english to go worksheets diff levels

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Work with a group of three or four to answer the questions

Discuss the names below Where is each one found? Why is each one famous?

• The White House • The Coliseum • The Great Wall • Mecca

• Mt Everest • Red Square • The Taj Mahal

B: Ranking

Work in a group of four Imagine that you are a family group and you have won a week's holiday for your group Youcan go to any one of the places below You will be given a role Do not show your role to the others in your group.Instead you must read or describe what is written on your card Work together and decide where you will go Everyone

in the group must be happy with the decision

• a safari trip through Africa • a beach in the Greek Islands

• Venice

Be ready to present your decision to the class and give reasons for your choice

C: What Do You Know?

Today's article is about a famous building, the Leaning Tower of Pisa Work with a group and

write down all you know about this famous place (If you have never heard of it, you could

use the Internet to find some information.)

Reading Activities

A: Finding the Main Idea

Read the article quickly (do not read every word) and decide which of these headlines summarizes the

main idea of the article

Leaning Tower Now Straight

Leaning Tower of Pisa Leaning Less, to Reopen

Eleven Years of Work to Fix Leaning Tower

Leaning Tower, Famous Italian Building

ROME Friday April 6 (Reuters) - After 11 years of work to haul it

closer to the vertical, the Leaning Tower of Pisa will reopen

to visitors in November, Italy’s Public Works Minister Nerio

Nesi said Friday

The 12th-century tower, one of Italy’s most famous

im-ages, was closed in 1990 because it was deemed to be leaning

too far for tourists to climb safely

Michele Jamiolkowski, head of the team straightening the

tower but not by too much said the lean had been reduced

by 39.6 centimeters (15.59 inches) so far and the eight-story

edifice should be nudged back another four millimeters (0.1575

inch) over the next few days

“Eleven years of work are not that much when youconsider it took 200 to build the monument in the firstplace,” Nesi said

The lean team pulled the tower back using huge lead terweights and said the work should keep the building, whichstands apart from the main body of Pisa’s cathedral, safe forthe next 300 years

Glossary: vertical - standing straight up, completely upright to nudge - to push very gently

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B: Comprehension

Work with a partner to answer the questions Find the answers in the article Do not use a dictionary

1 How long have the repairs taken?

2 When will the tower be reopened?

3 When was the tower built?

4 When was it closed?

5 Why was it closed?

6 How tall is the tower?

7 "Eleven years of work are not that much " Why is eleven years not too long to do repairs?

8 What was the job of the 'lean team'?

C: Guessing From Context

Part 1: Work with a partner to guess the meaning of the words below from today's article Be ready to share your

guesses with the class

Think about:

• the part of speech of the unknown word;

• the words in front of and after the unknown word in the sentence;

• the meaning of the whole sentence

"After 11 years of work to haul it closer to the vertical, the Leaning Tower of Pisa will reopen to visitors in

November, Italy's Public Works Minister Nerio Nesi said Friday."

haul -

"The 12th-century tower, one of Italy's most famous images, was closed in 1990 because it was deemed to be

leaning too far for tourists to climb safely."

deemed -

"Michele Jamiolkowski, head of the team straightening the tower but not by too much said the lean had been

reduced by 39.6 centimeters (15.59 inches) so far and the eight-story edifice should be nudged back another

four millimeters (0.1575 inch) over the next few days."

edifice -

Part 2: Your teacher will now give you a list of 9 meanings 3 of them are the meanings of the words in Part 1.

D: Language - the Passive

1 Look at these sentences from today's article

The tower was closed in 1990.

The lean had been reduced by 39.6 centimeters.

Rewrite the sentences in the active using the sentence beginnings below:

a The government

b Michele Jamiolkowski, head of the lean team, said the team

2 Now rewrite these sentences in the active.

a The tower was visited by thousands of tourists every year before its closure in 1990

b The tower is considered by experts to be one of Italy's most famous images

c The tower was constructed by builders in the 12th century

d The tower was pulled back by the lean team using huge lead counterweights

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3 These sentences about another famous building, the Coliseum, are in the active However, it would be better if

they were in the passive, because who built the Coliseum is unimportant It is the Coliseum that is important Active: Builders constructed the Coliseum during the reign of the Emperor Vespasian

Passive: The Coliseum was constructed during the reign of the Emperor Vespasian

Rewrite these sentences using the passive.

a Builders constructed the Coliseum during the reign of the Emperor Vespasian

b They built the Coliseum of brick and concrete

c They covered the exterior of the building with stone

d They decorated the first three stories with arches

e Builders added a fourth story later

f During the Middle Ages people used stones from the Coliseum to build new buildings

B: Vocabulary

Choose three words from today's article that you do not know Then complete the following:

1 Copy the sentence from today's article (with the unknown word)

2 Underline the words which go together with the new word

3 Look in the dictionary and find as much information as you can Do all of the following:

- check the part of speech;

- read the example sentence if there is one;

- notice other words (that you already know) with the same or opposite meaning;

- write a simple definition of the word in English and in your own language;

- write your own sentence using the new word

C: Writing a poem

1 Read the short poem below

My son was bitten by a dog

My computer was attacked by a virus

My phone was disconnected because I hadn't paid the bill

and I was visited by my mother-in-law

What a terrible day!

2 Write your own poem based on a bad day you have had (or an imaginary one) Be ready to share your poemwith the class

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TEACHERS' NOTES AND ANSWER KEY

© 2002 English To Go Ltd All rights reserved News article © 2001 Reuters, used with permission Not to be reproduced or stored in any way without the permission of English To Go Ltd http://www.english-to-go.com English To Go and Instant Lessons are the registered trade marks of English To Go Ltd email: editor@english-to-go.com 0104cula

Pre-Reading Activities

A: Discussion - Notes

If your students do not have much knowledge of the world you may want to

encourage them to find out about just one of the places below by using the Internet

or you could provide some stimulus material Then students could present their

findings on their particular place to the class.

The White House - the building in Washington DC (USA) where the US President

lives Also the offices of the US Government Work began on the building in 1792.

The Coliseum - a famous building in Rome, Italy, built by the Roman emperors

Vespasian and Titus for contests and games The building was completed by A.D.

80 Parts of it are still standing.

The Great Wall - the longest structure ever built (about 4,000 miles or 6,400

kilometers) The wall crosses northern China between the east coast and

north-central China and was built to keep out invaders It was constructed by hand It can

be seen from the moon.

Mecca - the holiest city for Islam, the religion of the Muslims It lies in western

Saudi Arabia The city is the birthplace of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam.

Muslims face Mecca when they pray Only Muslims may enter the city.

Mt Everest - the tallest mountain in the world, part of the Himilayas, in Nepal.

Red Square - a square in Moscow, Russia, about 1/4 mile (0.4 kilometer) long, lies

just outside the walls of the Kremlin The tomb of Lenin was placed in Red Square.

The Taj Mahal - a marble building built by the Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of

his favorite wife in the 17th century North of New Delhi, India.

B: Ranking - Notes

Students are role playing members of a family group This family is an extended

family of a grandmother, her two sons, and the daughter of one of the sons.

If you wish, you could add more background by explaining that the daughter-in-law

(i.e the wife of one of the two sons and mother of the girl) died some years ago,

and since that time, the uncle has lived with the family to help them with the family

business.) (You could continue the story by adding that the grandmother entered a

competition and the family have won first prize; a trip for four people to one of the

places listed.

There is no correct answer here Students have a good opportunity to give opinions

and discuss issues Choose one speaker from each group to present their final

decision and give reasons.

If you are not able to have groups of four, remove one of the roles to make groups

of three or create another family member to make groups of five.

B: Ranking - Text to be given to students

Student A: the grandmother You are an elderly woman.

You want to relax somewhere nice and quiet because you are

not as confident as you once were, and you have some health

problems.

You are the mother of Students A and B, and the grandmother of

Student D.

Student B: the son You are in your fifties You have never

been overseas You would love to see the world but you are

worried about leaving your town and do not like taking risks.

You are the son of Student A, the father of Student D and the

brother of Student C.

Student C: the uncle You are in your fifties You are an

experienced traveler who likes lots of action and adventure You

want to have an exciting holiday You are the son of Student A,

the uncle of Student D and the brother of Student B.

Student D: the granddaughter You are in your twenties.

You are studying for your doctorate in geology You don't want

to be a 'tourist' You don't like looking at museums and old

churches You want to be outside, looking at the land and getting

some information for your study You are the granddaughter of

Student A, the daughter of Student B and the niece of Student C.

C: What Do You Know? - Notes

You may wish to do this task as a class so there is a better pool of knowledge.

Otherwise you could have some information on Pisa already prepared to give out if

you think the students will need it.

