1. あまり(1) amari (1): too much, very, a lot Amari always precedes the verb. A. INTRODUCTION: Amari, which literally translates as “too much”, is an adverb that is usually found in negative sentences. When used in this fashion, it expresses lessthanperfect negation. So while “suki de wa nai” (好きではない) implies simply that “I don’t like it”, “amari suki de wa nai” (あまり好きではない) implies that “I like it a little, but not a lot” or “I don’t like it very much.” Like its English counterpart, amari may be used merely as a softening device. B. EXAMPLES: あまり調子がよくありません。 Amari chōshi ga yoku arimasen. I don’t feel very well. この絵はあまり好きではありません。 Kono e wa amari suki de wa arimasen. I don’t like that picture very much. C. NOTES: This expression is usually written in hiragana only. In informal conversation, “amari” is often replaced by “anmari” (あんまり). Although “amari” is normally found in negative sentences, it is also sometimes used in affirmative sentences, but carries a negative connotation. In such cases, it is sometimes followed by the particle “ni”. 彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。 Kare no kangae wa amari ni higenjitsuteki da. His thoughts are too unrealistic.
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1. あまり(1) - amari (1): too much, very, a lot 15
2. ある - aru: to be, to exist (of inanimate things); to have 15
3. いい - ii: good 16
4. いっぱい - ippai: full, many, a lot 16
5. いる (1) - iru (1): to exist (for animate, usually living, things) 17
6. いる (2) - iru (2): -ing 17
7. か (1) - ka (1): question particle 18
8. か (2) - ka (2): or 18
9. から(1) - kara(1): from, since 19
10. から（3） - kara(3): so 19
11. から（２） - kara(2): after having done s.t.; since 19
12. が (1) - ga (1): subject-marking particle 20
13. が (2) - ga (2): but, however 21
14. くらい - kurai: approximately, about 21
15. けれども - keredomo: although, though, but 22
16. こそあど言葉 - こそあどことば - kosoado kotoba: ko-, so-, a- & do- demonstrative pronouns 22
17. する - suru: to do 23
18. だ - da: be (copula) 24
19. だけ - dake: only, just 24
20. だろう - darō: probably 25
21. ている - te iru: be doing something, be in a state created before 26
22. てください - te kudasai: please do something 27
23. てはいけません/てはだめだ - te wa ikemasen/te wa dame da: you can't do 28
24. てもいい - te mo ii: may; it is alright 28
25. て形（動詞） - てけい（どうし） - te-kei: te-form - and, -ing 30
26. で (2) - de (2): by, with, using 31
27. で(1) - de(1): at, in, on (place) 32
28. で(3) - de (3): and, because 32
29. で(4) - de (4): at, on 33
Trang 230. です - desu: to be (copula) 33
31. と (2) - to (2): and, with, as 34
32. どう - dō: how 34
33. どうして - dōshite: why 35
34. どこ - doko: where? 35
35. な (1) - na (1): don't do 36
36. なくて - nakute: is not - and -, do not do 36
37. な形容詞の活用活用 - な-けいようし の活用 かつよう - keiyoushi no katsuyou: na-adjectives conjugation 37
38. に - ni: in; at; on; to 38
39. にする - ni suru: decide on, make it 39
40. に／へ - ni／e: to (place, etc) 40
41. ね - ne: tag question (isn't it? right? eh?) 40
42. の活用 (1) - no (1): possessive particle 41
43. の活用 (2) - no (2): one 41
44. は - wa: topic maker, as for 42
45. は何ですかですか - はなんですか - wa nan desu ka: what is - 42
46. へ - e: to, towards 42
47. ましょうか - mashō ka: shall I/we 43
48. ましょう・（よ）う - mashō/(yo)u: let's ~~; probably; i plan to 43
49. ませんか・ないか - masen ka, nai ka: Won't you , Wouldn't you 44
50. まだ - mada: still, not yet 45
51. まで - made: until, up to, even 45
52. までに - made ni: before, by, within 45
53. も - mo: also, in addition, too 46
54. も (2) - mo: even, as many/much/long 46
55. も〜も - mo~mo: both 1 and 2, neither 1 nor 2 47
56. もう - mō: already, anymore 47
57. や - ya: and 47
58. よ - yo: you know 48
59. わ - wa: weak emphatic particle used by female speakers 48
60. を - o: object-marking particle 48
61. 下さいさい - ください - kudasai: please 49
Trang 362. 事 - こと - koto: thing(s); stuff; that 49
63. 人称代名詞 - にんしょうだいめいし - ninshou daimeishi: referential noun (personal pronouns) 50
64. 全然 - ぜんぜん - Zenzen: (not) at all; absolutely not 51
65. 出来るる - できる - dekiru: can, be able to 51
66. 前にに - まえに - mae ni: before, in front of 52
67. 助数詞 - じょすうし - josuushi: counters 53
68 動詞の活用活用(過去形) - どうしの活用かつよう（かこけい） - doushi no katsuyou (kakokei): Conjugation of verbs (plain past) 54
69 動詞の活用活用（マス形）形） - どうしの活用かつよう（マス形）けい） - doushi no katsuyou (masu form): Conjugation of verbs (masu form) 55
70 動詞の活用活用（辞書形） - どうしの活用かつよう（じしょけい） - doushi no katsuyou (jishokei): Conjugation of verbs (plain nonpast) 55
71. 好きき - すき - suki: to like 56
72. 嫌いい - きらい - kirai: unlikable 57
73. 必要 - ひつよう - hitsuyou: need/necessary 57
74. 指示代名詞（場所） - しじだいめいし (ばしょ） - shiji daimeishi (basho): Adverbs of location 58
75. 指示形容詞 - しじけいようし - shijikeiyōshi: demonstrative adjectives 59
76. 掛かるかる - かかる - kakaru: take (time/money) 59
77. 時 - とき - toki: when; at the time 60
78. 来るる(1) - くる(1) - kuru (1): to come 60
80. 毎 - まい - mai: every 62
81. 疑問文 - ぎもんぶん - gimonbun: interrogative sentences 62
82. 疑問詞 - ぎもんし - gimonshi: Interrogative words 63
83. 等 - など - nado: to name just one/a few; etc.; and so on 64
84. 自分 - じぶん - jibun: self, own 64
85. 要る - いる (3) - iru (3): need 65
86. 誰 - だれ - dare: who 65
87 ～が 形容詞+名詞 - 形容詞 ～が けいようし＋めいし - [noun] ga [adjective]noun] ga [noun] ga [adjective]adjective]＋[noun] ga [adjective]noun]: 形容詞 one whose - is [adjective] 65
88. ～くて, ～で - ～くて, ～で - -kute, -de: adjective conjunction 66
89. ～てよかった - ～てよかった - te yokatta: was good; glad 67
90. ～はどうですか - ～はどうですか - wa doudesu ka: how is 68
91 -出す - -だす - dasu: to suddenly begin, to suddenly appear, ~out 68
Trang 492 v + ように - v + you ni: so that 69
93 ~ばよかった - ba yokatta: one should have done something 69
94. 〜方がが〜より - 〜ほうが〜より - ~hō ga ~yori: more than 70
95. あげる - ageru: to give 71
96. お～ください - o~kudasai: polite request expression 71
97. か、かどうか - ka, ka dō ka: if, whether or not 72
98. かしら - kashira: I wonder 76
99. かもしれない - kamoshirenai: might 76
100. がる (1) - garu (1): show signs of 77
101. くれる (1) - kureru (1): to give 77
102. くれる (2) - kureru (2): to do something for someone else's sake 78
