Relative Clauses

Định nghĩa: - Mệnh đề quan hệ relative clause còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ Adjective clause là một mệnh đề phụ được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó tiền ngữ.. WHO: - WHO

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MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ - RELATIVE CLAUSES

I Định nghĩa:

- Mệnh đề quan hệ (relative clause) còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ (Adjective clause) là một mệnh đề

phụ được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó (tiền ngữ)

- Mệnh đề quan hệ được nối với mệnh đề chính bằng các đại từ quan hệ WHO, WHOM, WHICH,

THAT,WHOSE hoặc các trạng từ quan hệ WHERE, WHEN, WHY

- Vị trí : Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng ngay sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa.

II Cách dùng: Relative Pronouns & Adverbs:

Functions

(of which)

1 WHO: - WHO là một đại từ quan hệ (relative pronoun) chỉ người, nó đúng sau tiền ngữ chỉ người để làm

chủ ngữ cho động từ đứng sau no (S) ex: The man who is standing over there is Mr Pike.

2 WHOM: - WHOM là một đại từ quan hệ chỉ người, nó đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ người để lam tân ngữ cho

động từ đứng sau nó (O) ex: The woman whom you saw yesterday is my aunt.

3 WHICH: - WHICH là một đại từ quan hệ chỉ vật, nó đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ vật để làm chủ ngữ (S) hoặc làm

tân ngữ cho động từ đứng sau nó (O) ex: This is the book which I like best /The hat which is red is mine

4 THAT: - THAT là một đại từ quan hệ chỉ cả người lẫn vật, nó có thể dùng thay cho WHO/WHOM/

WHICH trong mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn ( Restrictive clauses) ex: That is the book that I like best

5 WHOSE: - WHOSE là một đại từ quan hệ đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ người và thay cho tính từ sở hữu đúng trước danh từ WHOSE cũng được dùng cho vật ( = Of which ) WHOSE luôn đi kèm với một danh từ.

ex: The boy whose bicycle you borowed yesterday is Tom He found a cat whose leg was broken

6 WHEN: - WHEN là một trạng từ quan hệ chỉ thời gian, nó đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ thời gian.

- WHEN được dùng để thay cho “ at/ on/ in/ + which; then”

ex: May Day is the day when / on which peole hold a meeting

7 WHERE: - WHERE là môt trạng từ quan hệ chỉ nơi chốn, nó đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ nơi chốn.

- WHERE được dùng để thay cho “ at/ on/ in/ + which; there”

ex: That is the house where/ in which we are living now

8 WHY: - WHY là một đại từ quan hệ chỉ lý do, nó đứng liền sau tiền ngữ “ THE REASON”.

- WHY được dùng để thay cho “ FOR THE REASON”

ex: Please tell me the reason why you are so sad

* Relative Clauses:

Rel Cl.

Ant.

Relative clause Relative pronoun / adverb The other parts

Things + which / that + V ( + O)+ S + V

People + who / that+ whom /that + V( + O)+ S + V

People/ things + whose V ( + O)+ n + S + V

Place

Time

Reason

+ where + when + why + S + V (+ O) Ex: a/ Could you iron the trousers? They’re hanging up behind the door

↔ Could you iron the trousers which/that are hanging up behind the door?

b/ She showed me the radio She had bought it ↔ She showed me the radio which/ that She had bought c/ I don’t like the people People lose their temper easily

↔ I don’t like the people who /that lose their temper easily

d/ The man works here I saw him yesterday ↔ The man whom/ that I saw yesterday works here

e/ The house is very large Its door is green ↔ The house whose door is green is very large

f/ Have you seen the girl? I’m keeping her bicycle ↔ Have you seen the girl whose bicycle I’m keeping?