Reading Activities

A: Finding the Main Idea - Answer

Headline 2 was the original headline (Headline 1 is incorrect Headline 3 is correct but has only half of the main idea (because it doesn't mention that it is going to be reopened to the public and Headline 4 is correct but is just a general statement about the tower.)

5 It was decided that it wasn't safe (because it was leaning too much).

6 Eight stories (levels) high.

7 It took 200 years to build it, so 11 years is not very long.

8 They had to pull the tower back to make it safe again.

C: Guessing From Context - Notes

Part 1 You may wish to do the first word together as a class to model the process and then have students work on the other two themselves.

Part 2 Give students the text below for Part 2 (or write the list of meanings on the board.) Students now match the words with their meanings (Their work from Part 1 will help them do this.)

C: Guessing from Context - Text to be given to Students

Part 2 Here are 9 meanings Match the 3 words from Part A with their meanings (Remember that only three of the meanings are correct!)

a statue, happened, to pull something very heavy, to build something

to make something smaller, thought; considered, a large and impressive building, guessed, a small building like a house

D: Language - the Passive - Notes

You may wish to explain the rules formally, though the example sentences provide raw materials for the students to form their own rules.

For Number 3, Sentences b, c and d could also be written using the simple present passive as they describe the building as it is now This removes the focus from the action of building entirely Sentences a, e and f must be written in the simple past tense as they describe completed actions in the past (You may decide not to look at this unless your students are fairly confident about tenses and also the idea of the passive.) Students will enjoy Post-Reading Activity C which gives them more practice with the passive voice.

D: Language - the Passive - Suggested Answers

1 a The government closed the tower in 1990.

b Michele Jamiolkowski, head of the lean team, said the team had reduced the lean by 39.6 centimeters.

2 a Thousands of tourists visited the tower every year before its closure in 1990.

b Experts consider the tower to be one of Italy's most famous images.

c Builders constructed the tower in the 12th century.

d The lean team pulled the tower back using huge lead counterweights.

3 a The Coliseum was constructed during the reign of the Emperor Vespasian.

b The Coliseum was built of brick and concrete (or The Coliseum is built of brick and concrete.)

c The exterior of the building was covered with stone.

d The first three stories were decorated with arches.

e A fourth story was added later.

f During the Middle Ages stones from the Coliseum were used to build new buildings.

Post-Reading Activities

A: Places of Interest - Notes

This activity is a good opportunity to collect data on your students' speaking ability You may wish to give each student written feedback on what they need to work on

to improve their speaking.

B: Vocabulary - Notes

Students may need the process of finding out about a word modeled to them using both the text and a dictionary.

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© 2006 English To Go Ltd All rights reserved Not to be reproduced or stored in any way without the permission of English To Go Ltd http://www.english-to-go.com English To Go and Anna Grammar are the registered trade marks of English To Go Ltd email: editor@english-to-go.com

Past Simple and Continuous

The past simple is used:

for an action that started and ended in the past

An Intermediate Grammar Worksheet from Anna Grammar™

2 for a repeated action in the past

When I was young, I watched lots of television every day after school.*

I always gave my mother flowers on her birthday.

*(We could also say, I used to watch lots of television.)

3 for stative verbs, which are verbs that do not express an action, but a state of mind or being, e.g have (own), be,

think (believe), know, dislike, need, owe, understand, wish.

He had a small cottage in the woods.

He wasn't afraid of ghosts.

I knew all the other children at my school when I was a child.

Regular past simple tense verbs end in -ed

I talked to my uncle yesterday.

I phoned my girlfriend this morning.

I saw a ghost last Friday.

Our cat climbed a tree five minutes ago.

In June 2005 I visited Rome and Florence.

I felt sick yesterday morning so I went to the doctor.

The past continuous tense is used:

While I was talking on the phone, someone stole my car.

I was making breakfast when the cat knocked over the milk carton, so I burnt the toast.

These sentences usually use while or when.

2 to talk about TWO actions in the past, both happening over a period

I was working on my computer and my children were watching television.

3 to talk about a TEMPORARY activity taking place over a limited time

The past continuous tense is was / were + the present participle

I was living in Indooroopilly when it happened.

I was staying at my friend's house while my parents were touring Italy.

Irregular past simple tense verbs do not end in -ed

You need to learn irregular past tense verbs

1 when talking about TWO actions in the past; one continues for a period, and the other starts and ends (past simple)

(The present participle is the base of a verb + ing i.e walk walking).

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Exercise 1- A DISASTROUS DINNER

Read the story Mark the past tenses in two colors - one for past simple and one for past continuous

Exercise 2

Answer Key:

Exercise 2 Sample Answers

1 She planned to have a delicious dinner 2 She bought them for an apple pie 3 Her pets watched her while she was setting the table 4 She left the steak on the table.

5 It jumped on the chair while she was making the pastry 6 The dog looked at it longingly 7 The dog jumped off the chair as she was coming into the dining room.

8 It ran into the garden 9 She was chasing the dog 10 She shrieked when she saw the cat 11 It got such a fright that it jumped a meter into the air.

12 The cat went out the window 13 She threw her broom at the cat 14 She overbalanced and put her hand in the cream.

Exercise 3

1 When did you get your clothes dirty? - I got my clothes dirty while I was picking strawberries., 2 When did you sprain your ankle?- I sprained my ankle while I was running

for the bus., 3 When did you cut your foot? -I cut my foot while I was walking on the beach., 4 When did you crash your car? - I crashed my car while I was driving to work.

5 When did you hurt your back? - I hurt my back while I was making the bed.

.

Answer these questions about the story Answer in complete sentences

1 What did Mrs Anderson plan?

2 Why did she buy cream and apples?

3 When did her pets watch her?

4 Where did she leave the steak?

5 When did the dog jump on the chair?

6 How did the dog look at the steak?

7 When did the dog jump off the chair?

Last Friday, Mrs Anderson planned to have a delicious dinner She bought a T-bone steak and some cream and apples for anapple pie When she came home from the shops she put her shopping on the table

While she was setting the table, her two pets sat underneath it and watched her Then she went to the kitchen to make the

pastry for the pie She was a little forgetful so she didn't realize he steak, cream and apples were still on the table

While she was making the pastry, the dog jumped on a chair and looked longingly at the steak At last it took the steak in its

mouth and jumped off the chair, just as Mrs Anderson was coming back into the dining room

Mrs Anderson screamed, but the dog ran into the garden She ran after the dog

While she was chasing the dog, the cat jumped on the table and started drinking the cream

Mrs Anderson didn't manage to catch the dog, and she came back into the dining room When she saw the cat, she

shrieked, and the cat got such a fright that it jumped a meter into the air, and leapt out the window Mrs Anderson threw her broom at the cat, but she missed, and broke the window At the same time she overbalanced and put her hand in the cream,

spilling it all over the tablecloth

Poor Mrs Anderson - she had no dinner, only a dirty tablecloth and a broken window

8 Where did the dog go?

9 What was she doing when the cat jumped on the table?

10 What did Mrs Anderson do when she saw the cat?

11 How much of a fright did the cat get?

12 Where did the cat go?

13 What did Mrs Anderson throw?

14 How did she spill the cream?

Exercise 3

Make questions and answers from the word prompts below

Use when + the past simple in the question Use while, I + the past continuous tense in the answers.

Example: break your leg / skiing Answer: When did you break your leg? I broke it while I was skiing.

1 get your clothes dirty / picking strawberries

2 sprain your ankle / running for the bus

3 cut your foot / walking on the beach

4 crash your car / driving to work

5 hurt your back / making the bed

Glossary: set the table - put knives and forks, plates, salt etc on the table., underneath - under it., longingly - e.g the dog wanted it but knew it couldn't have it., shriek - louder than scream., get a fright - suddenly (not the same as be frightened)., overbalance - to lose your balance and fall.

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Am / Is / Are

Anna Grammar Worksheet - Am / Is / Are - Elementary

An Elementary Grammar Worksheet from Anna Grammar™

Am / is / are are present simple verb forms of be.

Here are some examples:

I am Sun Tae-Gil.

I am from Pusan.

He is 25 years old.

His parents are architects.

Present Simple - Positive / Short Form

I am Australian I'm Australian.

We are Australian We're Australian.

You are Australian You're Australian.

They are Australian They're Australian.

He/she/it is Australian He's / she's / it's Australian.

Present Simple - Question

Am I Australian?

Are we Australian?

Are you Australian?

Are they Australian?

h _ she from Germany?

i. _ you a student?

j We _ tourists

k You _ late!

l We _ pleased to meet you

Present Simple - Negative / Short Form

I am not Australian I'm not Australian.

We are not Australian We're not Australian.

You are not Australian You're not Australian.

They are not Australian They're not Australian.

He/she/it is not Australian He isn't / she isn't / it isn't Australian.