103. ご/お～頂くく - ご/お～いただく - go/o –itadaku: receive some benefit from someone's action 78 104. さ - sa: nominalizer for adjectives 79
105. させる - saseru: causative 80
106. し - shi: and, so, among others, etc., not only 82
107. しか - shika: (nothing) but 82
108. しかも - shikamo: moreover; furthermore; besides; on top of that; what's more; 83
109. じゃん - jan: sentence ending expression 84
110. すぐ - sugu: at once; soon; right away; immediately 84
111. ずつ - zutsu: by; at a time 84
112. ずに - zuni: without doing something 84
113. せい - sei: because of; due to 85
114. そうだ (1) - sō da (1): I've heard that 85
115. そうだ (2) - sō da (2): look like, appear, seem, like 87
116. そこで - soko de: therefore 88
117. それが - sore ga: well, despite what you might think 89
118. それぞれ - sorezore: each; respectively 89
119. それでも - sore demo: but; nevertheless; in spite of that 90
120. それと - sore to: and; also; in addition; as well 90
121. それに - sore ni: in addition; moreover; furthermore 90
122. それも - sore mo: in addition 91
123. ぞ - zo: i'm telling you; dammit 91
Trang 5124. たい - tai: want to do something 91
125. ただ - tada: only; just; simply; that's all 92
126. たら - tara: tara conditional (if, when, after) 93
127. たらどうですか - tara dō desu ka: how about; why don't you 94
128. たり - tari: and 94
129. だい - dai: dai interrogative particle 95
130. だけで - dake de: just by doing ~~ 96
131. だけでなく - dake de naku: not only - but also 96
132. っ放しし - っぱなし - ppanashi: continue, leave 97
133. つまり - tsumari: that is to say; namely; in other words; what I mean is 97
134. つもり - tsumori: plan to do something 97
135. てあげる - te ageru: to do for 98
136. ても - temo: even if; although 98
137. てもらう - te morau: to receive an action 99
138. で (5) - de (5): for, in, per, over 99
139. でしょう - deshō: Probably 100
140. でも (1) - demo (1): even 100
141. でも(2) - demo (2): or something 101
142. で御座いますいます - でございます - de gozaimasu: be, (polite) copula 101
143. と (1) - to (1): to conditional 101
144. と (3) - to (3): quote-marker 102
145. という - to iu: called ~, that ~ 103
146. とか - toka: such as X and Y, something like 104
147. となる - to naru: to be; to become 104
148. と思うう - とおもう - to omou: I think ~ 105
149. どうも - doumo: I don't know why but; I tried but; for some reason 105
150. どちらがいい - dochira ga ii: which is better 106
151. な (2) - na (2): for sure, for real 106
152. ないで - nai de: without doing something 107
153. ないといけない - nai to ikenai: must 107
154. ながら (1) - nagara (1): while 107
155. なくてもいい - nakute mo ii: don't have to 108
156. なくなる - naku naru: become no more 109
Trang 6157. なければならない - nakereba naranai: have to, need to, must, should 109
158. なら (1) - nara (1): if (nara conditional) 110
159. なら(2) - nara(2): speaking of ~ 110
160. なる - naru: to become 111
161. にくい - nikui: difficult/impossible to do 111
162. にしては - ni shite wa: considering that, for 112
163. の活用 - no: sentence ending particle 112
164. の活用 (3) - no (3): to do, doing, that clause 113
165. の活用だ - no da: the reason is 113
166. の活用に - noni: Although 114
167. はず - hazu: should be, ought to be 115
168. は？ - wa?: inferred question 115
169. ば - ba: if (~ba conditional) 115
170. ばかり - bakari: about to, just did, just, only 116
171. ほしい(2) - hoshii (2): to want someone to do something 117
172. まま - mama: as is, unchanged, remain 118
173. まるで - maru de: quite, as if, practically 119
174. みたいだ - mitai da: looks like; similar to 119
175. もらう - morau: to receive, get, receive 120
176. やすい - yasui: easily 120
177. やっと - yatto: finally, at last, barely 121
178. やっぱり - yappari: as expected 121
179. やる - yaru: send; give; do 122
180. よう に／な - you ni/na: like, resembling 123 形容詞 181. より - yori: than 123
182. らしい - rashii: seems like, looks like, I hear/heard, like something/someone 124
183. られる - rareru: able to do something (potential) 124
184. られる (1) - rareru (1): passive voice 124
185. 一番 - いちばん - ichiban: most, -est 126
186. 事がある - ことがある - koto ga aru: have done, sometimes occurs 126
187. 事が出来るる - ことができる - koto ga dekiru: can, able to 126
188. 事にする - ことにする - koto ni suru: decide to 127
189. 事になる - ことになる - koto ni naru: it has been decided that 127
Trang 7190. 初めてめて - はじめて－ hajimete：first time doing something 128
191. 可能形 - かの活用うけい - kanō-kei: Potential Form 128
192. 名詞修飾節 - めいししゅうしょくせつ - meishi shūshokusetsu: Modifying Clause 129 193. 命令形 - めいれいけい - meireikei: imperative (strongest) 130
194. 場合 - ばあい - baai: in the case, if 130
195. 始めるめる - はじめる - hajimeru: begin to, start to 131
196. 度にに - たびに - tabi ni: every time; whenever 132
197. 後でで - あとで - ato de: after, later 132
198. 意志形 - いしけい - ishikei: Volitional form 132
199. 振りり - ぶり - buri: for the first time in 133
200. 方が - かた - kata: way of, manner, how to 133
201. 方ががいい - ほうがいい - hō ga ii: had better, should 134
202. 欲しいしい - ほしい (1) - hoshii (1): to want something 134
203. 欲しい望の表し方の活用表し方し方が - よくぼうの活用あらわしかた - yokubou no arawashikata: expressing desire 135 204. 気 - き - ki: feel like 136
205. 直すす - なおす - naosu: to redo/correct something 137
206. 程 - ほど - hodo: to the extent of/that, about 137
207. 行くく - いく - iku: go on -ing, continue on 138
208. 過ぎる - すぎる - sugiru: too much 138
209. 間（に） - あいだ（に） - aida (ni): during, while, between 138
210. 頂くく - いただく - itadaku: humble polite form of morau - to receive 139
211. 頂くけませんか - いただけませんか - itadakemasen ka: could I get 140
212. 頃 - ごろ - koro / goro: around, about 140
213. ～くする - ~ku suru: Adverbial form of adjective + suru 141
214. ～くなる - ~ku naru: Adverbial form of adjective + naru 142
215. ～てある - te aru: to exist in a state caused by someone or something’s actions 142
216. ～ておく - -te oku: do in advance, do in preparation 143
217. ～てしまう - ~te shimau: completely; thoroughly; unfortunately 144
218. ～てみる - te miru: try to do something 144
219. ～に行くく - ~ni iku: purpose for going somewhere 144
220. ～ようにする - ~yō ni suru: to make an effort to do [verb] 145
221. ～ようになる - ~yō ni naru: It has come to be that~ 145