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g/ Vietnam is beautiful We live in vietnam ↔Vietnam, where we live, is beautiful

III Phân loại: Có 2 loại mệnh đề quan hệ:

1 Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (defining relative clauses)

- Đây là mệnh đề cần thiết vì tiền ngữ chưa xác định, không có nó câu sẽ không đủ nghĩa, không bị ngăn cách bởi dấu phẩy ex: The man who/ that keeps the school library is Mr Green

Restrictive relative clause

- Nếu đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ thì ta có thể lược bỏ đi

Ex: Here is the car I told you about Do the tests I gave you

2 Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (non-defining relative clauses)

- Đây là loại mệnh đề không cần thiết vì tiền ngữ đã được xác định, chỉ có tác dụng bổ nghĩa cho từ đứng trước

nó, không có nó câu vẫn đầy đủ nghĩa

- Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định được ngăn với mệnh đề chính bằng các dấu phẩy

- Từ/cụm từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ thường là tên riêng (Mary, Hoa ), tên môn thể thao (football, tennis ), danh từ có các đại từ chỉ định( this, that, these, those) hoặc tính từ sở hữu (my, his, her, your ).

ex: This is Mrs Lien, who helped me last week

Non- Restrictive relative clause

Ex: This is my book I bought it at ABC bookstore. This is my book, which I bought at ABC bookstore

IV Mệnh đề quan hệ và giới từ:

- Giới từ có thể đứng sau động từ hoặc trước đại từ quan hệ

ex: This is the man whom Peter lives with = This is the man with whom Peter lives

- during, without luôn đứng trước đại từ quan hệ.

- Không dùng who/that sau giới từ

- Đối với các cụm động từ (get up, turn of, look for, look after, ) thì giới từ luôn đứng sau động từ chính

V Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ:

Replacing/ Reducing Relative Clause: (Thay thế/ Rút gọn Mệnh đề quan hệ).

I Replacing/ Reducing by RC Present Participle Phrase : (Thay thế/ Rút gọn Mệnh đề quan hệ bằng

cụm Hiện tại phân từ_ V_ing):

• Using: Mệnh đề quan hệ sẽ được rút gọn về cụm Hiện tại phân từ nếu câu trong mệnh đề quan hệ đó ở

thể Chủ động

Ex: The man who is standing over there is my father.

→ The man standing over there is my father.

Ex: The girl who helped you yesterday is a student of class 11/7

→ The girl helping you yesterday is a student of class 11/7.

II Replacing/ Reducing RC by Past Participle Phrase (Thay thế/ Rút gọn Mệnh đề quan hệ bằng Quá

khứ phân từ (V3/ V_ed))

• Using: Mệnh đề quan hệ sẽ được rút gọn về cụm Quá khứ phân từ nếu câu trong Mệnh đề đó ở thể bị

động

Ex: The man who was invited to the party last night is my friend.

→ The man invited to the party last night is my friend.

** Các cách xác định:

Verb ( Vs/ Ves) / Ved/ V2

* S+ Relative Pronounce + Tobe + V_ing (Chủ Động)

Have/ has/ had + P.P

*

Tobe ( am/ is/ are / was/ were + P.P( V3/ Ved) )

S + R.P + Tobe + Being + P.P ( V3/Ved) ( Bị Động)

Have/ has/ had/ + Been + P.P ( V3/ Ved))

III Replacing/ Reducing RC by Infinitive Phrase ( Thay thế/ Rút gọn Mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cụm “

To_ infinitive”)

• Using: Mệnh đề quan hệ sẽ được rút gọn bằng cụm “ To_infinitive” nếu:

+ Trong câu chứ số thứ tự ( first, second, third, next, last ).

Ex: He is the first person who came to class this morning.

→ He is the first person to come to class this morning

+ Trong câu có chứa Modal verbs ( can, could, may, must ).

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Ex: We had a river which we could swim in

→ We had a river to swim in.

+ Trong câu có chứa từ chỉ sự duy nhất “ Only ” :

Ex: He is only a man that helps you

→ He is only a man to help you.

