- Describing and analyzing the characteristics of language - culture performed in its composition, origin, identification and semantics of words and phrases referred to marine fishing ta
Trang 1VINH UNIVERSITY
NGUYEN VAN DUNG
PROFESSIONAL WORDS AND PHRASES
OF MARINE CRAFT IN THANH HOA
(SEEN FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF
LANGUAGE - CULTURE)
Major: Linguistics Code: 62.22.01.01
SUMMARY OF PHD DISSERTATION IN PHILOLOGY
VINH - 2016
Trang 21 Reasons for choosing the title
1.1.The continuous and uneven development of language among regions,strata, sectors of the society has made up the richness and diversity of the nationallanguages As a result, apart from a common language used by the whole population,there appear variants of language including the vocabulary system of people whoassociate with a manufacturing job We call them professional words and phrases.Thus, it is necessary to study professional words and phrases because it contributes toclarify the diversity of national languages
1.2 Professional words and phrases are considered as not only means ofcommunication but also means of cultural reflection of employees Currently, manytraditional working villages have been gradually eroded or changed by the trends ofindustrialization and modernization Therefore, words and phrases of traditionalcrafts are going to be disappeared On the one hand, collecting traditionalprofessional words and phrases and studying them in terms of language - culture isnot only necessary but also urgent On the other hand, until now, the studies onprofessional words and phrases from the perspective of language - culture are stillless This is also a theoretical and practical aspect that must be much concerned
1.3 Thanh Hoa province, with a long history, is seen as a sacred land withextraordinary people The exploitation process of the sea by ancient Vietnamese herewas also relatively early and it was imbued with many unique imprints of marineculture Therefore, studies on professional words and phrases not only show the values
of language but also provide us with much knowledge of local marine culture,contributing to preserve the national culture
2 Aims and research tasks
2.1 Aims of the dissertation
The dissertation studies professional words and phrases of marine craft inThanh Hoa, particularly words and phrases referred to tools, tackles, operationalprocedures and products of marine craft This aims at clarifying the characteristics oflanguage - culture expressed in these words and phrases in terms of composition,origin, meaning and identification On this basis, the study also contributes topreserve the national language - culture
2.2 Research tasks
- Surveying from fieldwork; collecting professional words and phrases offishing craft in Thanh Hoa province; presenting a research overview and theoreticalbasics of the dissertation
- Describing and analyzing the characteristics of language - culture performed
in its composition, origin, identification and semantics of words and phrases referred
to marine fishing tackles, operational procedures and marine products in Thanh Hoa
3 Objects and scopes of the dissertation
3.1 Object
1587/1942 units of words and phrases of fishing craft are collected fromfieldwork as research subjects including fishing tackles (543 units), operationalprocedures (239 units) and marine products of the three categories: fishing craft, fish
Trang 3sauce and salt production (805 units).
3.2 Scope and research materials
- The dissertation studies professional words and phrases of marine craft andrelevant issues of culture expressed in words and phrases of residents living in thecoastal regions of Thanh Hoa province
- Research materials are collected from fieldwork, documents and folkcompositions of marine craft in Thanh Hoa province
4 Research methods
Fieldwork method; statistical methods; analysis-synthetic methods;interdisciplinary research methods; modeling and comparison are displayed in thedissertation
5 New contributions of the dissertation
A large number of professional words and phrases of marine craft are collectedfrom fieldwork On the one hand, it is the useful and important material resources oflanguage On the other hand, the dissertation done from the perspective of language -culture not only clarifies linguistic values but also contributes to indicate thecharacteristics of thinking, perception, local cultural nuances of Thanh land throughprofessional words and phrases
6 The theoretical and practical significance of the dissertation
6.1 The theoretical and practical significance
- The dissertation provides useful materials for subsequent researches ofprofessional words and phrases in general, words and phrases referred to marinecraft in particular