Exercise 2: Fill each gap with the correct short form of am, is or are.

a I _ a student

b I _ happy to meet you

c Sorry, we _ late We got lost

l They _ not happy

Answer Key: Exercise 1: a am, b am, c am, d is, e is, f are, g is, h is, i are, j are, k are, l are.

Exercise 2: a 'm, b 'm, c 're, d.'s, e 're, f 're, g 're, h 's, i 're, j.'s, k 're, l.'re

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Articles

An Upper-Intermediate Grammar Worksheet from Anna Grammar™

Definite and Indefinite Articles and the Zero Article.

‘the' is called the definite article.

'a' and 'an' are called indefinite articles.

When no article (a/an/the) is used, this is called the 'zero article'.

• Common rules:

'the' can be used before any singular or plural noun It is used:

when we are thinking of one particular thing

The airport runway is nearly finished.

when it is clear in a situation which thing or things we are talking about

What's wrong? The engine won't start (You know and I know I am referring to the engine of the car we are in.)

when there is only one of something

The sun is a giant star.

'a' is used before a consonant sound.

a bus

'an' is used before a vowel sound.

an airplane

'a' or 'an' are used before a singular countable noun which isn't clearly defined (It is unclear which noun we are

talking about or it doesn't matter.)

I would like to buy a car.

No article (zero article) is used before plural and uncountable nouns when talking about things in general.

Cars may become less popular in the future as gas prices increase.

There are a lot of rules for articles

As you continue to study English, you will increase your knowledge of them

Here are some other rules:

Definite Articles.

• with country names that have Republic, States in them etc: the Republic of Ireland,

• when the name includes "of" or "Kingdom": the University of Canberra

• with rivers, oceans, lakes and seas: the Murray River, the Tasman Sea,

• with movies, theater: I love going to the movies.

• with the word, radio: Listening to the radio is something I do every day.

• with restaurants, hotels, cafes, theaters, art galleries, museums:

the Savoy, the National Gallery, the Berkeley Cinema, the Blue Bar,

but: some places are named after their founders, ending in 's or -s and do not take 'the':

I'm going to Joe's Diner for lunch I'll see you at McDonald’s.

• Other Rules for Articles

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Answer Key:

Exercise 1

a nothing, b the, c nothing, d nothing, e nothing, f the, g nothing, h the, i nothing, j the, k nothing, l the, m a, n the (There's only one.), o a, p the, q nothing, r a

s the, t the, u the, v nothing, w nothing, x an, y nothing, z nothing.

Exercise 1

Fill the gaps in the sentences below with a, an, the or nothing (leave blank).

I went on a cruise visiting a Fiji, b Kingdom of Tonga, c New Zealand and d

Australia

Last year I visited e New York and went up f Statue of Liberty I also walked along g

Fifth Avenue, looking at all h shops

I also went to i Brisbane, in j state of Queensland k last year I went to l

Queensland Art Gallery, had m swim at n artificial beach at South Bank, attended o

concert in p Botanical Gardens and did some shopping in q Queen Street I had r lot of fun!

In s city where I live, t mayor is trying to encourage commuters to use u subway andbus system by giving them v discounted tickets I think w free public transport would be

x even better idea because y people would then leave their cars at z home

Indefinite Articles.

• suggests the idea of one: a million, a thousand, a hundred dollars

• with measurements: a pound of butter, a kilogram of meat

• expressing rates, speeds, salaries and prices: one per cent a month, seven hours a day, fifty dollars an hour,

fifty thousand dollars a year, one hundred and twenty miles an hour

• with some words beginning with a silent ‘h’: an hour, an hotel (old-fashioned English)

• with some ailments: a cold, a backache, a sore throat, a headache

• with abstract uncountable nouns preceded by an adjective: a violent hatred, a sudden love.

Zero Articles.

• with the word, television: I watch television every morning.

but: The TV is broken / I am going to buy a television (This means the television set.)

• with meals: I had toast for breakfast Would you like to have lunch?

but: if we describe the meal by putting an adjective in front of it, we use a: a delicious dinner

• with some forms of transport: by bike, by car, by train, on foot

• with church, prison hospital, university, school:

Sorry, you can't talk to Annie She's at school (She is a student.)

Her mother is in hospital (i.e she is a patient)

He will be in prison for five years (We are thinking of prisons in general, not identifying one particular prison.) Rose is a student and she loves school.

but: Today her mother has gone to the school to meet the principal (Her mother has gone to the school = we are

talking about a specific school, Rose's school.)

• work, home, bed: I don't like going to work I go to bed at 9pm.

but: I have a very comfortable bed (This means bed as a piece of furniture.)

• with continents and countries: Australia, South Africa, India

• with states, cities and towns: Ohio, New York, Dublin, Shanghai, Rochester

• with islands: Malta, Jamaica,

• with mountains: Mt Fuji, Everest, Kilimanjaro

• with names: Uncle Michael, Mr Darcy, President Bush, Ms Winter, Dr Smith

but: The doctor phoned (This means 'the doctor that I normally go to', so it is a particular person.)

The Prime Minister shook my hand.

• with roads, streets, squares and parks: Market Road, Oxford Street, Cornwall Park, Hyde Park, Trafalgar Square,

• with some illnesses: pneumonia, lung cancer

• with companies: Hyundai, Apple, IBM

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Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

She is shorter than her mother She is the shortest person in her family.

Shorter and shortest are the comparative and superlative forms of theadjective 'short'

We use comparative structures to say that something is more _than something else and superlatives to say that something is themost in the group that we are comparing (i.e more _ thananything else in the group.)

Here are some rules for comparative and superlative adjectives:

One-syllable words take -er than and the -est: fast; faster than; the fastest

Don't forget these spelling rules!

1 after short vowels we double the last letter: - thin; thinner than; the thinnest

2 adjectives that end in -e take only -r and -st: - fine; finer than; the finest

With three-syllable words, and longer, we do not add -er and -est, but we use more than and the most:

difficult; more difficult than; the most difficult

objectionable; more objectionable than; the most objectionable

Two-syllable adjectives are difficult, because the rules are not rigid (Or maybe that makes them easy!)

Sometimes -er and -est endings are used, and sometimes more and the most A few rules apply:

i Most adjectives ending -y are two-syllable words, and take -er and -est The "y" changes to "i":

easy easier than the easiest: lazy lazier than the laziest

Adjectives ending -ly can be used either way: "They look alike, but A is friendlier/ more friendly than B."

In some cases, both forms are commonly used, e.g simple, common, stupid, handsome, clever, polite

"Who is the handsomest / most handsome man in the world?"

ii In some cases stress is the thing that shows us what form it takes:

words with the stress on the second syllable take more and the most: e.g upset, exact

Words with the stress on the first syllable take -er and the -est: e.g narrow, shallow, clever.

But this is not always the case: e.g crowded, boring, tragic, honest

Don't worry too much about two-syllable adjectives - even English speakers use them wrongly!

However, you should not use more and the most plus -er and -est.

It is incorrect to say the following: He's more stupider than his brother

He's the most politest person I've ever met.

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Exercise 1:

Exercise 2:

Answer Key:

Exercise 1:

1 happier, 2.the happiest, 3 the easiest, easier, 4 the most boring, 5 more boring, 6 more honest.

Complete the sentences with the correct comparative or superlative form of the adjectives in brackets

1 She is very happy now she is older She is (happy) than she ever was before.

2 Yes, I agree I would even say she is (happy) person that I know.

3 This is (easy) exercise I have ever done! It is (easy) than any other

exercise in the course!

4 I'm sorry to say this, but this is also (boring) exercise I have done in this course.

5 Do you think so? I can think of other exercises that were (boring) than this one!

6 I'm happy that you are being honest about this exercise I think you are being

(honest) than you were yesterday.

Write your own sentences using the comparative and superlative forms of the adjectives below

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Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

An Elementary Grammar Worksheet from Anna Grammar™ Comparative Adjectives

We often want to look at people or things together so that we can see how they are different

When we do this, we are comparing things To compare two things, we use a comparative adjective e.g colder.

Exercise 1:

i Answer these questions:

1 Who is taller, Lassie or Lady?

2 Who is older, Lassie or Lady?

Short adjectives (e.g fat, tall) take -er. tall taller.

Here is a list of some short adjectives (adjectives that have one syllable) that take -er.

tall big* cold cheap old large**

rare rich poor young fat* * Some consonants are doubled big bigger, fat fatter

** e is not doubled larger larger.

This is a photo of my two collie dogs

This is Lassie on the left and Lady, the taller one, is on the right

Lassie is 4 years old and Lady is older than Lady

She's 11

Exercise 2:

Make these adjectives into comparative adjectives:

Longer adjectives (adjectives that have three or more syllables) (e.g expensive, comfortable) take more

Here is a list of some longer adjectives (adjectives that have three or more syllables) that take more

expensive comfortable dangerous frightening

beautiful powerful fashionable

Most adjectives with two syllables take more e.g more careful, more hopeful but some two-syllable adjectives do not.