Trang 8222 -がいがある - -gai ga aru: Worth it to do ~ 145
223 -だらけ - darake: covered in; full of 146
224 -っぽい - ppoi: -y, -ish 146
225. 〜ば〜程 - 〜ば〜ほど - 〜ba〜hodo: the〜, the〜 147
226. 〜ばかりか - 〜bakari ka: not only~ but also 147
227. あまり (2) - amari (2): due to an excess of, because 148
228. いらっしゃる - irassharu: to come, to go, to be 149
229. うえ（に） - ue(ni): as well, in addition, besides, not only〜but also〜 149
230. うちに - uchi ni: while, before, during 150
231. おかげで - okage de: thanks to something, someone or an action or state 150
232. かい - kai: Informal question particle 151
233. かえって - kaette: on the contrary, rather, surprisingly 151
234. がたい - gatai: hard to, can hardly, difficult to 151
235. がち - gachi: prone to, likely to 151
236. ことだ - koto da: "the important thing to do is " 152
237. さえ - sae: even; if 〜 only; if 〜just; as long as; the only thing 〜 need is 152
238. さすが - sasuga: as might be expected; after all; naturally 153
239. せめて - semete: at the very least 153
240. そうになる - sō ni naru: almost; it appeared as if something was going to happen 154
241. その活用上 - sono ue: furthermore, in addition 154
242. それどころか - sore dokoro ka: on the contrary; far from that; as a matter of fact 154
243. ただの活用 - tada no: usual; ordinary; common; plain 155
244. ため - tame: therefore; in order to 155
245. だからと言って - だからといって - dakara to itte: just because, however, that said, be that as it may 156
246. だが - daga: but, however, yet, nevertheless 156
247. ちなみに - chinami ni: incidentally, by the way 156
248. っけ - kke: particle indicating forgotten information 157
249. つつ - tsutsu: -ing; while; although 157
250. ては - te wa: if; when; because 158
251. である - de aru: be (formal, written Japanese copula) 158
252. であろう - de arou: probably 159
253. とうとう - tōtō: in the end, never 159
Trang 9254. ところが - tokoro ga: and then; however, but 159
255. ところで - tokoro de: even if 160
256. となると - to naru to: if ~~ is true; where ~~ is concerned 160
257. とは限らないらない - とはかぎらない - to wa kagiranai: not always; not necessarily 161
258. と共にに - とともに - totomoni: as well as; with; at the same time 161
259. と言うの活用に - というの活用に - to iu noni: but; although; in spite of 162
260. と言うより - というより - to iu yori: rather than; more〜than〜 162
261. と言っても - といっても - to itte mo: although; I say that, but 162
262. どうせ - dōse: anyway, at any rate, might as well 163
263. どころか - dokoro ka: not only, far from, much less 163
264. どんなに〜ことか - donna ni ~~ koto ka: how incredibly ~! 164
265. ながら (2) - nagara (2): but, while, although 164
266. なさい - nasai: command 165
267. に違いないいない - にちがいない - ni chigainai: there is no mistaking that, certainly 165
268. べき - beki: should, ought to, must 166
269. もの活用 - mono: because, how, used to, should like 166
270. もの活用なら - mono nara: if one can do something 167
271. わけだ （１） - wake da (1): the reason is that, for that reason 167
272. わけだ （２） - wake da (2): In other words 168
273. わけだ （３） - wake da (3): Explaining a situation 168
274. わけだが - wake da ga: As you know 169
275. 一方が - いっぽう - ippō: more and more 169
276 一方がで(は)〜他方がで(は)〜 - いっぽうで(は)〜たほうで(は)〜 - ippō de (wa)〜tahou de (wa)〜: on the one hand〜, on the other hand〜 169
277. 上 - じょう - jō: about, as relates to, because of, -wise 170
278. 上で - うえで - ue de: upon〜; after〜 170
279. 以上 - いじょう - ijō: since, now that, once, as long as 171
280. 以外 - いがい - igai: outside of, other than, besides 171
281. 従ってって - したがって - shitagatte: therefore; accordingly; consequently 171
282. 得るる - うる／える - eru/uru: possible; -able 172
283. 所 - ところ - tokoro: about to, in the midst of, just did, almost did 172
284. 次第 - しだい - shidai: depending on; as soon as 173
285. 致しますします - いたします - itashimasu: to do (humble version) 173
Trang 10174
287. 訳がないがない - わけがない - wake ga nai: there is no reason why 174
288. 訳がないではない - わけではない - wake de wa nai: doesn't mean that; not necessarily 175
289. 訳がないにはいかない - わけにはいかない - wake ni wa ikanai: can't very well; have no choice but to 175
290. 逆にに - ぎゃくに - gyaku ni: contrary to one's expectation, conversely 175
291. 通り（に）り（に） - とおり(に) - tōri (ni): the same way as; (in) the way; as 176
292. 際 - さい - sai: when; if; on the occasion of 176
293. 風 - ふう - fū: manner; style 176
294. ～の活用に対してして - ～の活用にたいして - no ni taishite: while one of them is , the other is
-177 295. ～切るる - ～きる - ~kiru: to finish doing something completely 177
296. ～甲斐があるがある - ～かいがある - ~kai ga aru: Worth it to~ 178
297 -まみれ - mamire: covered in 178
298. あっての活用 - atte no: thanks to, without whom we could not exist 179
299. いかにも - ikanimo: no matter how you slice it, indeed, quite 179
300. いかん - ikan: depending on, regardless of 179
301. かたがた - katagata: at the same time, while you're at it 180
302. かと思うったら - かとおもったら - ka to omottara: one thing happens right after another 181
303. がてら - gatera: at the same time 181
304. が早いかいか - がはやいか - ga hayai ka: as soon as, before I knew it 181
305. が最後で - がさいご - ga saigo: if, when 182
306. といえども - to iedomo: even if, although, in spite of 182
307. とかで - toka de: or something 182
308. としたことが - to shita koto ga: (I), of all people 183
309. とも - tomo: no matter 〜 may be; even if; 183
310. に過ぎない - にすぎない- ni suginai: nothing more than, merely, just, only 183
311. や否やや - やいなや - ya ina ya: as soon as, before I knew it 184
312. 仮にに - かりに - kari ni: tentative supposition, "supposing that " 184
313. 嫌いいがある - きらいがある - kirai ga aru: to have the bad habit of 185
314. 途端（に） - とたん (に) - totan (ni): the moment; as soon as; then 185
315. 限らないりだ - かぎりだ - kagiri da: very 185
Trang 11316. ～きり - ~kiri: "since" 186
317. ～という点でで - ～というてんで - ~to iu ten de: in that, in terms of 186
318. ～に限らないる - ～にかぎる - ~ni kagiru: There's nothing like~ 186
319. ご/お ～なさる - go/o～nasaru: honorific 187
320. いわゆる - iwayuru: so-called, what we call 188
321 お + masu stem of verb + 願いますいます - お + masu stem of verb + ねがいます - o + masu stem of verb + negaimasu: please do something 188
322. お ～ になる - o～ni naru: honorific 189
323. お～, ご～ - o , go—: honorific prefix 189