- The dissertation studies professional words and phrases in a new directionthat is done from the perspective of language - culture The research resultscontribute to improve the positive development of Vietnamese lexicology
6.2 The practical significance
Words and phrases of marine craft in the dissertation contribute to preserve thetraditional values of marine craft in Thanh land and to be a material resource forwriting a dictionary of professional words as well as a reference book for researchers
of language, culture and local history
7 Layout of the dissertation
Chapter 1: A research overview and theoretical basics of the dissertation
Chapter 2: Characteristics of language - culture of words and phrases referred
to fishing tackles of marine craft in Thanh HoaChapter 3: Characteristics of language - culture of words and phrases referred
to operational procedures of marine craft in Thanh HoaChapter 4: Characteristics of language - culture of words and phrases referred
to marine products in Thanh Hoa
Trang 4Chapter 1
A RESEARCH OVERVIEW AND THEORETICAL BASICS
OF THE DISSERTATION 1.1 A research overview
1.1.1 Researches on professional words and phrases
Foreign researchers, typically Soviet ones, namely: L.A Kapanadze and A.V.Superanskaja, E.G Bondaletop, IU.V.Rozdextvenxki
Researches on professional words and phrases in textbooks written byVietnamese authors such as Nguyen Van Tu (1968); Do Huu Chau (1981); Mai NgocChu, Dao Vu Duc- Hoang Trong Khoi (2007); Nguyen Thien Giap (2010) ….; in thearticle presented by Hoang Trong Canh, Le Viet Chung, Pham Hung Viet and insome MA thesises done by Ngon Thi Bich, Tran Thi Ngoc Hoa,…Among theresearch materials on professional words and phrases, the scientific project
Professional words and phrases of pottery craft in Bat Trang traditional working village done by Nguyen Van Khang of the Linguistic Institute (2002) is very useful
to this dissertation
Overall, in the textbooks, scientific projects and articles, the authors onlyprovided general studies, not deep studies on professional words and phrases in asystematic way in terms of composition, identification and semantics from theperspective of language - culture
1.1.2 Researches on professional words and phrases of marine craft
There are two typical scientific projects at ministerial and national levels done
by Hoang Trong Canh, namely: Professional words and phrases expressed in
dialects in Nghe Tinh (initial study of words and phrases referred to fishing craft, fish sauce and salt production) (2004) and Research on words and culture of marine craft in the coastal regions of Thanh - Nghe Tinh land (2014, with the author’s
participation) The two above projects displayed words and phrases of marine craft in
a systematic and detailed manner; analyzed composition model, identification,semantic characteristics and some marine cultural nuances through words and phrases
of marine craft in Thanh - Nghe Tinh land
Researches on words and phrases of marine craft are also presented in thearticles of Hoang Trong Canh, Pham Tat Thang…, in some MA thesis of Luong Vinh
An, Nguyen Thi Quynh Trang…at Vinh University Besides, some professional wordsand phrases of fishing jobs were displayed some studies from the social, cultural and
economic perspective, typically, the monograph The socio-economic life of fishermen
and residents in the coastal regions of the South (2014) by Phan Thi Yen Tuyet.
1.1.3 Researches on words and phrases of marine craft in Thanh Hoa
The first researcher of this issue was a French scholar, Ch Robequain, with the
book Le Thanh Hoa (1929) Words and phrases of marine craft in Thanh Hoa were
less mentioned in the studies of Thanh Hoa geography book and folk literature…However, research results only focused on cultural history, not referred to thelanguage-culture aspect of professional words and phrases
Le Thi Duyen had made a study on words and phrases of marine craft underthe perspective of linguistics in her MA thesis “Surveying words and phrases of
Trang 5marine craft in Hau Loc - Thanh Hoa” (2010) But the study was in the researchscope of Hau Loc district and its material resource was not enough
It can be said there have not been a study published with its completeperspectives of linguistics and unified concepts so far This is a theoretical andpractical basis for us to do this study
1.2 Theoretical basis of the dissertation
1.2.1 General issues of professional words and phrases
1.2.1.1 Concepts of professional words and phrases
a.Conceptions on professional words and phrases done by foreign scholars
including L.A Kapanađze and A.V Superanskaja
b.Conceptions on professional words and phrases done by Vietnamese scholars including Luu Van Lang (1960), Nguyen Van Tu (1968), Do Huu Chau
(1981),…
c.Conceptions on professional words and phrases displayed in the dissertation