Here are some two-syllable adjectives that take more

upset modern boring

Here are two-syllable adjectives that take -er

narrow simple* e is not doubled simple simpler

Most adjectives ending in y have two syllables and end in -ier

e.g happy happier, funny funnier

Adjectives ending in ly take -ier e.g lovely lovelier.

We use a comparative adjective + than to say that something is more X

We use not + as and an adjective to say something isn't as X as something

Look at this example.

Burj Dubai* will have a height of 808 meters

*This building won't be finished until 2009.

It will be taller than the Taipei 101 in Taipei and the CN Tower in Toronto

The CN Tower Toronto is taller than the Sears Tower and the Taipei 101

The Sears Tower is not as tall as the CN Tower Toronto

The Sears Tower isn't as new as the Taipei 101

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A few adjectives are irregular (they do not follow the same rules as other adjectives for comparative or superlative forms.)

good better, bad worse

Exercise 3:

Make these adjectives into a comparative adjective (They are short adjectives or two-syllable adjectives that take -er.)Hint: be very careful with 6.!

1 An apple is (cheap) than a hamburger

2 An apple is (healthy) than a burger

3 An apple is (heavy) than a burger

4 Many people think a burger is (tasty) than an apple

5 Parents are (happy) when their children eat apples

6 Apples are (good) for you than hamburgers

Make each adjective in the brackets into a comparative adjective using more These are all long adjectives

1 A cobra is (dangerous) than a mouse

2 A cobra is (difficult) to keep than a mouse

3 A hippo is (powerful) than a cobra

4 A hippo is (frightening) than a mouse

5 A hippo is (expensive) than a cobra

Exercise 4:

Superlative Adjectives

Sometimes we want to say that something is the most When we do this, we use a superlative adjective e.g the coldest.

Look at this example:

This is a photo of my grandchildren

William is the oldest He's 10

Emily is 6 and Zoe is my youngest grandchild - she's 2

I think Emily is the smartest - she loves telling stories and singing songs

Zoe is the naughtiest - she is the youngest and everyone is very kind to her

William is the funniest - he always makes me laugh

I love them very much and I think they are the most wonderful children in

the world!

Exercise 5:

Answer these questions:

1 Who is the oldest grandchild? 2 Who is the youngest grandchild?

3 Who is the smartest grandchild? 4 Who is the naughtiest grandchild?

5 Who is the funniest grandchild? 6 Who are the most wonderful children in the world?

Short adjectives (e.g fat, tall) take the -est tall the tallest.

Here is a list of short adjectives (adjectives that have one syllable) that take the -est

* Some consonants are doubled big the biggest, fat the fattest ** e is not doubled larger the largest.

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Long adjectives (adjectives that have three or more syllables) (e.g expensive, comfortable) take the most.

expensive the most expensive.

Here is a list of longer adjectives (adjectives that have three or more syllables) that take the most

expensive comfortable dangerous frightening

beautiful powerful fashionable

Most adjectives with two syllables take the most e.g careful, hopeful but some take -est.

Here are some two-syllable adjectives that take the most.

upset modern boring

Here are some two-syllable adjectives that take the -est

narrow naughty simple* *e is not doubled simple simplest

Most adjectives ending in y have two syllables, and they end in the -iest e.g happy the happiest, funny the funniest.

Adjectives ending -ly take the -iest e.g lovely the loveliest.

Superlative forms of irregular adjectives

good best bad worst

I love the pink ones with the bows - they are the

shoes (cheap) I have but they are very comfortable - maybe

the (comfortable) shoes I have

The blue shoes are (fashionable) shoes I have

I always feel I am the (beautiful) woman in the

room when I wear them!

I wear the black shoes at work when I want people to think

that I have the (good) ideas

Exercise 6:

Make these adjectives into superlative adjectives:

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Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Look at the following sentences:

There is a lot of rain.

There are two snakes in my garden.

Snakes can be counted (One snake, two snakes, three snakes, four snakes etc.)

A snake is an example of a countable noun

Rain can't be counted (One rain, two rain Incorrect)

Rain is an example of an uncountable noun

Countable nouns can be singular (a snake, one snake) or plural (two, three, four etc snakes)

We can put a (or an) in front of countable nouns (a snake)

We can add an s to the end of a countable noun to make it plural (snake snakes)

We can't put a or an in front of uncountable nouns (a rain Incorrect) (four rain Incorrect)

We can't add an s to the end of an uncountable noun There is no plural form (rain rains, There is a lot of rains Incorrect.)

A lot of and lots of can be used with both uncountable and countable nouns in positive sentences

There are lots of people here who don't like snakes There was a lot of ice on the roads last week.

Some nouns are sometimes countable and sometimes uncountable with different meanings You need to learn theirdifferent meanings and know when they are countable or uncountable

e.g Look at the dictionary entry for the word 'paper'.

paper noun a (no plural) thin material that you write or draw on b (plural papers) a newspaper.

For meaning a paper is uncountable For meaning b paper is countable

Exercise 1:

A dictionary tells you if a noun does not have a plural form Look at the dictionary entry for the word 'ice'

Is 'ice' countable or uncountable?

Exercise 2:

Look at the dictionary entry for the word 'cat'

Is 'cat' countable or uncountable?

Exercise 3:

What about these words? Are they countable or uncountable? Write C or U next to each word.

traffic , leaf , music , flower , money , car , banana , toothpaste , dirt

We can use a few, fewer and many in front of countable nouns

There are a few snakes in the forest Are there many spiders where you live?

Fewer snakes live in this part of Australia nowadays.?

We use any + a plural noun in negatives and questions

There aren't any brown snakes in this part of Australia Are there any snakes in the swimming pool?

We use some + a plural noun in a positive sentence

There are some venomous snakes in this part of Australia.

We use any with an uncountable noun in questions and negatives

Do you have any snakes in your garden? Was there any rain yesterday?.

We use some with an uncountable noun in a positive sentence

We had some wet weather last week.

cat noun an animal that people keep as a pet ice noun (no plural) water that is very hard because it is very, very cold

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chicken - countable a bird that is kept for eggs and meat; uncountable meat from a chicken

hair - countable one of the long thin things that grow on someone's head; uncountable all the hairs on someone's head

glass - countable a thing that you drink from made of glass; uncountable a clear hard material that you can see through

business - countable a place where you sell and buy things; uncountable selling and buying things.

Exercise 5:

a any, some, b.any, some, c some, d some, e some, any.

a Person 1: Are there brown snakes where you live? Person 2: Yes, there are

b Person 1: I've got some wine Are there glasses? Person 2: Yes, there are in the kitchen

c We're going to have chicken for dinner tonight

d There are hairs on the back of your coat I'll get a brush

e Person 1: I'd love to see poisonous snakes and spiders while I'm in Australia Person 2: Well, I

don't think there are in our garden or I will go and live someplace else!

Write the words some or any in the gaps below

Exercise 5:

Exercise 4:

When are the words below countable and when are they uncountable? Write examples beside each word

Use your dictionary to find out

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Countable and Uncountable Nouns

A Pre-Intermediate Grammar Worksheet from Anna Grammar™

Look at the following sentences:

I bought two bananas and three oranges

I also bought rice and flour

Bananas and oranges are foods that can be counted (One banana, two bananas, three bananas, four bananas etc.)Bananas and oranges are examples of countable nouns

Rice and flour can't be counted (One rice, two rice - Incorrect)

Rice and flour are examples ofuncountable nouns

Countable nouns can be singular (a banana) or plural (many bananas)

We can puta (or an) in front ofcountable nouns We can add ansto the end of a countable noun to make it plural

We can usea few, fewerandmanyin front of countable nouns

I eat a few bananas each day

Do you eat many oranges?

We useany + a pluralnoun in negatives and questions

Do you have any oranges?

I'm sorry I don't have any oranges today

We usesome + a plural nounin a positive sentence

There are some oranges on the tree in our garden

Uncountable nouns can only be singular Some kinds of food and drink are uncountable They are things that we

cannot divide: things we can't count You need to learn which foods and drinks in English are uncountable

Examples of uncountable nouns that are related to food and drink:

* water, wine, beer, tea, coffee, milk, corn, beef, bread, butter, cheese, chicken, pasta, sugar, salt

Lamb, chicken and other meatsare usually uncountable when we are talking about lamb meat, chicken meat etc.When we are talking about an animal, the animal is countable

Chicken is my favourite meat (Uncountable)

Have you got many chickens on your farm? (Countable)

(Sometimes, we may want to say we bought a whole (dead) chicken It is countable because we think of the bird as one thingthat we can count.)

