights of way; tree preservation and ancient buildings.

9 Climatic conditions created by surrounding properties, land

or activities.

10 Proposed future developments.

Trang 18

The Structure -Basic Types

Trang 20

The Structure -Basic Forms

Trang 22

Shell Roofs ~ these are formed by a structural curved skin covering a given plan shape and area.

9

The Structure -Basic Forms

Trang 24

Substructure ~ can be defined as all structure below the superstructure which in general terms is considered to include all structure below ground level but including the ground floor bed.

11

Substructure

Trang 25

Superstructure ~ can be defined as all structure above substructure both internally and externally.

Primary Elements ~ basically components of the building carcass above the substructure excluding secondary elements, finishes, services and fittings.

Trang 26

Secondary Elements ~ completion of the structure including completion around and within openings in primary elements.

13

Secondary Elements

Trang 27

Finish ~ the final surface which can be self finished as with a trowelled concrete surface or an applied finish such as floor tiles.

Trang 28

Domestic Structures:~

15

Structure -Component Parts and Functions

Trang 29

Framed Structures:~

Trang 30

External Envelope ~ consists of the materials and components which form the external shell or enclosure of a building These may

be load bearing or non-load bearing according to the structural form of the building.

17

External Envelope -Functions

Trang 31

Separating floor/wall ~ element of sound resisting construction between individual living units.

Trang 32

A Building or Construction Site can be considered as a temporary factory employing the necessary resources to successfully fulfil a contract.

Money:~

19

Construction Activities -The Site

Trang 34

Location Drawings ~ Site Plans † used to locate site, buildings, define site levels, indicate services to buildings, identify parts of site such as roads, footpaths and boundaries and to give setting out dimensions for the site and buildings as

a whole Suitable scale not less than

1 : 2500 Floor Plans † used to identify and set out parts of the building such as rooms, corridors, doors, windows, etc., Suitable scale not less than 1 : 100 Elevations † used to show external appearance of all faces and to identify doors and windows Suitable scale not less than 1 : 100

Sections † used to provide vertical views through the building to show method of construction Suitable scale not less than 1 : 50

Component Drawings ~ used to identify and supply data for

manufacturer or for components not

drawings Suitable scale range 1 : 100

to 1 : 1 Assembly Drawings ~ used to show how items fit together or are assembled to form elements Suitable scale range 1 : 20 to 1 : 5

All drawings should be fully annotated, fully dimensioned and cross referenced.

Ref BS EN ISO 7519: Technical drawings Construction drawings General principles of presentation for general arrangement and assembly drawings.

21

Drawings Used in the Construction Process

Trang 35

Sketch ~ this can be defined as a draft or rough outline of an idea,

it can be a means of depicting a three-dimensional form in a two-dimensional guise Sketches can be produced free-hand or using rules and set squares to give basic guide lines.

All sketches should be clear, show all the necessary detail and above all be in the correct proportions.

Sketches can be drawn by observing a solid object or they can be produced from conventional orthographic views but in all cases can usually be successfully drawn by starting with an outline `box' format giving length, width and height proportions and then building up the sketch within the outline box.

Trang 36

Communicating Information -Orthographic Projections

Trang 37

Isometric Projections ~ a pictorial projection of a solid object on

a plane surface drawn so that all vertical lines remain vertical and

of true scale length, all horizontal lines are drawn at an angle of 30 and are of true scale length therefore scale measurements can

be taken on the vertical and 30 lines but cannot be taken on any other inclined line.

A similar drawing can be produced using an angle of 45 for all horizontal lines and is called an Axonometric Projection

ISOMETRIC PROJECTION SHOWING SOUTH AND WEST ELEVATIONS

OF SMALL GARAGE AND WORKSHOP ILLUSTRATED ON PAGE 23

Trang 38

Communicating Information -Perspective Projections

Trang 40

1 :

27

Communicating Information -Block and Site Plans

Trang 41

Construction Defects † correct application of materials produced

to the recommendations of British, European and International Standards authorities, in accordance with local building regulations, by-laws and the rules of building guarantee companies, i.e National House Building Council (NHBC) and MD Insurance Services, should ensure a sound and functional structure However, these controls can be seriously undermined if the human factor of quality workmanship is not fulfilled The following guidance is designed to promote quality controls:

BS 8000: Workmanship on building sites.

Building Regulations, Approved Document to support Regulation 7

† materials and workmanship.

No matter how good the materials, the workmanship and supervision, the unforeseen may still affect a building This may materialise several years after construction Some examples of these latent defects include: woodworm emerging from untreated timber, electrolytic decomposition of dissimilar metals inadvertently in contact, and chemical decomposition of concrete Generally, the older a building the more opportunity there is for its components and systems to have deteriorated and malfunctioned Hence the need for regular inspection and maintenance The profession of facilities management has evolved for this purpose and is represented by the British Institute of Facilities Management (BIFM).

Property values, repairs and replacements are of sufficient magnitude for potential purchasers to engage the professional services of a building surveyor Surveyors are usually members of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) The extent of survey can vary, depending on a client's requirements This may be

no more than a market valuation to secure financial backing, to a full structural survey incorporating specialist reports on electrical installations, drains, heating systems, etc.

Further reading:

BRE Digest No 268 † Common defects in low-rise traditional housing Available from Building Research Establishment Bookshop † www.brebookshop.com.

Trang 42

Established Procedure † the interested purchaser engages a building surveyor.

UK Government Requirements † the seller to provide a property/ home information pack (HIP) which can include `A survey report on the condition of the property, including requirements for urgent or significant repairs '.

Survey document preliminaries:

* Title and address of property

* Client's name, address and contacts

* Survey date and time

* Property status † freehold, leasehold or commonhold

* Occupancy † occupied or vacant If vacant, source of keys

* Extent of survey, e.g full structural + services reports

* Specialists in attendance, e.g electrician, heating engineer, etc.

* Age of property (approx if very dated or no records)

* Disposition of rooms, i.e number of bedrooms, etc.

* Floor plans and elevations if available

* Elevation (flooding potential) and orientation (solar effect)

* Estate/garden area and disposition if appropriate

* Means of access † roads, pedestrian only, rights of way

Survey tools and equipment:

* Drawings + estate agent's particulars if available

* Notebook and pencil/pen

* Binoculars and a camera with flash facility

* Tape measure, spirit level and plumb line

* Other useful tools, to include small hammer, torch, screwdriver and manhole lifting irons

* Moisture meter

* Ladders † eaves access and loft access

* Sealable bags for taking samples, e.g wood rot, asbestos, etc.

29

Communicating Information -Survey Preliminaries

Định dạng
Số trang	841
Dung lượng	45,62 MB