1) Units of words and phrases referred to tools, tackles, operational proceduresand products of marine craft… are created and widely used by the people having thesame job 2) Words and phrases used commonly by fishermen and used as a dialect
by other people who don’t work in marine craft to refer to tackles, activities,products….of marine craft 3) Words and phrases are used commonly byfishermen, not used by the other people, to refer to tackles, activities,products….of marine craft
1.2.1.2.Positions of professional words and phrases in the lexicology of a language: Professional words and phrases are words and phrases used in social
restrictions (called social dialects) and style of speaking by those who have thesame job (mainly used in communication)
1.2.2 Relationship between professional words and other words and phrases
a Professional words and common words: Professional words are different
from common words in terms of the scope of use, the user of objects, the content, thestyle of use and the importance in the national language But they have a closerelationship
b Professional words and local words: Professional words belonging social
dialects stem from a craft; local words can be used in a locality, not in another one.But they have a close relationship
c Professional words and slangs: Slangs and professional words have some
similarities but they can be differed clearly In fact, there are some difficulties to differsome slangs and professional words - professional slangs
d Professional words and terms: Terms refer to scientific concepts with
accuracy, internationality and systematization; professional words refer to tackles,activities and products of a craft and are used by employees of this craft, rarely used
by other people
1.3 Culture and relationship of language - culture
1.3.1 Concepts of culture
1.3.1.1 Concepts of culture in the world: in China, culture is considered as a
teaching method for human In the West, term of culture has an initial general
meaning as tree, cultivation, reclamation
Trang 61.3.1.2 Concepts of culture in Vietnam: After quoting concepts of culture of
Ho Chi Minh, Pham Duc Duong, Ngo Duc Thinh, … the dissertation is based on the
concept done by Tran Ngoc Them: “Culture is an organic system of material and
spiritual values created and accumulated by human over a long process of practical activity, in the interaction between the human and the natural and social environment”
1.3.2 Relationship of language - culture
Language and culture have a close and inseparable relationship Language isthe most important element of culture and it is also a cultural product that transmitskeeps and reflects the existence of the other elements of culture Conversely, cultureand national cultural elements are shared and expressed through language
1.4 Identification and language - culture characteristics of identification
1.4.1 Concepts of identification: Identification is a result of which people
recognize, divide objective reality and sign language to name, record the cognitiveresults
1.4.2 Mechanism of identification: According to Hoang Van Hanh,
mechanism of identification includes: (a) the usage of elements as means, (b) theimpact on element system, (c) creating derivative units in some way
1.4.3 Language - culture characteristics of identification
Language - culture characteristics of identification are reflected in the namingsubject When naming an object, we must base on the reasons of the naming subject(will, desire, love, ) or the choice of characteristics of that object (important orunimportant characteristics with distinctive features) to name that object
1.5 Composition and composition methods of words and phrases
1.5.1 Concept of words and types of word composition
1.5.1.1 Concept of words: We choose the conceptions
of Nguyen Tai Can on words in Vietnamese to indentify professional words
1.5.1.2 Types of word composition: in order to do the study, we survey and
collect types of Vietnamese word composition according to conceptions of NguyenTai Can: single words, compound words, reduplicated words and fortuitous words
1.5.1.3 Elements of professional word composition
a Basic elements: According to Nguyen Tai Can, we notice that each “word”
is a basic element of professional words
b Direct elements: Direct elements of a complex must be analyzed first.
1.5.1.4 Patterns of word composition: Based on dependent/independent or
meaningful/meaningless criteria of elements in word composition (morpheme word), we can recognize the patterns of word composition in Vietnamese
-1.5.2 Conceptions on types of phrase composition
1.5.2.1 Conceptions on phrases: Units of words and phrases of marine craft in
Thanh Hoa are phrases including idioms and professional terms
1.5.2.2 Patterns of phrase composition: The two patterns of phrase
Trang 7composition of marine craft in Thanh Hoa are noun phrase and verb phrase.