I bought a whole chicken for dinner tonight I'm going to roast it

When we buy fish meat, it is uncountable If we are talking about the fish as an animal, it is countable

We do not putaoranin front of uncountable nouns We do not add ansto the end of the word

I bought a bread and a butter Incorrect

We can usemuch, a littleandlesswith uncountable nouns

Is there much cheese left? Yes, there is a little cheese

We useanywith an uncountable noun in questions and negatives

Do you have any butter? I'm sorry We don't have any

We usesomewith an uncountable noun in a positive sentence

I have got some bread and some cheese

I like to have some milk with my tea

Some is also used in requests

Can I please have some more bread?

A lot ofandlots ofcan be used with both uncountable and countable nouns in positive sentences

You can have lots of rice or a lot of noodles If you don’t want those there are lots of potatoes!

Note: Tea, coffee etc are uncountable but sometimes we say this in cafes:

Can I have a coffee please? (This means a cup of coffee We can use a in front of coffee in this.)Two beers please (This means two glasses of beer.)

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Answer Key:

Exercise 1

a There is a little rice in the pot.

b I will cook some more rice.

c I will have some potatoes, please.

d You should eat fewer hamburgers and more vegetables.

e I eat less bread now and more spaghetti.

f Please have some more pasta There is plenty!

g Would you like (some) milk with your coffee?

h No thanks, I don't want any milk.

e some, some, any.

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Exercise 2

Write the wordssomeoranyin the gaps below

Exercise 1

Correct the mistakes in these sentences

a There is a few rice in the pot

b I will cook any more rice

c I will have any potatoes, please

d You should eat less hamburgers and more vegetables

e I eat fewer bread now and more spaghetti

f Please have some more pastas There is plenty!

g Would you like a milk with your coffee?

h No thanks, I don't want some milk

a Could I have chocolate I'm sorry, there isn't

c I am going to buy beef for lunch

our trees at the moment

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- ed or - ing

-ed or -ing Adjectives

Present participle -ing forms are often used as adjectives

a crying child,

but there are words which can take -ing or -ed, making adjectives:

interested, interesting

Usually, -ed is for people, and -ing is for things

People have feelings as a result of an experience Things cause people's reactions

I was interested The documentary was interesting

Sarah: Have you read this new crime novel? It's very a. (excited/exciting)

Jane: Yes, and I was so b. (excited/exciting) when I got to the part where Jake waits in the empty

room for the murderer

Sarah: Yes, that part was really c. (frightened/frightening)!

Jane: How did you feel when you found out that the murderer was that blond woman, Eva?

Sarah: I was really d. (surprised/surprising)! I was a bit e (confused/confusing) too

because I thought Eva was in love with Jake

Jane: I thought Eva was the most f (interested/interesting) character in the whole book I spent a lot

of time thinking about her

Sarah: Yes, usually I'm g (bored/boring) by romance in novels, but I was very h

(interested/interesting) in Eva too

Jane: Oh well I hope his next novel will be just as i (excited/exciting)

Sarah: I was j (interested/interesting) to read that he has set it in Brazil in the rainforest I

don't know how his hero will get on there

However, people can also cause reactions

The teacher was boring; The novelist is a fascinating writer

• confused/confusing • depressed/depressing • disgusted/disgusting • embarrassed/embarrassing • exhausted/exhausting

• frightened/frightening • horrified/horrifying • irritated/irritating • moved/moving • relaxed/relaxing

• satisfied/satisfying • shocked/shocking • surprised/surprising • worried/worrying

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Extreme Adjectives

An Intermediate Vocabulary Worksheet

english-to-go com

1 Deﬁ nitions

Read the following sentences

That dress is unique There is no other dress like it

That dress is more unique than any others I have seen.

There are some adjectives like unique which can’t be used with more or the most

These adjectives are complete in themselves They are called “absolutes”

Think about the word ‘perfect’ This song is perfect! I love it!

If a song is perfect, it is perfect This song can’t be more perfect than another song, because if the other song is also perfect, then they are equal

We could describe the other song as ‘nearly perfect’, but something cannot be more or less or the most perfect

This song will be perfect for my ﬁ nale The other song is almost perfect but there is something missing I’m not quite sure what it is.

2 Look at the following sentences from an article about a movie

The word ‘fantastic’ is a strong or limit adjective

Another adjective with a similar but less strong meaning

is ‘excellent excellent’ excellent’

We cannot put ‘very’ in front of a strong adjective.

Instead we have to use adverbs like ‘absolutely’ or

‘completely’ or not use an adverb at all

Look at the following examples:

surprising news (correct); very surprising news (correct); astonishing news (correct); very astonishing very astonishing news (incorrect)

2 Complete The Table

Look at the table below Fill in the cells with one or more adjectives The ﬁ rst one is done for you as an example

Adjectives Strong Adjectives Adjectives Strong Adjectives Adjectives Strong Adjectives

good great, excellent, fantastic hot elated, overjoyed

spotless ﬁ lthy gorgeous, beautiful

3 Fill In The Gaps

Complete each sentence with an adjective from the table

a “That dinner was absolutely _ Thank you very much.”

b Kids, your room is _! Don’t come out until you’ve cleaned it.”

c Where I live, it is very _ in the summertime

d “That was a very _ ﬁ lm I want to see it again.”

e “That’s a very _ cut I think you need to see a doctor.”

f Most bacteria are You need a microscope to see them

g I was _ to see my brother It was fantastic as I hadn’t seen him in 10 years

h My new dress is absolutely _ I bought it for the prom and I can’t wait to wear it!

i “Kids, your room has to be completely before you can go anywhere today.”

j The Titanic was a _ liner in its day Now, however, there are many bigger ships

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TEACHERS' NOTES AND ANSWER KEY

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2: Complete The Table- Suggested Answers

Adjectives Strong Adjectives Adjectives Strong Adjectives Adjectives Strong Adjectives

3: Fill In The Gaps

a scrumptious / delicious; b ﬁ lthy; c hot; d good; e bad, f microscopic, g elated

/ overjoyed; h gorgeous; i spotless, j gigantic / enormous;

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Frequency Adverbs

Anna Grammar Worksheet - Frequency Adverbs - Upper-Intermediate

Words like always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever and never are frequency adverbs They describe how often you do an

activity They are often used in descriptions of someone's habits or routines The position of the adverb will depend on the verb /verbs in the sentence

Here are some rules for where they are placed in a sentence when they are used with the simple present tense to describe whatsomeone habitually does

a If the verb is one word, the frequency adverb goes in front of the verb (I always study before an exam.)*

b The frequency adverb goes after am, is, are (I am never later for exams.)

c If the verb is two or more words, the adverb will go after the first verb e.g In my country exams are often done online.

*Usually and sometimes can also be placed at the beginning or end of a sentence.

Exercise: Read the sentences about exams below and answer the question after each sentence in pairs Try to use a frequency

adverb in your answer You can use any frequency adverb you like

1 When I take an exam I always have something satisfying to eat beforehand.

Question: What do you eat before an exam?

2 I usually relax the night before a big test and try not to do any last-minute study.

Question: What do you do on the night before an exam?

3 I seldom feel nervous on the morning of an exam.

Question: How do you feel on the morning of an exam?

4 I sometimes tape information I want to remember for a test.

Question: How do you remember information for a test?

5 I hardly ever use flash cards to remember information.

Question: Do you ever use flash cards when you study for an exam?

6 I normally try to read all the questions first before I start answering them.

Question: What do you normally do first in an exam?

7 I frequently forget to write my name on every page and have to remember to do it at the end of the test!

Question: Is there anything you sometimes forget to do in exams?

8 I have always studied for exams in my bedroom.

Question: Where do you study for exams?

9 I have never missed an exam.

Question: Have you ever missed an exam?

10 I am usually excited after the exam finishes.

Question: Are you usually excited or depressed after an exam?

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Wolfie says, “In an exam, never chase cats.”

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Infinitives to express purpose

A Grammar Worksheet from Anna Grammar™

When we want to say why we

did something, we can use an infinitive (to + base form of a verb).

Here are examples:

These statements using an infinitive of purpose answer the question, "Why?"

Often when we are speaking and someone asks us why we are doing something, we shorten our answer and

start the sentence with the infinitive

Why are you taking that apple to school?

I am going to give it to the teacher?

Why are you going to the shopping mall?

We're going to buy some groceries

(We could also say "I am going to the supermarket to buy some milk and some bread."

But we say "To buy some milk and some bread." because it is shorter

Why are you going to the supermarket?

To buy some milk and some bread

English does NOT useforin these statements e.g

I went to the airport to catch my flight to London

NOT I went to the airport for catch my flight to London

I turned on the radio to listen to the news

NOT I turned on the radio for to listen to the news

I go the gym every day to do an aerobics class

NOT I go to the gym every day for do an aerobics class

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Use the words in brackets to answer these questions One is done for you as an example

a Why are you going to the city? (Have lunch with a friend.)

Answer: I am going to the city to have lunch with a friend

b Why are you going to the museum? (See the dinosaurs.)