324 お～ の活用+ 形容詞 [noun] ga [adjective]名詞] - 形容詞 お～ の活用+ 形容詞 [noun] ga [adjective]めいし] - o no + [noun] ga [adjective]noun]: someone who does 形容詞 something(honorific) 190
325. かねない - kanenai: might do something 191
326. がる(2) ; ～たがる - garu (2); ta garu: a person other than the speaker wants to do something 191
327. こそ - koso: the very , It is that Particularly 191
328. ご/お～いたす/する - go/o itasu/suru: honorific 192
329. させて もらいたい(の活用ですが/んですが) - sasete moraitai(no desu ga/n desu ga): I would like you to let me do something 193
330. 複合動詞 - ふくごうどうし - fukugou doushi: compound verbs 193
331. そんな - sonna: no way, come on 194
332. 頻度にの活用副詞 - ひんどの活用ふくし - hindo no fukushi: Adverbs of frequency 194
333. かな - kana: I wonder 195
334. 数 - かず - kazu: number 195
335. 否や定形 - ひていけい - hiteikei: Negative form 197
336. 代わりに - かわりに - kawari ni: instead of, but 198
337. 敬称 - けいしょう - Keishou: honorific pronouns & suffixes 199
338. 分 - -ぶん - bun: ~worth; an amount corresponding to 201
339. じゃないか - ja nai ka: right? 201
340. たまえ - tamae: please 202
341. 事なしに - ことなしに - koto nashi ni: without doing 202
342. 擬音・擬態語 - ぎおん・ぎたいご - gion/gitaigo: Onomatopoeia & Mimesis 203
343. とする(2) - to suru(2): feel〜; look〜 203
344. とする(1) - to suru(1): assume that; regard 〜 as; let 204
Trang 12345. というの活用は・とは〜ことだ - to iu no wa/to wa〜koto da: mean; the mean of〜 is;
what 〜means is 204
346. ということは - to iu koto wa: that; the fact that 204
347. という風に - というふうに - to iu fū ni: in such a way that; in such a fashion to suggest 205
348. と同時に - とどうじに - to dōji ni: at the same time; at the time 205
349. 点で（で） - てん（で） ten (de): point; respect; regard; aspect 205
350. て初めてめて - てはじめて - te hajimete: not until; only after; for the first time 206
351. 確かにかに〜が - たしかに〜が - tashikani〜ga: indeed〜but; certainly〜but; i admit that〜 206 352. それは - sore wa: naturally; of course; for sure 206
353. そこを - soko o: but; in spite of that 207
354. そうかと言って - そうかといって - sō ka to itte: that said; yeah but 207
355. てはいかがですか - te wa ikaga desu ka: would you like to do somethin 208
356. てはどうですか - te wa dō desu ka: How about if 208
357. せっかく - sekkaku: with effort, take the trouble to do 209
358. ～ば ～た - ba –ta: Counter factual conditional 210
359. なんて - nante: things like / something like 210
360. をいいことに～する - o ii koto ni ~suru: to take advantage of - to do something 211
361. たらいい - tara ii: if someone does something, it would be alright 211
362. たいの活用だけど/だが - tai no da kedo/da ga: I want to do something, and can you ask for some help or is it OK? 211
363. てからでは遅いい - てからではおそい - te kara dewa osoi: it is too late when something takes place 212
364. って - tte: speaking of 212
365. ～ておられる - -te orareru: Honorific 213
366. なんか - nanka: thing like/something like 213
367. ～ざるを得るない - ～ざるをえない - zaru o enai: can't help doing,there is no option but to do 214
368. に越したことはないしたことはない - にこしたことはない - ni koshita koto wa nai: is best 215
369. にも程がある - にもほどがある - ni mo hodo ga aru: How could can [anyone] be as ~ as 215 370. ております - te orimasu: is doing or keep in a state (humble) 216
371. ほどの活用～は ない - hodo no wa nai: is not so as [something] 216
372. ようと思うう - yō to omou: I think I will do something 217
Trang 13373. んだけど, の活用ですが - n da kedo, no desu ga: -, but - 217
374. たりして - tari shite: Something might happen 217
375. ようだ - yō da: it seems that 218
376. とても～ない - totemo –nai: not – possibly 218
377. によると/によりますと - ni yoru to/ ni yorimasu to: according to – 219
378. につき - ni tsuki: per 219
379. ～ように言う - ～ようにいう - ~yō ni iu: to tell (someone) to do 220
380. 何ですかとか - なんとか - nantoka: Somehow 221
381. 向きき - むき - muki: suitable for ~ 221
382. 向きけ - むけ - muke: exclusively for 221
383. もの活用だ(1) - mono da (1): used to 222
384. もの活用だ(2) - mono da(2): norm 223
385. ただし - tadashi: however 223
386. 自動詞・他動詞 - じどうし・たどうし - jidōshi tadōshi: Intransitive/Transitive Verb 224 387. 身 - み - mi: Body 224
388. 猫 - ねこ - neko: cat 225
389. ため - tame: for the benefit of 226
390. ても始めるまらない - てもはじまらない - te mo hajimaranai: there is no point in doing something 226
391. たって - tatte: even if 227
392. ～どころじゃない - ~dokoro ja nai: doing something (or being in a certain state) is not possible at all because the situation is too bad to allow it 227
393. 過去形 - かこけい - kakokei: past tense 227
394. ～ば、済むむ - ～ば、すむ - ~ba, sumu: "if you [verb], everything will be fine" 228
395. 謙譲語 - けんじょうご - kenjōgo: humble expressions 228
396. の活用で - node: because 229
Trang 141. あまり (1) - amari (1): too much, very, a lot
Amari always precedes the verb
A INTRODUCTION:
Amari, which literally translates as “too much”, is an adverb that is usually found in negative sentences.When used in this fashion, it expresses less-than-perfect negation So while “suki de wa nai” (好ききではない)implies simply that “I don’t like it”, “amari suki de wa nai” (あまり好ききではない) implies that “I like it alittle, but not a lot” or “I don’t like it very much.” Like its English counterpart, amari may be used merely as asoftening device
B EXAMPLES:
あまり調子がよくありません。がよくありません。
Amari chōshi ga yoku arimasen.
I don’t feel very well
この活用絵はあまり好きではありません。はあまり好ききではありません。
Kono e wa amari suki de wa arimasen.
I don’t like that picture very much
C NOTES:
This expression is usually written in hiragana only
In informal conversation, “amari” is often replaced by “anmari” (あんまり)
Although “amari” is normally found in negative sentences, it is also sometimes used in affirmative sentences,but carries a negative connotation In such cases, it is sometimes followed by the particle “ni”
彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。の活用考えはあまりに非現実的だ。えはあまりに非現実的だ。だ。
Kare no kangae wa amari ni higenjitsuteki da.
His thoughts are too unrealistic
2. ある - aru: to be, to exist (of inanimate things); to have
The negative form of aru is the i-adjective “nai” (ない (無いい))
B EXAMPLES:
私のの活用 iPod は車にある。にある。
Watashi no aipoddo wa kuruma ni aru.
My iPod is in the car
私のは責任感がある。がある。
Watashi wa sekininkan ga aru.
I have a sense of responsibility
私のには夢が二つある。が二つある。つある。
Trang 15Watashi ni wa yume ga futatsu aru.