1.6 An overview of Thanh Hoa province, marine craft and the results of collecting and classifying words and phrases of marine craft in Thanh Hoa
1.6.1 An overview of Thanh Hoa province
Thanh Hoa province has a population of about 3.6 million (3rd of the country)with seven ethnic groups (Kinh, Muong, Thai, Tho, Dao, Khmu, Hmong) Thanh Hoa
is also a land with a long history and is home to the most ancient Vietnamese people
1.6.2 General information of marine craft in Thanh Hoa
Ancient Vietnamese people reached and exploited the sea in the early time butthey did farming and went fishing
1.6.3 Results of collection and classification
We collected 1942 units of words and phrases of marine craft referred to thenine contents including: tackles, operational procedures, products, naturalphenomenon, organization, individual, material, fishing ground, crop and measure
1.7 Conclusion of chapter 1
On the basis of systematizing the materials, the theoretical views onprofessional words, the dissertation presents knowledge of professional words,position of professional words and relationship between professional words andother words Besides, the study also points out the issues related to culture,relationship of language - culture, identification and language-culture characteristics
of identification, conceptions on words and phrases and composition as theoreticalbasis for the dissertation
With the results of surveys and fieldwork from poetry, we collect 1942 units ofwords and phrases of marine craft In terms of content, words and phrases of marinecraft in Thanh Hoa consist of nine contents of vocabulary-semantics including wordsreferred to products; tackles and operational procedures accounted for the highestnumber The dissertation will study language - culture characteristics of the aboveword classes through composition, origin, identification, and semantics
Chapter 2 LANGUAGE-CULTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF WORDS AND PHRASES REFERRED TO FISHING TACKLES OF MARINE CRAFT IN THANH HOA
2.1 Composition of words and phrases referred to tackles of marine craft in Thanh Hoa
2.1.1 Composition of words and phrases of marine craft referred to fishing tackles
2.1.1.1 Single word: 116 units (20.36%) Single words referred to fish sauce
and salt production with professional characteristics which cannot be easily
understood by other people For example: thêu (A tool nearly like a shovel is used to take and scratch salt), dạt (A system of salt water filtration when land is covered with high salinity),…(salt production); trúp(A tool knitted by bamboo is placed on the fish tank), kiệu(A big jar is used to salt fish), thảng(A tool is used to salt fish sauce),…
(fish sauce production) Meanwhile, many single words referred to fishing tackles of
Trang 8fishing jobs that are very popular among people
2.1.1.2 Compound words
There are about 410 units of compound words (75.51%) among vocabularysystem in which:
a Subordinate compounds: accounting for nearly absolute amount of
compounds related to fishing tackles, 404 units, and 98.54% Many subordinatecompounds can be understood by other people who don’t work with fishing craft
such as buồm lá kè (A kind of sail like palm trees),…(fishing craft); bầu diệc (A tool
is made from a dry gourd to shovel water ),…(salt production).
b Coordinate compounds: there are only 6 units (1,46%) among compound
system
2.1.1.3 Fortuitous words: There are 2 units (0.37%) among vocabulary
system such as vô-lăng (Round steeringwheel for the boat, ship), móoc sĩa đọoc (An
iron and pointed tool is used to catch swamp eel) (fishing craft)
2.1.1.4 Phrase: There are 25 phrases (2.67%) among vocabulary system,
namely: dây giềng lưới kéo (Connecting parts are used assemble fishnets together),
dây đỏi lưới kéo (A kind of string connecting nets together), (fishing craft).
Thus, composition of subordinate compound stem from composition of wordsreferred to fishing tackles of marine craft Otherwise, words and phrases referred tofishing tackles of marine craft in Thanh Hoa are mainly specific identifications whichaim at specializing the objects of this craft It means that the semantic specialization
of professional words and phrases is very high
2.1.2 Patterns of composition of words referred to fishing tackles of marine craft in Thanh Hoa
2.1.2.1 Patterns of composition of subordinate compound in terms of direct elements
* Pattern 1: The first direct element (C) - the second direct element (P) including one basic element (P)
There are 296/402 units (73.63%) For example: bóng ốc (A fishing tackle is used to catch snails),…(fishing craft); bàn chà (A tool made of a piece of bamboo is
used to mashed tiny shrimp)…(fish sauce production)…
* Pattern 2: The first direct element (C) - the second direct element (P) including two basic elements P1, P2
There are 77/402 units (19.15%)
- Type 1: P1 and P2 are included in a subordinate relationship, namely:
bóng cá hồng (A lattice fishing tackle is used to catch snapper),,…(fishing craft); trang đánh mắm (A tool is made of wood, used to stir fish sauce),…(fish sauce production).
