28965 grammar review

TAG QUESTIONS The basic structure is: statement + Positive statement, Snow is white, -Negative statement, You don't like me, Remember to follow these steps: a Identify the tense of the

MIDTERM GRAMMAR REVIEW:

UNITS 1 TO 5 (from Top Notch 3) 2 edition nd

UNIT 1.

1 TAG QUESTIONS

The basic structure is:

statement

+

Positive statement,

Snow is white,

-Negative statement,

You don't like me,

Remember to follow these steps:

a) Identify the tense of the verb in the first part of the sentence

b) In the second part is the question, which begins with a question, most of the time with its auxiliary.

c) The sentence is divided by 2: sentence (comma) question

d) The answer is the same as the first part of the sentence

e) REMEMBER: -.+?- / +,-?+

2.PAST PERFECT

The past perfect tense is often used in English when we are relating two events which

happened in the past It helps to show which event happened first This page will explain the rules for forming and using the tense

Forming the past perfect tense

This tense is formed using two components: the verb HAVE (in the past tense), and the

past participle form of a verb With a regular verb the past participle ends with -ED (just

like the simple past) Irregular verbs have a special past participle form that you have to learn Here are the rules, using the regular verb "arrive" and the irregular verb "eat":

Past Participle

arrived.

eaten.

arrived.

eaten.

arrived.

eaten.

arrived.

eaten.

arrived.

eaten.

arrived.

eaten.

arrived.

eaten.

Using the Past Perfect

The past perfect is used to show you which of two events happened first Imagine that two things happened in the past:

Here, we don't know which order the events happened in That may be important perhaps

I went to see the movie after the discussion, or maybe I saw the movie before the

discussion There are many ways to make this sequence clear, and the past perfect is one of them This is how we do it:

Here, we KNOW that the discussion took place FIRST even though the sentence

describing it comes afterwards We discussed the movie, and THEN I went to see it This can be very useful when you are telling a story or relating a sequence of events At any point in your story, you can jump BACK to a previous event, and your reader will not be confused, because the past perfect will make it clear that the event happened previously Here is another example:

They must be in Spain by now.

She must have done well on the

Use 'must' plus the verb when you are 100% (or almost 100%) sure that something is the case.

She might come this evening.

David may invite Jesica to the match.

Jack might have gone to France.

Use 'might' or 'may' to express an opinion that you think has a good possibility of being true.

Be able to

Although we look at be able to here, it is not a modal verb It is simply the verb be plus an adjective (able) followed by the infinitive We look at be able to here because we

sometimes use it instead of can and could.

We use be able to:

• to talk about ability

Structure of Be able to

The structure of be able to is:

subject + be + able + infinitive

subject

? Are

Notice that be able to is possible in all tenses, for example:

• I was able to drive

• I will be able to drive

• I have been able to drive

Notice too that be able to has an infinitive form:

• I would like to be able to speak Chinese

Use of Be able to

Be able to is not a modal auxiliary verb We include it here for convenience, because it is often used like "can" and "could", which are modal auxiliary verbs.

be able to: ability

We use be able to to express ability "Able" is an adjective meaning: having the power, skill or means to do something If we say "I am able to swim", it is like saying "I can

swim" We sometimes use "be able to" instead of "can" or "could" for ability "Be able to"

is possible in all tenses - but "can" is possible only in the present and "could" is possible only in the past for ability In addition, "can" and "could" have no infinitive form So we use "be able to" when we want to use other tenses or the infinitive Look at these examples:

• I have been able to swim since I was five (present perfect)

• You will be able to speak perfect English very soon (future simple)

• I would like to be able to fly an airplane (infinitive)

2 CAUSATIVES

Causative verbs express an action which is caused to happen In other words, when I have something done for me I cause it to happen In other words, I do not actually do anything, but

ask someone else to do it for me This is the sense of causative verbs Intermediate to advanced level English learners should study the causative verb as an alternative to the passive voice

Causative Verbs

Jack had his house painted

This sentence is similar in meaning to: Someone painted Jack's house OR Jack's house was

painted by someone Causative verbs express the idea of someone causing something to take

place Causative verbs can be similar in meaning to passive verbs

Examples:

My hair was cut (passive)

I had my hair cut (causative)

Both 'make' and 'have' can be used as causative verbs

Make

'Make' as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person requires another person to do something

Construction Chart

Subject + Make + Person + Base Form of Verb

Examples:

Peter made her do her homework

The teacher made the students stay after class

Have

'Have' as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person wants something to be done for them This causative verb is often used when speaking about various services There are two forms of the causative verb 'have'

Construction Chart: Use 1

Subject + Have + Person + Base Form of Verb

Examples:

They had John arrive early.

She had her children cook dinner for her

Construction Chart: Use 2

Subject + Have + Object + Past Participle

Examples:

I had my hair cut last Saturday.

She had the car washed at the weekend

Note: This form is similar in meaning to the passive