Look at the photos Put the words in the correct order to answer a question about each photo

a Why are they going to the mall?

some / new / To / buy / clothes /

b Why is the little boy lifting his hand in the air?

To / answer / question / a

c Why is she wearing gloves?

To / the / basin / clean

d Why is she looking at a map?

find / To / her way home /

Answer these questions using the words below Add aninfinitiveto each word prompt

(One is done for you as an example.)

a Why are you going to evening classes?

I am going to classes Answer: I am going to classes to learn English

to buy some stamps, to visit my grandmother, to learn English, to catch a bus

b Why are you going to Brisbane next week? Answer: I am going to Brisbane

c Why are you going to the post office? Answer: I am going to the post office

d Why are you waiting here? Answer: I am waiting here

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May, Might and Could

Anna Grammar Worksheet - May, Might and Could - Intermediate

May or might are modal auxiliary verbs May or might can be used to say that something is possible or probable now or in the future (may / might + base form of verb).We are not certain that something will happen, but it is a possibility.

I may go to college next year, but I'm still not sure (Perhaps I will go to college.)

I might send you a postcard while I'm away if I remember!

The negative of may or might is may not or might not.

I may not go to college next year I might look for a job instead (Perhaps I will not go to college.)

I might not send you a postcard I may forget.

The continuous form is may / might + be + verb-ing.

You can try calling me tonight but I might not be home I might be going out with my parents.

Bother, the phone line is still engaged Joe may be having a long phonechat with his girlfriend.

The past form is may have + past participle and might have + past participle.

I can't see Angie anywhere She may have gone home.

- I wonder why Ros didn't phone me last night.

- She might have forgotten.

- Where's Drew? He was meant to drop me at work!

- I think he's already left He may not have remembered.

Exercises

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Here are some questions and answers The words in the answers

are not in the correct order Put the words in each answer in the

correct order

1 What are you going to do after you graduate?

- I'm not sure do / some travelling / might / I / take / a year

off / and

2 Who are you going to the prom with?

- I haven't decided yet may go / I / with Tom, but / cute, /

Hiro is / I might so / him with / go

3 What are you going to have for lunch?

- I don't know good / so might I / that have / The pizza /

looks

4 Do you know where Satomi is?

- I think she's studying for her exam may / She / be / in / the /

library

Answers: 1 I might take a year off and do some travelling 2 I may go with Tom, but Hiro is cute, so I might go with him 3 The pizza looks good so I might have

that 4 She may be in the library 5 - 8 Answers will vary.

Complete these sentences You are not sure if you will dosomething

5 Where will you go on holiday next year?

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Modal Auxiliary verbs and Have to

A Pre-Intermediate Grammar Worksheet from Anna Grammar™

Can, could, shall, should, will, would, might and must are all examples of modal auxiliary verbs

We use modal verbs in different ways e.g to say that something is necessary or possible or to give advice.

I must go now!

I could come this afternoon.

You should drive more carefully.

Forms of Modals:

1 A modal verb is always the first verb in a verb phrase

I might go to school

I shall go to school

2 A modal verb never has an ending like 's' or 'ed'

She may walks to school Incorrect

She may walk to school Correct

3 The form of a modal verb is always the infinitive

Should is used to say that we think something is right.

It is a good thing or the best thing for someone to do We use should when we are giving someone advice.

He should always listen to his parents.

I think I should go home now.

We should leave now It is getting late.

4 Modals do not have do or does in questions.Can I go?

Must you go?

5 To make a negative, not or n't is added to the modal

I cannot go / I can't go

I mustn't go

Most modals talk about the present or the future

I will go to school tomorrow

I might come to the picnic

We can go now

Could is the past tense form of the modal, can.When I went to school yesterday, I couldn't see you

Exercise 1

Maria is doing a speaking test soon Look at the sentences below

The sentences have some advice on what to do in the test Imagine you are talking to Maria

Use should or shouldn't and give her the advice The first one is done for you as an example

a Say hello to the examiner Answer: You should say hello to the examiner.

b Look at the examiner.

c Tell the examiner if you don't understand something.

d Do not speak too quietly.

e Listen carefully to the examiner's questions.

f Don't ask the examiner if you have passed the test.

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Must is used to say that someone is obligated to do something It is necessary.

When we use it for ourselves, we mean that we really need to do something

I must tidy this room It's very messy

I must phone my mother tonight She always worries about me

The negative of must is mustn't

I mustn't forget my carkeys

When we use must with other people, it has a very strong meaning

Exercise 2

John has some problems He will tell you his problems Give him some strong advice

Complete the sentences with must The first one is done for you

a John: I always lose my keys You: Answer: You must remember where you put them!

b John: I always forget my mother's birthday You: Answer: You must write

c John: I always eat junk food You: Answer: You must eat

d John: I never exercise You: Answer: You must exercise

e John: I never brush my teeth You: Answer: You must brush your

f John: I smoke twenty cigarettes a day You: Answer: You must stop

You have to go to school

He / she / it has to go to school

We have to go to school

They have to go to school

2 Negative Forms

I don't have to go to school

You don't have to go to school

He / she / it doesn't have to go to school

We don't have to go to school

Have to

Have to is different to modal verbs like must or should because it can have other forms.

(Note how 'have' changes below in the positive and negative forms.)

Forms of Have to:

3 Have to has a past tense

The past tense of have to is had to

I had to go home early yesterday because I was sick.You had to go home early

He / she / it had to go home early

They didn't have to go home early

4 To make a question, add do or does for the presenttense and did for the past

Do you have to go to school today? Yes I do

Does your sister have to go to work today?

Yes she does

Did you have to do housework when you were young?Yes, I did

Have to is very similar in meaning to must.

But have to is used when someone like a doctor or the police, or a rule or law says that we are obligated to

do something.

At school we have to call our teachers 'Sir' and 'Miss' (This is a school rule.)

My boss says I have to finish this work tonight (My boss says this.)

When a couple get married, the man has to pay his bride's father some money (This is the custom.)

We have to check in at the airport three hours before our flight (This is an airline rule.)

Don't have to means that something is unnecessary

You don't have to help me with my homework tonight

He doesn't have to catch a bus I can drive him

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Modal Auxiliary verbs

An Upper Grammar Worksheet from Anna Grammar™

Can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might and must are all examples of modal auxiliary verbs

We use modal verbs in different ways Some things they can be used to express:

facts, ability, permission, possibility, polite requests or offers, condition, prohibition and obligation

* Can I help you?

* Could I go to the movie night on Friday?

* I can't do this homework It's too difficult!

* You might be able to go out and play soon It's stopped raining

Modal Forms

Modal auxiliaries are always used with another verb, which is always in the base form

* She can speak five languages

The form of a modal verb is always theinfinitivewithout'to' A modal verb never has an ending like 's' or 'ed'

Modals do not have do or does in questions To make questions, we reverse the word order

* Must you go?

* Shall I see you tomorrow?

To make a negative, not or n't is added to the modal

* He shouldn't be so rude to me

* I should not be watching this

Modals have a number of different uses and you need to spend some time learning them

You could keep a list of their different uses and add to it each time you discover a new one

For example, some uses of can and may:

1 Can expresses ability: Can you speak English? Yes, I can (I am able to speak English.)

2 Can also expresses permission: Can I go home now? Yes, you can

3 May also expresses permission May is considered more polite than can, but younger speakers of English may ignorethis rule nowadays May is used in more formal situations Student: May I go home please? Teacher: Yes, you can/may

4 May also expresses possibility: I may go out tonight, or I may stay at home

5 Might is exactly the same as may in this situation: We may / might see you at the picnic next week

Modals that express different degrees of obligation

Shouldis used to say that we think something is right or the best thing for someone to do We use should when weare advising someone We are telling them that it is a good idea We use should to recommend something or give ouropinion on something We also use it to ask other people what they think about something

* You should go and see your doctor if you're worried about your weight

Shouldexpresses weak obligation We are not insisting that someone do something

* I think you should think some more about the issue before you do anything

* Do you think I should try this new diet?

Shouldn'tis used to say that we think something isn't the best thing for someone to do

* You shouldn't believe everything you read on the Internet!

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Have to

When we have to do something, it is necessary for us to do it We have no choice Must is also used in this way

* I have to do more exercise I am getting fat (I think this is necessary.)

* You have to eat more vegetables

* Do you have to make all that noise? I'm trying to do my homework

Have to is different to modal verbs like must or may because it can have other forms

Has to is used instead of have to with he, she or it when we make a sentence in the affirmative

* She has to try harder at school

Unlike modal verbs, we use do/does with have to in questions

* Does she have to go to school today?