- Type 2: P1 and P2 are included in a reduplicated or coordinated
relationship For example: thuyền nô câu (The fishing boat),…(fishing craft); lù náo
trộn (A part of jar made of wood is used to soak up fish sauce),…(fish sauce
Trang 9net is used to exploit seafood at the sea bed),… (fishing craft).
* Pattern 4: The first element (C) - The second direct element including four basic elements P1, P2, P3, P4
There are 2/402 units (0.5%) such as lưới kéo đơn tầng đáy (A kind of net
with a bag-shaped shell The mouth of the net is opened horizontally by two planks),
lưới kéo đôi tầng đáy (A kind of net with a bag-shaped shell The mouth of the net is
opened vertically by two boards) (fishing craft)
The study results showed that subordinate compounds related to fishing tackles
of marine craft make up a majority of vocabulary system These compounds are made
of the two direct elements (a direct element consists of a basic element) Thecombinations of three or more elements (three basic elements) do not make up a largenumber
2.1.2.2.Patterns of composition of subordinate compound in terms of dependent or independent characteristics of elements
Pattern 1: Independent element (A) - Independent element (A)
There are 371/402 units (92.29%) For example: bóng đĩa (A fishing tackle like
a plate),… (fishing craft).
Pattern 2: Independent element (A) - Dependent element (A)
or Dependent element (B) - Independent element (A)There are 28/402 units (accounting for 6.96%) For example: Independentelement (fishing craft)
Pattern 3: Dependent element (B) - Dependent element (B)
There are 3/402 units (0.75%): ấp khẩu (A part of boat bottom, bordering the water level.), xăm tuylen (A kind of net with small mesh eyes is made from tuylen fibers), định vị (A device is used to search the path of fish) (fishing craft).
According to the results, type 1 accounts for a large number, type 2 and 3make up very low numbers It means that the elements forming the subordinatecompounds related to fishing tackles of marine craft are mainly independent andmeaningful By contrast, elements forming subordinate compound are mainlydependent
2.1.2.3 Combined elements forming the words and phrases related to fishingtackles of marine craft in Thanh Hoa in terms of its scope of use
a Meaning elements used in national language + meaningful elements used in dialects
A + B AB: 40/410 units (9.76%) For example: lưới rênh (A kind of net
is equipped with a buoy on the top, a lead layer at he bottom to prevent the net from
sinking), lưới sẻo (A kind of net is used in the ancient fishing craft),…(fishing craft);
bầu diệc (A tool is made from a dry gourd to shovel water ),… (salt production).
b.Meaningful elements used in dialects + meaningful elements used in national language
B + A BA: 29/410 units (7.07%) For example: xiệng luồng (A raft is made
of bamboo)…(fishing craft); xêu thu cát (A tool is used to shovel sand),…(salt
production)
c Meaningful elements used in national language + meaningful elements used
in national language
Trang 10A + A AA: 336/410 units (81.95%) For examples: lưới kéo (A kind of net like a bag is used to catch fish by the towing capacity of the boat),…(fishing craft); bàn chà (A tool made of a piece of bamboo is used to mashed tiny shrimp),…
(fish sauce production)…
d Meaningful elements used in dialects + meaningful elements used in dialects
B + B BB: 5/410 units (1.22%) For examples: chà rạo (A fishing tackle is
made from tree branches, hanging on the water surface to create the shade for
catching fish), (fishing craft); lù náo trộn (A part of jar made of wood is used to
soak up fish sauce) (fish sauce production)
In terms of the number and percentage according to the patterns, the pattern(c) with the number and the highest rate (336/81.95%), followed by combinations of(a) (40/9.76 %), and followed by combinations (b) (29/7.07%) and combinations (d)(5/1.22%) The national characteristics used in the job are common and important tothe composition of professional words and phrases Elements forming words aredialects which don’t have much national characteristics but have specialcharacteristics of a craft of a locality
2.2 Language-culture characteristics of words and phrases referred to fishing tackles of marine craft in terms
of their origin.