VI Lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ:

Ta có thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ nếu nó làm tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định và không có giới từ đứng trước nó Ex: Here is the car which I sold him → Here is the car I sold him

V THAT

1 That được dùng trong những trường hợp sau:

- Thay Who/ Whom/ Which trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định

- Sau so sánh nhất:

Ex: She is the most warm-heated woman I have met her.She is the most warm-heated woman that I have met

- Sau những từ như: all, few, any, only, anything, last, first, It + be + …

Ex: Do all the test I gave you them  Do all the test that I gave you

It is the girl She does this exercises. It is the girl that does this exercises

- Sau những danh từ vừa chỉ người vừa chỉ vật

Ex: I see people and cattle They go down town  I see people and cattle that go down town

2 That không được dùng trong những trường hợp sau:

- Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định

Ex: This is Nam He is my best friend  This is Nam who is my best friends

This is Nam that is my best friends (wrong)

- Có giới từ đứng liền trước nó

Ex: Here is the car I told you about it  Here is the car which I told you about

Here is the car about which I told you /Here is the car that I told you about

Here is the car about that I told you (wrong)

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MULTIPLE CHOICE

1 This is the place _ I met my wife A what B where C which D that

2 Simon is the man _ Mary loves A who B which C whom D A&C

3 She is the one _ I told you about A what B which C whose D who

4 Those _ had studied hard passed their exams A what B which C who D whose

5 The magazine _ you lent me is interesting A what B which C whom D whose

6 The man _ is resting is very tired A what B which C whom D who

7 The boy _ sat next to you is my friend A who B which C whom D whose

8 We are using books were printed last year A what B who C which D whose

9 I don't like stories _ have unhappy endings A where B which C they D who

10 This is a town many people live A in which B which C at which D on which

11 She, is your sister, lives far away A which B who C whom D she

12 I see some girls are pretty A whom B which C who D they

13 Give back the money you took A it B who C whom D which

14 He was killed by a man friends we know A whose B which C whom D that

15 He spoke to the messengers with you were leaving A which B whom C.whose D that

16 We captured a town is in Spain A whom B where C which D it

17 The farmers we saw were in the field A whose B which C they D whom

18 The women I gave the money were glad A to whom B to that C for whom D for that

19 I saw those slaves had been led to the city A whose B which C whom D who

20 The people courage you praised are now citizens A whose B which C whom D that

21 You folks live in farmhouses do not like the life of the city.A whose B who C they D.which

22 Those towns _you were looking at in Gaul are small A who B where C which D.whom

23 I sent my friend the books _ I had written A who B which C whom D what

24 I must thank the man from _ I got the present A who B whom C that D which

25 He is the man _ son is a doctor A whom B which C who D whose

26 The woman next door is a famous singer A lives B who live C living D that living

27 The man at the blackboard is our teacher A stood B stands C standing D to stand

28 The film about _ they are talking is fantastic A who B which C whom D that

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29 That ’s the woman to Jim used to be married A who B whom C which D that

