English Grammar, Grammar Review portable

• Some DEPENDENT clauses are:• When Bob laughs… • If we try… • Because dogs bark… • After the student learns… These clauses must be joined to another INDEPENDENT clause, to make a comple

“I will not go down to posterity

talking bad grammar.”

- Benjamin Disraeli

A clause is a group of words that contains a subject – a “do-er” or “be-er” of something (this word will usually be a noun or a noun substitute) – and a verb – what the subject does or is

Bob laughs (subject: Bob verb: laughs)

• If these are the only elements contained in the word group, it is considered to be an INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

• This means that it is able to stand by itself, and its meaning is complete

• Clauses may also be made DEPENDENT by the addition of a joining word called a

• Some subordinate conjunctions are:

• Some DEPENDENT clauses are:

• When Bob laughs…

• If we try…

• Because dogs bark…

• After the student learns…

These clauses must be joined to another

INDEPENDENT clause, to make a complete thought:

• When Bob laughs, the walls shake

absolutely necessary

• If there is no independent clause, you do

not have a sentence

Simple Sentences

• A simple sentence contains only an independent clause

• Sarah swims at the pool.

• I bought a new sweater.

Compound Sentences

• Compound sentences contain two or more

independent clauses joined by coordinate conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, yet, and so)

Complex Sentences

• Complex sentences contains a combination of

at least one independent clause with one or more dependent clauses

• While I was waiting in the library, Billy made a phone call.

• After we ate dinner, we watched a movie.

Some PHRASES are:

• walking down the street

• across the river

• beside the school with the flagpole

• over between the car and the house

• with my friend Paul

Common Sentence Errors

• Incorrect subject-verb agreement

Subject-Verb Agreement

• Subjects (“do-ers” of an action or “be-ers” of

a state) agree with their verbs in person and number

• Singular subjects always take singular verbs, and plural subjects take plural verbs

Run-On Sentences

• Run-on sentences are created by trying to cram too much information into a single

sentence without correctly joining the

elements that make up the structure of the sentence

• The most common run-on sentences are

created by putting two independent clauses together with only a comma – this is called a

Comma Splice:

I slept in, I missed the bus.

I slept in, so I missed the bus.

Because I slept in, I missed the bus.

I slept in; I missed the bus.

Pronoun, Tense, and Person

Agreement

• Always strive for consistency in pronouns,

tense, and person

• Jumping from one to another person or tense

is confusing; using ambiguous or inaccurate pronouns is also confusing

Pronoun Agreement:

 Fred asked the neighbour to walk his dog

(Whose dog? Ted’s or the neighbour’s?)

 A person should mind their own business (“A person” is only one; “their” is plural)

 So she came up to me and asks, “Where is

the train station?” (This is incorrect due to

the switch from past “came” to present “asks” when the time referred to has not changed)

Person Agreement:

• Keep the person (I, you, he or she, we, you, they) consistent:

sleep in, the noise of the airplanes taking off and landing keeps you awake (Why would the noise

of the airplanes keep you awake if I’m the one sleeping?)

Modifier Problems

• Modifiers are words or groups of words that describe, explain, or intensify other words or groups of words

• Two kinds of modifiers:

• Adjectives

• Adverbs

Misplaced Modifiers:

– The modifier is in the wrong position in the sentence Put the modifier as close as

possible to the thing modified

I only bought one ice cream cone (Probably I intend the “only” to modify the “one”.)

I bought only one ice cream cone.

Dangling Modifiers:

– The modified element, though implied, is not actually given in the sentence

lay in the grass (Since the calf can’t drive a tractor, this sentence doesn’t make sense Who saw the calf? Who was driving?)

Driving the tractor in the field, Mary found a new-born calf lying in the grass.

Lack of Parallelism

• Lack of parallelism can occur when you’re

using lists or series of items

• Whenever you are speaking of more than one item, place them all in the same grammatical form (nouns with nouns, adjectives with

adjectives, “ing” words with “ing” words, etc.)

 Professionals include teachers and people who fix teeth.

Professionals include teachers and dentists

 I like swimming, skiing, and to paint

I like swimming, skiing, and painting

 He’s handsome, and has intelligence too

He’s handsome, and intelligent too