2.2.1 Words and phrases related to fishing tackles are Vietnamese native words: 522/543 units (96.13%) such as bóng (A kind of fishing tackle knitted by bamboo,
like a ball, is used for catching shrimp, crab), đăng (A kind of fishing tackle made of net or
bamboo is placed to block water flow for catching fish up),… (fishing craft)
2.2.2 Borrowing words referred to fishing tackles: 21/543 units (3.87%)
(borrowing words or words of borrowing elements) For examples: xăm tuy len (A kind of net with small mesh eyes is made from tuylen fibers), bè xốp (A kind of raft is
made of bamboo and styrofoam),…(fishing craft)
Research results show that words and phrases referred to fishing tackles of marinecraft in Thanh Hoa are mainly Vietnamese native words, not many borrowing words Itproves that marine craft in Thanh Hoa is a traditional craft which is still highly rudimentaryand without modern tackles
2.3 Language - culture characteristics of words and phrases referred to
fishing tackles in terms of identification
2.3.1 Language - culture characteristics of words and phrases referred to fishing tackles of marine craft in Thanh Hoa in terms of causal characteristic
2.3.1.1 Words with specific units: 424 units (78.08%) such as: lưới yếm (A thrust trip of shrimp’s path (shrimp pounding craft),…(fishing craft).
2.3.1.2 Words with unspecific units: 119 units (21.92%) For examples: neo (A
heavy tool is made of iron to prevent boats/ship from floating), rạo (A kind of fishing
tackle is made from tied tree branches, hanging on the water surface to create the shade
to decoy fish),…(fishing craft); bung (A tool like a pot made of copper is used to cook fish sauce), phồm (A plastic tool is used to refine fish sauce),…(fish sauce production).
Words with unspecific units are mainly single words or some compoundsderived from Indo-European loan Words of specific units are mainly compounds or
Trang 11naming phrases Words of specific units consist of a majority of derivatives(compound words) with the meaning transfer (metaphor or metonymy) and a few of
words that describe the sound, namely: xe cút kít.
2.3.2 Language characteristics of words and phrases referred to fishing tackles of marine craft in Thanh Hoa in terms of the denotation
Pattern 1: tackles + method
80/424 units (18.87%): bè chèo (A kind of raft is moved by hand), câu thặc (Making a shade to decoy fish),… (fishing craft).
Pattern 2: tackles + function
77/424 units (18.16%): lưới yếm (A thrust trip of shrimp’s path (shrimp pounding craft),… (fishing craft).
Pattern 3: tackles + shape, form
47/424 units (11.08%): buồm lá kè (A kind of sail like palm trees), thuyền cóc
(A small boat)… (fishing craft); bầu diệc (A tool is made from a dry gourd to shovel
water) , đồi nại (The salt fields)… (salt production)
Pattern 4: tackles + object
44/424 units (10.38%): giã ốc (A kind of net is used to catch snails), lưới khoai (A kind of net is used to catch Harpodon nehereus or small fish),… (fishing craft).
Pattern 5: tackles + composition
39/451 units (9.20%): bè hai buồm (A raft is mounted with two sails),… (fishing
Pattern 7: tackles (or a part of tackles) + position
28/424 units (6.60%): buồm lòng (A kind od sail in the middle of boat), cánh
đáy (A side part of đáy),…(fishing craft).
Pattern 8 : tackles + material
26/424 units (6.13%): bè luồng (A raft is made of bamboo),… (fishing craft);
gáo dừa (A coconut shell is used to shovel fish sauce),…(fish sauce production).
Pattern 9: tackles + density of composition elements
22/424 units (5.19%): lưới then hai (A kind of net is knitted with two-finger holes),…
(fishing craft)
Pattern10: tackles + fishing ground, space
17/424 units (4.01%): giã khơi (A kind of net made from raw catguts to catch offshore fish),…(fishing craft)
Pattern 11: tackles + nature
4/424 units (0.94%): mỏng lưới (An old and worn net), (fishing craft).