* Do you have to talk so loudly? Please talk more quietly

Don't/doesn't is used to make negatives

* I don't have to get up early tomorrow

* She doesn't have to go to school today

Have to is also used when we are talking about something impersonal An outside authority like the police maydemand that someone does something It could be necessary for someone to do something because their job oremployer requires it The law or government requires it Their health specialist might prescribe a course of

treatment (Must isn't used in this way.)

* I have to wear a white coat when talking to patients (This is a requirement of my job.)

* You have to slow down when you come to a zebra crossing (This is one of the laws for motorists.)

The past tense of have to is had to

We use don't have to when it isn't necessary to do something There is no obligation to do something

* I'm a nurse but I don't have to wear a uniform

The past tense of don't have to is didn't have to

Must

Must is used in the same way as have to to say that we are obligated to do something It is necessary

We really need to do something We use must when the pressure comes from ourselves:

* I must remember to do some piano practice My teacher was angry with me last week

We can also use must to recommend something strongly to someone else

* You must try that new cafe in the square It's wonderful (I strongly recommend you do this.)

* You must believe me I'm telling you the truth (I really want you to believe me!)

Must is used when we are angry with someone

* Must you watch television now? I'm trying to sleep!

The negative of must is mustn't

* I mustn't forget to turn the lights out

Be careful using must with other people because must has a very strong meaning If we use must inappropriately, itcan make us sound bossy and rude

* Guest: Where shall I sit? Host: You must sit there (Incorrect - the host wants the guest to have the best chair,but if the host uses must it suggests the host is ordering you to do this and you have no choice.)

Must does not have a future form, and the future is expressed by “will have to…”

* You will have to listen more carefully to your teacher if you want to pass that exam

Must has no past tense either We use “had to…” for this

* I was late because I had to wash my hair

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Answer Key:

Exercise 1a b Do some exercises / Don't sit at your desk for too long., c Find a new job., d Cook some healthy meals / Don't eat junk food more than once a week.,

e Think of the places you went to and look for your keys in those places., f Wash your car.

Exercise 1b: b You should do some exercises and take breaks from sitting / You shouldn't sit at your desk for too long., c You should find a new job., d You should cook some healthy meals./ You shouldn't eat junk food more than once a week., e You should think of the places you went to and look for your keys in those places f You should

wash your car.

Exercise 2: a In my work I have to remember to greet every person by name., b I have to be cheerful and pleasant at all times., c I didn't have to go to work yesterday because it was a holiday., d My workmate has to do my work when I am at lunch., e My boss has to give me a performance review every six months., f Does she have to work very long hours?, g Do they have to clean their rooms or is there a cleaner?, h I don't have to stay at work until I've completed all my tasks.

Exercise 1a:

Dave is your friend He has some problems Think of one or more ideas to solve each of his problems Write the ideasnext to Dave's problems The first is done for you as an example

Dave's problems

a I can't find anything on my desk Idea 1 : Tidy your desk Idea 2: Don't let your desk get untidy

b My back is sore from doing sitting in a chair for most of the day

c My job is boring

d I am spending a lot of money on junk food

e I've lost my keys

f My car is dirty

Exercise 1b:

Imagine you are talking to Dave

Useshouldorshouldn'tand give him your ideas from 1a in sentences The first is done for you as an example

a You should tidy your desk / You shouldn't let your desk get untidy

Put these words in the correct order to make sentences using have to

a every person by name/ In my work / I have to / remember to greet

b at all times / be cheerful / I have to / and pleasant

c yesterday because / I didn't have to / it was a holiday / go to work

d to do my / My workmate has / I am at lunch /work when

e a performance review / to give me / every six months / My boss has

f work / Does she / have to / very long hours?

g their rooms/ or is there / Do they have / to clean / a cleaner?

h all my tasks./ to stay at / work / until I've / completed / I don't have

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Must, Mustn't and Didn't Have To

Must means we have no choice about doing something We are obliged to do it.

Read this conversation between two friends and look for examples of must.

Joe: Andy? Hi! I got the job! I start next month

Andy: Congratulations!

Joe: Thanks The only problem is that I must buy a car The factory isn't on a bus route.

Andy: Yes, I told you! I know you don't want to buy one, but it's time you had a car anyway

Joe: Well, if I buy one, you must come and help me choose I don't know much about cars.

Andy: I'd be happy to What kind do you want to buy?

Joe: A Ferrari of course! It's the King of cars

Andy: Ha, ha! You must be joking! You've spent so much money in the last few weeks you'll be lucky if you can afford a

bicycle!

Joe: Yeah I know I must try to spend less money Oh, well, not a Ferrari, then! But it must have a powerful engine and a

good stereo system Oh yes! My dog, Wolfie, must like it as well!!

Andy: Ha ha! Yeah, sure! Oops! I must go! Suzy's coming for dinner and my place is a mess Well done on getting the job.

Joe: Thanks! Bye!

Andy: Bye

Must and have to are very similar in meaning.

I must buy a car / I have to buy a car.

Have to is also used when we are talking about something impersonal The law, the government, the workplace etc may say it is

necessary for someone to do something

Joe: I'll have to wear a uniform in my new job And I have to pass a safety exam (These are workplace rules.)

Must is often used in speaking when we are giving orders We use it when we are telling someone else what we think is very

important for them to do

You must study very hard for your safety exam!

You must drive carefully The roads are icy today.

Must is also used in rules:

Candidates who fail the safety exam must wait three months before applying to retake it.

/Pg 2.

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© 2004 English To Go Ltd All rights reserved Not to be reproduced or stored in any way without the permission of English To Go Ltd http://www.english-to-go.com English To Go and Mini-Lessons are the registered trade marks of English To Go Ltd email: editor@english-to-go.com

Pg 2. A Grammar Worksheet from Anna Grammar™

When we want to say that we are not allowed to do something, we use mustn't.

I mustn't drink and drive (It's the law.)

I mustn't spill food on the carpet or Suzy will kill me! (My girlfriend says I am not allowed to drop food on the carpet.)

We can't use don't have to in this situation (Don't have to means that it is unnecessary for us to do something.)

I don't have to drink and drive Incorrect

I don't have to spill food on the carpet or my girlfriend will kill me! Incorrect

There is no past tense for must When we want to use must in the past, we use had to.

Before I owned a car, I had to take the bus to work.

I had to wait at the bus stop in the wind and the rain Now I can drive to work and not get wet!

Exercise

Joe has been in his new job for two weeks He meets Andy for a drink at a bar Complete the gaps in the dialogue below with must / mustn't or had to.

Andy: Hey! How are you?

Joe: Fine What are you having?

Andy: An orange juice, thanks I'm so hot I1. have something cold

Joe: Oh and I 2. pay you back that money I borrowed from you Remember? I owe you $50.00

Andy: Oh thanks So how is the job?

Joe: Fine There were a lot of new things to learn When I first started, I 3 be really careful But now, it's good I'menjoying it Oh and can you remind me to leave here at 7.30? I 4 be at the airport at 9 o'clock to meet Suzy She's beenvisiting her parents in Toronto

Andy: O.K I'll remind you at 8.00!

Joe: Oh That's not funny You 5 say things like that! Suzy will kill me if I'm late Hey, and how's Haruka?

Andy: She's fine

Joe: Say! We 6 meet for dinner sometime The four of us!

Andy: Good idea But you 7 tell Haruka any stories about our high-school days! She might drop me!

Joe: I won't

Wolfie: Woof!

Answers: 1 must, 2 must, 3 had to,4 must, 5 mustn't, 6 must, 7 mustn't.

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Past Perfect

The Past Perfect Simple and Continuous

The past perfect simple is used to say that one action happened before another action in the past.

It is often used for a sequence of actions

For many months before the opening ceremony, I had thought about the honour of carrying the flag and hadwondered who would be chosen I had told myself it would never be me so I was very surprised when the teammanager told me that I had been chosen

It is used to talk about what happened before a time in the past

Other members of the team smiled and said they had hoped I would be chosen

My mother screamed when she saw me with the flag She hadn't imagined I would be chosen

The past perfect simple ishad + the past participle

Exercise 1

Put the verbs in brackets in the past perfect simple

I studied English in Auckland, New Zealand for two years from 2002 to 2004 Before I

arrived in Auckland, I a (think) there would be sheep everywhere I b

(read) that there were millions and millions of sheep in New Zealandand only around 3 million people

After arriving, I realized I c (be) quite wrong about Auckland! Auckland

was a medium-sized city with shops, offices and a very tall building called the Sky Tower

One strange thing was that there were quite a few extinct volcanoes around the city They d (be)extinct for a long time

Before meeting my host family, I e (imagine) what living with them would be like They f

(send) me photos of themselves but of course they looked a bit different in reality! My hostfather g (have) brown hair when he was younger, but now he was bald My host mother wasvery kind with smiling blue eyes and blond hair They had one little girl, Rachel, and we soon became good

I loved their house with a view of the ocean Their garden was very big and they k (plant) lots

of flowers and some fruit trees It rained quite a lot but I knew this already because one of my friends in Korea l

(tell) me that this was why New Zealand was such a green country

I still write to my host family I m (hope) I would be able to remember all my English after

returning home, but unfortunately I have forgotten bits of it It is good though to look at my photos and imaginethat one day I will go back there and see my host family again

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The past perfect continuous

The past perfect continuous is used to say that one action had been happening for a length of time before another

action in the past

I had been training for months when I fell and hit my head one night while out running

When I regained consicousness I realized I had been lying on the sidewalk for at least twenty minutes

I had been waiting for about two hours for them to give me their report, when finally, the door opened and they

came in with serious faces

The past perfect continuous ishad + been + the present participle

Exercise 2

Use the word prompts to make sentences Put the verb in the past perfect continuous

At last I saw you on the track

I / look / for you / for ages!

b You waved at me and smiled You looked sweaty

You / do / warmup laps

c I couldn't believe that we were really at the Olympics!