I have two dreams
C NOTES:
Because the two meanings of aru (to exist and to have) are closely related, there is some confusion overproper kanji usage In the strictest sense, 在るる should be used for “to exist” and 有るる should be used for “tohave” Thus, 在るる would be used in example #1 above, but 有るる should be used for examples #2 and #3.Luckily for the Japanese learner, aru is almost always written in hiragana
The honorific polite form of aru is gozaru (ござる)
The verbs above should not be confused with 或る る , an attributive meaning “some” or “one” that is alsopronounced "aru" Confusion sometimes arises because this expression is also normally written in hiragana.ある学者が人権についてすばらしい演説を言ったが人権についてすばらしい演説を言ったについてすばらしい演説を言ったを言った 。
Aru gakusha ga jinken ni tsuite subarashii enzetsu wo itta.
A scholar made a wonderful speech about human rights
ある（或るる）iPod は電池寿命の活用問題がある（有る）。がある（有るる）。
Aru aipoddo wa denchi jumyou mondai ga aru.
Some iPods have battery life problems
3. いい - ii: good
A INTRODUCTION:
The Japanese adjective for "good" is "yoi", written alternatively as 好きい, 善いい, and 良いい In informal spokenand written Japanese, however, "yoi" is often replaced by "ii", usually written in hiragana only, without achange in meaning
The adjective "ii" is often looked upon as having an irregular conjugation, because it becomes "yokatta" in thepast tense But since, in fact, "ii" is merely a bastardized form of "yoi" that has no conjugation pattern of itsown, it really isn't irregular
For example, to construct the past form of "ii", you merely drop the final "i" from "yoi", and add "katta", aswith any other i-adjective Likewise, the -tara conditional form of "ii" is "yokattara"
Chotto ii desu ka.
Do you have a minute?
3 幸運にも天気がよかった。にも天気がよかった。
Kōun ni mo tenki ga yokatta.
Fortunately, the weather was good
4 よかったら一緒にいらっしゃい。にいらっしゃい。
Yokattara issho ni irasshai.
Come along with us if you like
C NOTES:
The honorific polite form of "ii" and "yoi" is "yoroshii"
4. いっぱい - ippai: full, many, a lot
ippai + V
Trang 16いっぱい食べる・べる・ippai taberu - to eat a lot
いっぱいある・ippai aru - there are a lot of something
A INTRODUCTION:
Ippai - full, many, a lot - is used as an adverb modifying the amount or volume of something
B EXAMPLES:
作品がいっぱいあります。がいっぱいあります。
Sakuhin ga ippai arimasu
There are many works
人がいっぱいいます。
Hito ga ippai imasu
There are many people
C NOTES:
The phrase "Genki ippai," is an abbreviated version of "Genki ga ippai arimasu!"
5. いる (1) - iru (1): to exist (for animate, usually living, things)
Kono heya ni hito wa nan-nin imasu ka?
How many people are in this room?
2 あそこに犬と猫がいます。と猫がいます。
Asoko ni inu to neko ga imasu.
There are a dog and cat over there
"Iru" is a verb meaning "to be" In Japanese, the progressive/continuous aspect is expressed by using "iru" as
an auxiliary verb, following the -te form of another verb
The Japanese "-te iru" form is actually similar to both the English present progressive ("to be ~~ing"), pastperfect ("to have ~~") and present perfect progressive ("to have been ~~ing") forms Its translation depends oncontext
B EXAMPLES:
1 今新聞を読んでいます。を読んでいます。んでいます。
Ima shinbun o yonde imasu.
I'm reading the newspaper now
2 ピーターは何ですかをしていますか。
Pītā wa nani o shite imasu ka.
What's Peter doing?
Trang 17San-nen mae kara zutto mainichi ha o migaite imasu.
I have brushed my teeth every day for the past three years
However, the nuance between the two, and the situations in which they can be used are different In the case
of the "-te iru" verb form, we know that the habit/trend exists now, but it is not clear if it will continue into thefuture When using the non-past verb form, we know that the habit/trend exists now, but it is not clear if itexisted in the past The following sentences, therefore, indicate examples in which the two verb forms are notinterchangeable
Ashita jikan ga arimasu ka.
Do you have any [free] time tomorrow?
2 あなたの活用名前には何ですかですか。
Anata no namae wa nan desu ka.
What's your name?
3 この活用水飲んでもいいですか。んでもいいですか。
Kono mizu nonde mo ii desu ka.
May I drink this water?
Trang 18Kōhī ka kōcha, dochira ga ii desu ka.
Do you prefer coffee or tea?
When used in this sense, "kara" always follows a noun
B EXAMPLES:
1 学校から家までどれくらいかかりますか。から家までどれくらいかかりますか。までどれくらいかかりますか。
Gakkō kara ie made dorekurai kakarimasu ka?
How long does it take you to get home from school?
2 生まれた時からここに住んでいます。まれた時からここに住んでいます。んでいます。
Umareta toki kara koko ni sunde imasu.
I've been living here since I was born
Rainen nihon e iku kara nihongo o benkyō shite imasu.
I'm studying Japanese because I'm going to Japan next year
2 今日は天気がいいから家までどれくらいかかりますか。を出ます。
Kyō wa tenki ga ii kara ie o demasu.
Today, because the weather is nice, I’m going out
11. から（２） - kara(2): after having done s.t.; since
te-form of Verb + kara + [main clause]
A INTRODUCTION:
When the particle "kara" is suffixed to the te-form of a verb, it expresses temporal sequence, with the action ofthe verb attached to "kara" occurring first
Trang 19Kaigai kara ryūgakusei ga kita kara, gakkō ga owatte kara mukae ni itta.
Because an exchange student from abroad came, I went to meet him after school
この活用料理を食べてからご判断をお願いします。を食べる・べてからご判断をお願いします。をお願いますいします。
Kono ryōri o tabete kara go-handan o onegai shimasu.
After eating this dish, please give us your opinion
ご飯を食べてから仕事に戻った。を食べる・べてから仕事に戻った。った。
Gohan o tabete kara shigoto ni modotta.
After eating, I returned to work
Terebi o mite kara atama ga itaku natta.
After watching television, I got a headache
kara(3)
テレビを見てから頭が痛くなった。を見てから頭が痛くなった。たから頭が痛くなった。が痛くなった。くなった。
Terebi o mita kara atama ga itaku natta.
Because I watched television, I got a headache
The kara(3) conjunction shows a cause/effect relationship between S1 and S2, while kara(2) does not
Nihon ryōri wa nani ga suki desu ka.
What Japanese foods do you like?
3 今夜星がきれいですね。がきれいですね。
Kon\'ya hoshi ga kirei desu ne.
The stars sure are beautiful tonight, aren't they?
C NOTES:
The difference between \"ga\" and \"wa\" is one of the most troublesome for people studying the Japaneselanguage
Generally speaking, \"ga\" is replaced by \"wa\" when:
a) the grammatical subject has already been introduced during the discussion;
b) the subject is something that the listener is assumed to be familiar with;
c) making generalizations;
Trang 20A: 日本へ行くから日本語を勉強しています。人の活用歌手は誰が好きですか。は誰が好ききですか。(Nihonjin no kashu wa dare ga suki desu ka.)
B: 北島三郎が好きです。が好ききです。(Kitajima Saburou ga suki desu.)
A: What Japanese singers do you like?
B: I like Saburou Kitajima
\"Ga\" may be replaced by the particle \"no\" when used inside a relative clause
あなたが書いた論文を提出しなさい。(Anata ga kaita ronbun wo teishutsu shinasai.) ー＞
あなたの活用書いた論文を提出しなさい。(Anata no kaita ronbun wo teishutsu shinasai.)