30 The people for the bus in the rain are getting well A waiting B to wait C waited D wait

31 He is the boy _ is my best friend A that B whom C who D A& C

32 Melanie was the only person a letter of thanks A wrote B written C to write D writing

33 I’ll see you near the post office _we met the other day A which B where C when D why

34 I know a boy _father is a very important person A what B where C which D.whose

35 This is the place we have tea A what B where C which D that

36 Tomorrow I'll tell you the hour _ you must come A what B where C which D when

37 People never work don't earn money A what B who C which D.whom

38 This is the boy I met in the park A what B Ø C whom D B&C

39 Dogs bite people are dangerous A which B they C whom D who

40 The clock is over the door is broken A on which B they C which D who

41 That is the boy car is completely new A which B whose C whom D who

42 Give me the ball I lent you last Sunday A which B.Ø C that D.All are correct

43 Who is that man is parking the car? A which B they C who D.whose

44 Tell me the time you are going to arrive A at which B they C when D A&C

45 That radio is on the table is not yours A which B they C whose D who

46 The woman is speaking to Tom is her mother A which B who C whose D she

47 Do you know the wife of that man is waiting for the bus? A which B he C who D.whom

48 I apologized to the boy book I borrowed A which B who C whom D.whose

49 The books _ written by Jack London is very interesting A which were B were C whose D.which

50 I am going to visit the town _ I was born and grew up A where B which C when D who

51 This is Mary, is taking over my job when I leave A that B which C who D.whom

52 I’ll never forget the place _I first met you A at where B where C at which D.on which

53 They asked me a lot of questions, _ I couldn’t answer

A most of which B of which most C most of that D of that most

54 That is the house in I used to live A that B which C where D there

55 The man _ is my teacher

C to whom she is speaking D to whom she is speaking with

56 Sunday is the day _which we usually go fishing A during B at C in D on

57 The music we listened last night was boring A to which B which to C to that D that

58 The man I introduced you to last night is thoughtful A whom B that C Ø D.all are correc

59 She couldn’t answer any question, _made me surprised A that B it C this D which

60 It in Hanoi I was born and grew up A is/that B was/that C was/which D.is/which

61 It Lan _ always helps him in his trouble A was/who B was/that C is/who D is/ which

62 He told her about the book He liked it best

A He told her about the book which he liked it best B He told her about the book which he liked best

C He told her about the book whom he liked best D He told her about the book whose he liked best

63 The old man is working in this factory I borrowed his bicycle yesterday

A The old man is working in this factory which I borrowed his bicycle yesterday

B The old man whom is working in this factory I borrowed his bicycle yesterday

C The old man whom I borrowed his bicycle yesterday is working in this factory

D The old man whose bicycle I borrowed yesterday is working in this factory

64 This is my opinion You can do nothing to change it

A You can do nothing to change it my mind B There’s nothing you can do to change my mind

C There’s nothing can be done except changing my mind D You can do everything to change it my mind

65 The man _, is the secretary

A which you have just spoken B whose you have just spoken

C to whom you have just spoken D to who you have just spoken

66 It is the village where you , isn’t it ?

67 This is my opinion You can do nothing to change it

A You can do nothing to change it my mind B There’s nothing you can do to change my mind

C There’s nothing can be done except changing my mind D You can do everything to change it my mind

68 We like the computer We bought it yesterday

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A We like the computer which we bought it yesterday C We like the computer we bought yesterday

B We like the computer we bought which yesterday D The computer we like we bought yesterday

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Combine these sentences using :

1 My parents send their best wishes You met them last month

2 The parcel contained a bomb They had opened it carefully

3 The match will be shown on TV tonight They filmed it this afternoon

4 His sisters are identical twins I saw them last

5 The lady is a famous writer You met her at the party last night

6 The child enjoyed the chocolates Her mother bought them from France

7 A woman answered the phone She told me you was busy

8 The bus is always crowded I take it to school every morning

9 They are singing a song I don’t know the song

10 A man spoke to me He was very helpful

11 We enjoy this city It has been renewed a lot after the war

12 4th June is the day I was born on that day

13 This is the house I was born in the house

14 The film is fantastic They are talking about it

15 She’s the nurse We gave the flowers to her

Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ sử dụng Ving , V3 hoặc Vto

1 Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon

2 I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country

3 The children who attend that school receive a good education

4 The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress

5 They live in a house that was built in 1980

1 I haven’t got anything that I could open a bottle of wine with

2 Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of the page

3 I came from a city that is located in the Southern part of the country

4 Do you know the woman who is coming toward us?

5 The people who were waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet

6 The photograph which were published in the newspapers

7 He was the second man who was killed in this way

8 Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon

9 I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country

10 The children who attend that school receive a good education

11 The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress

12 They live in a house that was built in 1980

13 We have an apartment which overlooks the park

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