We / dream / of this time / for so long

d Before your race you looked very serious and solemn

You / prepare / for this race / for the last five years

e After the race I sat there, trying to calm down I was exhausted

I / say / to myself over and over, / "You can do it!"

f When you were presented with your medal, I shouted and waved

I / feel / sick and worried but not any more!

a I had been looking for you for ages!

b You had been doing warmup laps.

c We had been dreaming of this time for so long.

d You had been preparing for this race for the last five years.

e I had been been saying to myself over and over, "You can do it!"

f I had been feeling sick and worried but not any more!.

© 2005 EnglishTo Go Ltd.All rights reserved Not to be reproduced or stored in any way without the permission of English To Go Ltd http://www.english-to-go.com English To Go andAnna Grammar are the registered trade marks of English To Go Ltd email: editor@english-to-go.com

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Possessive Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns

These words are called possessive adjectives: my, his, her, its, our, your, their

(There is no apostrophe (‘) in its here its ball it’s ball).

I —> my chair The chair is mine.

Andrew his book —> The book is his.

Mom, her car —> The car is hers.

I —> my chair

Andrew, the boy he —> his toy

Mom, the woman she —> her car

the dog it —> its ball

These words are called possessive pronouns: mine, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs

(We can’t use its in this way The cat, its ball The ball is its.

There is no apostophe (‘) in possessive pronouns The car is yours The car is your’s.)

The pronoun doesn’t change from singular to plural:

Their bedroom The bedroom is theirs.

Their bedrooms The bedrooms are theirs.

Sarah and I we —>our house you your —>your bag

the boys they —> their bicycles

Sarah and I —>our house The house is ours.

you —> your bag The bag is yours.

the boys their bicycles —>The bicycles are theirs.

Fill the gaps in these sentences:

a This book belongs to me It is book

b This bag belongs to Andrew It is book

c This car belongs my mother It is car

d These shoes belong to you They are shoes

e The bedroom belongs to the girls It is bedroom

f The dog, Wolfie, belongs to my family It is dog

g The cat has a sore leg The cat is licking leg

h I am holding some money It is money!

Exercise 1

The Brown family are sorting the laundry Sarah is looking at some t.shirts Fill the gaps in these sentences

with a possessive pronoun

Dad: Which t.shirt is yours, Jane? The red one or the blue one?

Jane: The blue one is (a) It belongs to me

Mark: No! Dad bought me a new t.shirt on Saturday The blue one!

Dad: You’re wrong, Mark I bought you a green one The green one is (b)

Mark: Oh sorry, you’re right The green one is (c)

Jane: So the green t.shirt is (d) , Mark, and the blue t.shirt is (e) What about this red one?

Dad: That red one belongs to Mum It’s (f)

Mark: What about these two white ones? One is a large and one is a medium.

Dad: Those white t.shirts belong to Mum and me They are (g)

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Prepositions of Place

Some words tell us where something is or what place it is in.

For example above, below, behind, in front of, next to, in, inside, opposite, under, next to, beside, on.

The ball is in the box

The ball is inside the box

The black ball is in front of the brown box

The brown box is behind the black ball

The ball is next to the box

The ball is beside the box

The ball is between the boxes

The light is above the box

The box is below the light

The ball is on the table

The ball is under the table

The ball is below the table.

The box is among the balls

The ball is against the wall

The ball is near the box

1 John is in front of / next to Hannah

2 Hannah is above / between John and Susie

3 Susie is among / beside Hannah

4 The woman is sitting on / under the stool

5 The stool is on / under the woman

6 The cotton reel is inside / near the needle

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

Complete the gaps in this description of the picture of a job interview with the correct preposition

1 The interviewer is sitting behind / above / beside a desk

2 She is holding some papers on / in / above her hands

3 There are some papers on /in / above her desk

5 The interviewee is sitting on / under / above a chair

6 She is holding her hands under / above / in her lap

7 She is sitting near / above / behind the interviewer

8 There is a certificate on / above / under the wall

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Present Continuous

The present continuous has these uses:

It is used to talk about something that is happening now

He is talking on the telephone (He is talking now.)

He is sitting in a chair.

It is also used to talk about something that is happening around now

Mary: Jane, how are you?

Jane: Good I'm very busy I'm painting my apartment How are you?

Mary: O.K I'm tired I'm learning the guitar, but it's difficult.

It is also used to talk about a future plan

My sister is having a party next week.

I'm going to see my friend on Saturday.

Present Continuous Forms - Positive

I am watching television.

We are watching television.

You are watching television.

They are watching television.

He/she/it is watching television.

Present Continuous Forms - Negative

I am not watching television.

We are not watching television.

You are not watching television.

They are not watching television.

He/she/it is not watching television.

Present Continuous Forms - Question

Am I watching television?

Are we watching television?

Are you watching television?

Are they watching television?

Is he/she/it watching television?

/Pg 2.

Yes, I am / No, I'm not

When we are talking, we often use the short forms (Yes, I am / No, I'm not)

to answer questions

Are you reading this worksheet?

Yes, I am.

Are you learning Portuguese?

No, I'm not I'm learning English.

The forms are:

Yes, I am./ No, I'm not.

Yes, we are / No, we aren't.

Yes, you are / No, you aren't.

Yes, they are / No, they aren't.

Yes, he/she/it is / No, he/she/it isn't.

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Pg 2. A Grammar Worksheet from Anna Grammar™

Exercise 1: Look at the first picture Complete these sentences with the verb in the brackets.

Put each verb in the present continuous

a The bus on a road (travel)

b One man on the bus a newspaper (read)

c A woman in her bag (look)

d A man on his mobile phone (talk)

e The passengers on the bus (sit)

Exercise 2: Look at the second picture Complete these sentences with the verb in the brackets.

Put each verb in the present continuous

a The students in a classroom (sit)

b The teacher to them (talk)

c He at the students (look)

d He them Math (teach)

e The students to the teacher (listen)

Exercise 3: Look at the third picture Answer the questions by completing

each answer Use the verb in brackets in your answer Put the verb in the

present continuous One is done for you as an example

a Is the woman watching television?

No, she isn't watching television She is working on a computer.

b Is the woman singing?

No, _ (sing) She on the telephone (talk)

c Is the woman wearing a T-shirt?

No, _ a T-shirt (wear) She shirt and a jacket (wear)

d Is the woman holding a coffee cup?

No, _ a coffee cup (hold) She _ the telephone (hold)

e Is the woman standing?

No, _ (stand) She at her desk.(sit)

Exercise 4: Look at the last picture Answer the questions about the picture Use yes, he is / no, he isn't / etc One is done for you as

e Is the man holding a suitcase? _

Answers: Exercise 1: a is traveling,(British English: is travelling) b is reading, c is looking, d is talking, e are sitting.

Exercise 2: a are sitting, b is talking, c is looking, d is teaching, e are listening.

Exercise 3: b No, she isn't singing She is talking on the telephone c No, she isn't wearing a T-shirt She's wearing a shirt and a jacket d No, she isn't holding a

coffee cup She's holding the telephone e No, she isn't standing She's sitting at her desk.

Exercise 4: b Yes, he is c No, he isn't d No, he isn't e No, he isn't f - i Answers will vary.

Now answer these questions about yourself:

f Are you wearing jeans?

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Present Continuous: Spelling

Anna Grammar Worksheet - Present Continuous: Spelling - Elementary

The present continuous tense is: am / is / are + verb + -ing (the present participle).

To make the present participle with most verbs, you add -ing to the verb:

walk > walking

go > going

try > trying

For some verbs, there are spelling rules:

one vowel + one consonant > double the consonant, add -ing

Here are some rules for some other verbs:

The consonant is doubled in words of more than one syllable,

if the last syllable is stressed

forget > forgetting

The consonant isn't usually doubled in an unstressed syllable

open > opening

There are some differences between British and American English,

e.g travelling (British English) traveling (American English).

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