Please hand in the thesis that you wrote
B EXAMPLES:
1 彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。は来るましたが、彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。の活用ともだちは来るませんでした。
Kare wa kimashita ga kare no tomodachi wa kimasendeshita.
He came, but his friend didn't
2 旅をしたいのだが、お金がありません。をしたいの活用だが、お金がありません。がありません。
Tabi o shitai no da ga okane ga arimasen.
I want to travel, but I don't have the money
3 すみませんが、この活用席は空いていますか。は空いていますか。いていますか。
Sumimasen ga, kono seki wa aite imasu ka.
I'm sorry to bother you, but is this seat taken?
4 水が欲しいしいんですが。
Mizu ga hoshii n desu ga.
I'd like some water, so [would you mind getting it for me?]
14. くらい - k urai: approximately, about
Number + Counter + kurai (くらい)
Demonstrative Pronoun/Adjective + kurai (くらい）
Interrogative Pronoun + kurai (くらい)
Trang 21Hyakunin kurai atsumarimashita.
About a hundred people gathered together
2 この活用靴はだいたい２万円くらいしました。はだいたい２万円くらいしました。くらいしました。
Kono kutsu wa daitai ni-man-en kurai shimashita.
These shoes cost about 20,000 yen
3 あとどの活用くらいで仕上げなければならないの活用？
Ato donokurai de shiagenakereba naranai no?
How much time do we have to finish this?
15. けれども - keredomo: although, though, but
Amari always precedes the verb
clause + keredomo
V.plain/plain past + keredomo
i-adj + keredomo
na-adj + copula plain/plain past + keredomo
noun + copula plain/plain past + keredomo
Tsukareteiru keredomo, mousukoshi ganbarimasu.
Although I'm tired, I'll go on a bit longer
2 甘いものが食べたいけどふとるのでやめます。いもの活用が食べる・べたいけどふとるの活用でやめます。
Amaimono ga tabetai kedo futoru node yamemasu.
Although I want to eat sweets, I won't because I'll gain weight
16. こ そ あ ど 言 葉 - こ そ あ ど こ と ば - kosoado kotoba: ko-, so-, a- &
Kore・これ Kochira・こちら this/here is When the object is close to the speaker
Sore・それ Sochira・そちら that/there When the object is close to the person spoken to
Are・あれ Achira・あちら Over there(that/location)When the object is far from the both
Dore・どれ Dochira・どちら Which
A INTRODUCTION:
Demonstrative & interrogative pronouns – “this” and “that” in Japanese
B EXAMPLES:
1 そちらはどちら様ですか。ですか。
Sochira wa dochira-sama desuka?
Who is that person?
2 あちらの活用方がはヨナス形）の活用友達です。です。
Achira no kata wa Yonasu no tomodachi desu.
Trang 22Onimotu wa kochira de oazukari shimasu.
We can keep your baggage here
2) "Suru" can also be used to indicate one's job
3) In the form ([~ni] ~wo suru), "suru" can be used to indicate the wearing of fashion accessories
4) "Suru" can be used to indicate someone/something's visible manner, attitude or appearance
5) "Suru" can attach to the masu-stems of other verbs, reconverting them from nouns back into verbs
6) In the forms (~wo ~ni suru), "suru" may be used to indicate assigning/relegating someone to a particularposition It may also be used to indicate that a parent has raised a child to be suitable for a particular job.7) In the (~wo ~ni suru) form, "suru" may also be used to indicate the use of something for a specifiedpurpose usually one other than that for which it was intended
8) In the (~wo ~ni suru) form, "suru" may also be used to indicate that one is changing something from theobject marked by the "wo" particle, into the object marked by the "ni" particle
9) "Suru" may also be used to indicate the way that one treats, thinks/feels about or views something
10) "Suru" may follow adjectives in their adverbial form, in which case, it indicates a forced change upon thedirect object to enter the state indicated by the adjective
In addition to its meaning as "to do", "suru" also means "to decide", as used in the "koto ni suru" and "koto tosuru" forms Nouns may also directly take the place of the "koto" nominalizers in the "koto ni suru" phrase,indicating the direct selection of that noun "To suru" differs from "ni suru" in that the "to suru" form indicatesjudgment/evaluation, rather than selection
Suru is an irregular verb, each of its conjugations requiring individual memorization
B EXAMPLES:
1 ピーター、今夜電話しますね。しますね。
Pītā, konya denwa shimasu ne
Peter, I’ll call you tonight
2 私のは日本へ行くから日本語を勉強しています。語を勉強しています。します。
Watashi wa Nihongo o benkyō shimasu
I study Japanese
3 夏子がよくありません。は英語を勉強しています。しますか。
Natsuko wa eigo o benkyō shimasu ka?
Natsuko, do you study English?
Trang 23Ano kuruma wa midori ja nakatta Ao datta.
That car wasn't green It was blue
2 お相撲さんだ！さんだ！
O-sumō-san da!
A sumo wrestler!
3 これはペンじゃない。シャープペンだ。じゃない。シャープペンじゃない。シャープペンだ。だ。
Kore wa pen ja nai Shāpu pen da.
This isn't a pen It's a mechanical pencil
C NOTES:
See である
19. だけ - dake: only, just
Noun + dake (だけ)
Verb/i-Adj inf + dake (だけ)
na-Adj stem + na dake(だけ)
A INTRODUCTION:
“Dake” is a particle that is often equated with the English words “only” or “just” However, “dake” differsfrom these words in one important respect: it expresses a maximum, not a minimum, limit Whereas theEnglish phrase “drink only what you can”, implies that the listener will probably not be drinking much, theJapanese phrase “できるだけ飲んでもいいですか。んで” (dekiru dake nonde) translates as “drink as much possible” or “drink
as much as you can” See notes below
“Dake” is commonly found in such compounds as “koredake” (“this much”/”all this”), soredake/aredake(“that much“/”all that”), and “doredake” (“how much”) See example #3
B EXAMPLES:
1 鳥肉と卵だけ使います。と卵だけ使います。だけ使います。います。
Toriniku to tamago dake tsukaimasu.
[This recipe] uses only chicken and eggs
2 言いたいことはそれだけです。
Iitai koto wa sore dake desu.
That’s all I care to say
3 あれだけの活用コインじゃない。シャープペンだ。を収集まりました。するの活用にどれだけの活用年月がかかりましたか。がかかりましたか。
Aredake no koin o shūshū suru no ni doredake no nengetsu ga kakarimashita ka.
How long did it take you to collect those coins?
Trang 24Aa, kono yōshi ni kakikonde dake desu.
Oh, just fill out this form
5 私のは言われた通り（に）りにしただけです。
Watashi wa iwareta tōri ni shita dake desu.
I only did as I was told
6 彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。は 僕よりせいぜい２、３歳若いだけです。よりせいぜい２、３歳若いだけです。いだけです。
Kare wa boku yori seizei ni, san sai wakai dake desu.
He's not more than two or three years younger than me
7 彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。は、熱心なだけです。なだけです。
Kare wa nesshin na dake desu.
He is just earnest
C NOTES:
This expression is usually written in hiragana only
As mentioned above, “dekiru dake” is a common way to say “as as possible” It acts as an adverb
できるだけ速く走った。く走った。った。
Dekiru dake hayaku hashitta.
I ran as fast as possible
This also applies to other potential verbs
読んでいます。めるだけ読んでいます。んだ。
Yomeru dake yonda.