Pattern 12: tackles + color
3/424 units (0.71 %): thuyền mũi đỏ (A boat with its prow is decorated red),…
(fishing craft)
Pattern 13: tackles + size
2/424 units (0.47%): thống cái (A big barrel is used to contain water), thống
con (A small barrel is used to contain water) (salt production).
Trang 12Pattern 14: tackles + sound
1/424 units (0.24%): xe cút kít (A tool is used to transport and pour salt in to the storage) (salt production).
From the above patterns of identification, we notice that the most selected
characteristics to identify are: method, function, shape, form, object, composition The least selected characteristics are: position, material, nature, color, sound Thus,
to use words and phrases referred to tackles of marine craft, residents living in thecoastal regions in Thanh Hoa like to choose the identification with their intuitiveviews
2.4 Some cultural characteristics of Thanh land though the identification of words and phrases referred to fishing tackles of marine craft
2.4.1.Words and phrases referred to tackles of marine craft have reflected the cognitive thinking of residents living in the coastal regions of Thanh Hoa
Fishing tackles with g popular names such as thuyền, bè, lưới are covered withvarious derivative names and diversified identification methods Professional wordsand phrases are much more national words Among words and phrases of marinecraft, a tackle contains different names because each name has a different choice ofidentification It is resulted from cognitive processes which reflected the imprints ofcultural thinking of a nation expressed in the identification process
2.4.2 Composition of words and phrases referred to fishing tackles of marine craft expresses the characteristics of identification chosen by residents living in the coastal regions in Thanh Hoa
Words referred to fishing tackles of marine craft in Thanh Hoa are mainlysubordinate compounds Elements of identification in subordinate compound can be anelement (identification level 1) or two, three elements (identification level 2, level 3).The words make up of two or more classified elements make objects clear, individualand highly detailed The characteristics of specific identification are familiar elementswhich are relatively easy to be recognized for fishermen in this area
2.4.3 Words and phrases referred to fishing tackles reflect the traditional fishing ground of residents living in the coastal regions in Thanh Hoa
With surveys of words and phrases of marine craft in Thanh Hoa from
fieldwork and folk poetry, we realize that fishing is done in lộng (inshore) The names of fishing tackles prove this issue For example: thuyền thúng (A boat looks like a basket), lưới bốc (A kind of net is knitted with small and limber fibers but perishable), lưới rẻo (A kind of net is made of hemp fibers),…bè (mảng) (A kind of fishing tackle is made of bamboo and neohouzeaua), bè buồm (A kind of raft
mounted sails),…It shows that residents of the coastal regions in Thanh Hoa don’thave modern tackles to go fishing offshore
Trang 13elements) are very little
In terms of identification, words and phrases of marine craft referred to fishingtackles in Thanh Hoa contain 14 patterns of identification The signs of selectedidentification subjects have reflected "the rich and diverse picture of language in the world"
Trang 14Chapter 3 LANGUAGE - CULTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF WORDS
AND PHRASES REFERRED TO OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
OF MARINE CRAFT IN THANH HOA
3.1 Composition of professional words and phrases referred to operational procedures of marine craft in Thanh Hoa
3.1.1 Types of professional words and phrases referred to operational procedures in term of their composition
3.1.1.1 Single words: 70 units (29.29%) Because activities of marine craft must
be done quickly, so single words related to activities are much more than single wordsreferred to fishing tackles These words and phrases are imbued with typicalcharacteristics of marine craft but they are also difficult for people who don’t work in
this craft to understand For example: sẻo (Catching fish by lưới sẻo and quickly take fish out of the net), rẻo (The act of catching fish by using 20-30 people to spread a net which encloses and gather fish into the boat),…(fishing craft); cạo (The act of gathering crystallized salt), nạo (The act of scrape precipitated salt by scraper),…(salt production).