I read as much as I could read
B EXAMPLES:
Trang 25Kitto katsu no wa kanojo darō.
Surely the one who wins will be the girl
2 明日は晴れるだろうか。れるだろうか。
Asu wa hareru darō ka.
It'll probably clear up tomorrow
3 そんなに走った。って疲れているけれども、もう少し頑張ります。れただろう。
Sonna ni hashitte tsukareta darō.
Running like that, s.o is surely tired
4 高速く走った。道路の近くはうるさいだろう。の活用近くはうるさいだろう。くはうるさいだろう。
Kōsoku dōro no chikaku wa urusai darō.
It's probably noisy near the highway
5 彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。女だろう。はきっと綺麗だろう。だろう。
Kanojo wa kitto kirei darō.
She is surely beautiful
6 彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。は 10 年も日本へ行くから日本語を勉強しています。に住んでいます。んでいるの活用で、日本へ行くから日本語を勉強しています。語は上手は誰が好きですか。だろう。
Kare wa jūnen mo Nihon ni sunde iru node, nihongo wa jōzu darō.
He's been living in Japan for as long as 10 years, so he is probably good at speaking Japanese
C NOTES:
The formal version of darō is deshō, and other than the degree of formality, these two terms can be usedinterchangeably The terms are often found together with probability adverbs such as tabun and kitto Whenusing these types of adverbs with darō, the speaker sounds more certain than when not using such words.The question particle ka is also often found used with darō In these cases, the statement is conveyed in a moreindirect and softer fashion
Lastly, when saying darō or deshō with rising intonation, the speaker is seeking the listener's agreement
21. ている - te iru: be doing something, be in a state created before
Dictionary form Te-form Te-form + iru English
ぬれる ぬれて ぬれている (got wet and) still wet now
nureru nurete nurete iru
壊れるれる 壊れるれて 壊れるれている (got broken and) it is broken now
kowareru kowarete kowarete iru
A INTRODUCTION:
iru expresses the idea that (i) an action is progressing at the present time and that (ii) someone or something iskeeping that action in the same state
Trang 26To form this construction, simply attach the auxiliary verb iru to the te-form of any Japanese verb.
This iru has the same characteristics as a class 2 verb and is conjugated as such Tabete iru is the plain form,and becomes tabete imasu in the polite form
When -te ita (～ていた), the past tense of -te iru, is used, it expresses an action that was (i) progressing atcertain time in the past or (ii) someone or something was keeping the action in the same state for a period oftime in the past, and now that action is no longer in that state
B EXAMPLES:
(Case i)
上の活用お嬢さんは携帯で友達と話しています。さんは携帯で友達と話しています。で友達です。と話しますね。しています。
うえの活用おじょうさんはけいたいでともだちとはなしています。
Ue no ojōsan wa kētai de tomodachi to hanashite imasu.
(Your) older daughter is talking with a friend on the cellphone
私のは日曜日に日本へ行くから日本語を勉強しています。語を勉強しています。します。
わたしはにちようびににほんごをべんきょうします。
Watashi wa nichiyōbi ni Nihongo o benkyō shimasu.
I'll study Japanese on Sunday
私のは今、JapanesePod101.com で日本へ行くから日本語を勉強しています。語を勉強しています。しています。
わたしはいま、JapanesePod101.com でにほんごをべんきょうしています。
Watashi wa ima, JapanesePod101.com de Nihongo o benkyō shite imasu.
I'm studying Japanese now at JapanesePod101.com
私のが起きたとき、お母さんは、朝ごはんの用意をしていました。きたとき、お母さんは、朝ごはんの用意をしていました。さんは、朝ごはんの用意をしていました。ごはんの活用用意をしていました。
Watashi ga okita toki, o-kā-san wa, asa go-han no yōi o shite imashita.
When I got up, my mother was making breakfast
(Case ii)
ドアの鍵が閉まっています。の活用鍵が閉まっています。が閉まっています。まっています。
Doa no kagi ga shimatte imasu.
The door is locked
(= Somebody locked the door, and it is still locked.)
さっき、君の車を見たとき、エンジンがかかっていたよ。の活用車にある。を見てから頭が痛くなった。たとき、エンじゃない。シャープペンだ。ジンじゃない。シャープペンだ。がかかっていたよ。
Sakki, kimi no kuruma o mita toki, enjin ga kakatte ita yo.
When I saw your car a while ago, it was running
(= It maintained the state of powered.)
22. てください - te kudasai: please do something
* [te-from of a verb] ＋ kudasai
Please do
A INTRODUCTION:
The formation of "te-form of verbs + kudasai" allows us to make polite requests It is used to ask someone to
do something for you It literally means "Please give me your doing of "
B EXAMPLES:
これを食べる・べてください。
Kore o tabete kudasai.
Please eat this
駅に来てください。に来るてください。
Trang 27Eki ni kite kudasai.
Please come to the station
この活用本へ行くから日本語を勉強しています。を読んでいます。んでください。
Kono hon o yonde kudasai.
Please read this book
23. てはいけません / てはだめだ - te wa ikemasen/te wa dame da: you can't do
In a conversation, "-te wa(ては)" is sometimes shortened to cha(ちゃ) So, you can say "～ちゃいけません"
in a daily conversation to tell the listener not to do something
Also, as a casual variation, there is " te wa dame da(～てはだめだ)" or "-cha dame da(～ちゃだめだ)." Itliterally means that "it is not good to do something" and it's translated as "you must not do something" or "youshould not do something."
Rōka o hashitte wa ikemasen.
You shouldn't run in the hall
3.映画館では話してはいけません。では話しますね。してはいけません。
Eigakan dewa hanashitewa ikemasen.
You shouldn't talk in the theater
4.うそをついてはだめだ。
Uso o tsuite wa dame da.
You must not lie
5.遅い刻しちゃだめだ。しちゃだめだ。
Chikoku shicha dame da.
You shouldn't be late
24. てもいい - te mo ii: may; it is alright
(V / adj-i / adj-na , N + Copula).te mo ii
Verb:
食べる・べて も いい
Trang 28The phrase te mo ii has two major usages (1) to give permission or express that something is alright, and (2)
to ask for permission to do something
B EXAMPLES:
1 ラジオを聞いてもいいです。を聞を読んでいます。いてもいいです。
Rajio o kīte mo ii desu.
You can listen to the radio (permisson)
2 ここで本へ行くから日本語を勉強しています。を読んでいます。んでもいいですか。
Koko de hon o yonde mo ii desu ka?
May I read a book here?
3 それが欲しいしいの活用で、高くてもいいです。
Sore ga hoshii node, takakute mo ii desu.
I want it, so it's alright if it is expensive
4 急いでいるから、タクシーでもいいです。いでいるから、タクシーでもいいです。
Isoide iru kara takushī demo ii desu.
I'm in a hurry, so a taxi is alright
Kyō, gakkō ni ikanakute mo ii desu ka?
Is it all right if I don't go to school today?
2 もう A さんに頼んだので、んだの活用で、B さんじゃなくてもいいです。
Mō A-san ni tanonda node, B-san janakute mo ii desu.
I already asked A-san, so it is all right if it is not B-san
Furthermore, more polite expressions, such as yoroshii and kamaimasen, can be used in place of ii to make thephrase more polite Example:
1 窓を開けてもよろしいですか。を開けてもよろしいですか。けてもよろしいですか。
Mado o akete mo yoroshii desu ka?