3.1.1.2 Compound words: 162 units (67.78%), in which:
a Subordinate compound: 146/162 units (90.12%) A majority of subordinate
compound referred to operational procedures is more unfamiliar than subordinatecompound referred to fishing tackles to people who don’t work with this craft For
example: gõ bè (The method of using a raft, knocking the edges of a raft to make noise to catch fish), đon nước (Observing water level to sail away to the high sea),… (fishing craft); cào bả (Putting sand in a pile), cạo ô (Gathering salt on the surface of the ground ), (salt production)
b Coordinate compounds: only 16/162 units (9.88%) For example: bao vây(Using the boat to move the net to make an enclosure), chèo chống (The act of
paddling the boat),…(fishing craft); chiết rút (To extract liquid fish sauce),…(fish
sauce production),…
3.1.1.3 Phrases of identification
There are 7 units (2.93%): tàu dưới gió (To let down the nets at the bottom of the water so that water pushes the net away from the boat/ship),…(fishing craft); nấu phá bã
(The act of cooking salt-pickled residue with little protein and low-protein fish
sauce),…(fish sauce production).
Thus, words and phrases referred to operational procedures of marine craft inThanh Hoa are mainly compounds This is a popular trend of word composition ingeneral, of professional words referred to operational procedures of marine craft inparticular
3.1.2 Word composition pattern referred to operational procedures of marine craft in Thanh Hoa
3.1.2.1 Composition pattern of subordinate compound in terms of direct elements
* Pattern 1: The first direct element (C) - the second direct element (P) including one basic element
Trang 15134/146 units (91.78%) For example: bắt phao(The act of holding the buoy, climbing the boat up and pulling the buoy up after dropping), câu đèn (The act of using the fishing rod with bright lights to decoy fish and cuttles to the light),… (fishing craft); bắt muối (Fish is absorbed into salt after being pickled), rút nỏ (Extracting fish sauce without heating it),…(fish sauce production); bừa ngang (Raking sand and drying sand horizontally to spud sand), diễu dạt (Getting sea water from the groove),…(salt production).
* Pattern 2: The first direct element (C) - the second direct element (P) including 2 basic elements P1, P2
11/146 units (7.53%) For example: câu cố định (The method of catching fish
by parking the boat on a fixed fishing place),…(fishing craft),…
* Pattern 3: The first direct element (C)- the second direct element (P) including 3 basic elements P1, P2, P3
1/146 units (0.68%): đánh hình chữ chi (The zigzag method of catching fish)
(fishing craft)
In fact, derivative identification of verbs is not much Besides, in marine craft,activities are done quickly and saved in minds Thus, combination of there or moreelements (the first direct element with one basic element; the second direct elementwith 2 basic elements) are less
3.1.2.2 Compound composition patterns in terms of independent or dependent elements
Pattern 1: independent element (A)- independent element (A)
133/162 units (82.10%) For example: câu chạy thuyền (The method of catching fish by pulling the rod along the boat),…(fishing craft); bắt muối (Fish is absorbed into salt after being pickled),…(fish sauce production); qua ô (Water flows from one ground to another ground), …(salt production).
Pattern 2: independent element (A) - dependent element (B)
or dependent element (B) - independent element (A)
24/162 units (14.81%) For example: neo giã (Storing the net after catching fish),
… (fishing craft); chằn chượp (The act of pressing fish),… (fish sauce production).
Pattern 3: dependent element (B)- dependent element (B)
5/162 units (3.09%): bổ tróc (The act of using fishing tackles to snatch fish ) (fishing craft); diễu dạt (Getting sea water from the groove), khản dạt (The act of pressing the soil by feet) (salt production)….
From the results, elements of compound composition are mainly independentand meaningful (pattern 1) such as compounds referred to fishing tackles.Compounds referred to operational procedures mainly belong to subordinate orcoordinated relationship, and subordinate relationship is dominant
3.1.2.3 Elements forming words related to operational procedures of marine craft in Thanh Hoa in terms of the scope of use.
a Meaningful elements used in national language + elements used in dialects
A + B AB: 19/162 units (chiếm 11.73%) For examples: đi bể (Marine craft),…fishing craft); bới dát (Shoveling soil from the hole and pouring it aside),…
(salt production)
b Meaningful elements used in dialects + Meaningful elements used in