Trang 29Would it be all right to (May I) open the window?
25. て形（動詞） - てけい（どうし） - te-kei : te-form - and, -ing
Trang 30The te-form of verbs and i-adjectives is used to link sentences when the last verb or i-adjective of the clause is
in the te-form "De" is considered the te-form of na-adjectives and the copula
B EXAMPLES:
私のはピザを買って食べた。を買う → 買ってって食べる・べた。
Watashi wa piza o katte tabeta.
I bought a pizza and ate it
私のは階段の上に立って待った。の活用上に立って待った。って待つ → 待ってった。
Watashi wa kaidan no ue ni tatte matta.
I stood on top of the stairs and waited
私のは家までどれくらいかかりますか。に帰る → 帰ってって寝る。る。
Watashi wa ie ni kaette neru.
I'll go home and sleep
私のは絵はあまり好きではありません。を描いて壁に貼った。いて壁に貼った。に貼った。った。
Watashi wa e o kaite kabe ni hatta.
I painted a picture and hung it on the wall
私のは海へ行くって、泳ぐいだ。
Watashi wa umi e itte, oyoida.
I went to the sea and swam
私のは海で泳ぐいで日焼けしてしまった。けしてしまった。
Watashi wa umi de oyoide hiyake shite shimatta.
I swam in the sea and got a sunburn
私のは財布を落として、お金は全部なくなった。を落として、お金は全部なくなった。として、お金がありません。は全部なくなった。
Watashi wa saifu o otoshite, okane wa zenbu nakunatta.
I dropped my wallet and lost all my money
私のは映画を見てから頭が痛くなった。て、ご飯を食べてから仕事に戻った。を食べる・べました。
Watashi wa eiga o mite, gohan o tabemashita.
I watched a movie and ate dinner
C NOTES:
Depending on context, the meaning of the te-form changes, but as stated earlier, it usually means "and" Incases where the te-form is used to link two predicates, the relationship between these are among thefollowing:
1) The two predicates occur in sequence
2) The two predicates explain two aspects, or properties of someone or something
3) The first predicate expresses a reason or cause for the second predicate
4) The first predicate explains the means of how the second predicate is achived
5) The two predicates contrasts each other
26 (2) - de (2): で by, with, using
Noun + de(で)
A INTRODUCTION:
De is a particle that indicates meaning “using” or "by means of" It always follows the noun that is being used
De is an extremely flexible particle, and can be used to indicate not only the use of concrete things such asmoney, but also abstract things, such as time
B EXAMPLES:
Trang 31Eigo de ii desu ka.
It is okay if I speak in English?
3 はさみで切るってください。
Hasami de kitte kudasai.
Please cut it with scissors
4 ス形）カイプで話しますね。しました。
Sukaipu de hanashimashita.
We talked over Skype
5 この活用ワイシャツは三百円で買いました。安いですね。は三百円くらいしました。で買う → 買っていました。安いですね。いですね。
Kono waishatsu wa sanbyaku-en de kaimashita Yasui desu ne.
I bought this shirt for 300 yen Cheap, yeah?
6 彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。らは８ヶ月で約３万５千キロ飛びます。ヶ月で約３万５千キロ飛びます。月がかかりましたか。で約３万５千キロ飛びます。キロ飛びます。飛びます。びます。
Karera wa hakkagetsu de yaku san-man go-sen kiro tobimasu.
They will fly about 35,000 km in eight months
27 (1) - de(1): で at, in, on (place)
location + de (で)
A INTRODUCTION:
De is a particle used to indicate the location of an action The performer of the action (the subject) is followed
by either of the particles wa or ga, and the place is followed by de
B EXAMPLES:
1 子がよくありません。供は公園で遊びます。は公園で遊びます。で遊びます。びます。
Kodomo wa kōen de asobimasu
Children play in the park
2 私のは家までどれくらいかかりますか。で本へ行くから日本語を勉強しています。を読んでいます。みます。
Watashi wa ie de hon o yomimasu
I read books at home
Kon’ya, kono baa de nijikai ga aru
This evening, there will be a [wedding] after-party in this bar
Trang 32Sono machi wa shizuka de benri desu.
That town is quiet and convenient
2 試合は雨で延期しました。で延期しました。しました。
Shiai wa ame de enki shimashita.
The game was postponed because of rain
3 昨日はなんで来るなかったの活用ですか。
Kinō wa nan de konakatta no desu ka.
Why didn’t you come yesterday?
Nande kita no?
How did you come here?/Why did you come here?
Sono resutoran wa gogo go-ji de shimarimasu Hayai desu ne.
That restaurant closes at 5 PM Early, yeah?
2 ヨドバシカメラは九時で閉まっています。店します。します。
Yodobashi Kamera wa ku-ji de heiten shimasu.
Yodobashi Camera closes at 9 PM
Desu is a contracted form of the polite Japanese copula de gozaimasu, and has its own peculiar forms ofinflection, noted below
Trang 33Kodomo no koro, chokorēto wa suki deshita Demo, sakana wa suki ja arimasen deshita.
When I was a kid I liked chocolate But I didn't like fish
The particle to（と） can be used to (i) connect nouns and pronouns, (ii) mark the party that the subject will
do something with, and (iii) to make comparisons
B EXAMPLES:
紙に書き込むだけです。とえんぴつを出してください。
Kami to enpitsu o dashite kudasai.
Please take out paper and a pencil
肉と卵だけ使います。と魚は好きじゃありませんでした。が好ききです。
Niku to sakana ga suki desu.
I like meat and fish
本へ行くから日本語を勉強しています。と新聞を読んでいます。を読んでいます。みます。
Hon to shinbun o yomimasu.
I read books and the newspaper
C NOTES:
When you use と to list nouns and noun phrases, it implies that your list is exhaustive
青だった。色と紫が好きです。と紫が好きです。が好ききです。
Ao-iro to murasaki ga suki desu.
I like blue and purple (and no other colors)
To make an inexhaustive list, use や or とか
青だった。色と紫が好きです。や紫が好きです。が好ききです。
Ao-iro ya murasaki ga suki desu.
I like blue and purple (among other colors)
32. どう - dō: h ow
1 - state of something or someone:
山田先生まれた時からここに住んでいます。はどうですか。・Yamada-sensei wa dō desu ka? - How is Professor Yamada?
2- to suggest something:
Trang 34"Dō" is an interrogative adverb used to ask about the state of someone or something, to suggest something, or
to ask about the way in which something is done Examples of usage below
Kare no iken wa dō omoimasu ka?
What do you think of his opinion?
C NOTES:
When speaking informal Japanese, dō can be used by itself when speaking about a common topic with whatfollows inferred It can also be the last spoken word of an interrogative sentence
It's keigo form is ikaga, and both dō and ikaga can be used as a suggestive
The expression dō shite is used as why when asking about reasons or causes
Dōshite Nihon ni ikimashita ka.
Why did you go to Japan?
どうして下さい山さんは東京に住んでいますか。に住んでいます。んでいますか。
Dōshite Shimoyama-san wa Tōkyō ni sunde imasu ka.
Why does Mr Shimoyama live in Tokyo?
どうして日本へ行くから日本語を勉強しています。語を勉強しています。していますか。
Dōshite Nihon-go o benkyō shite imasu ka.
Why are you studying Japanese?
Trang 35Anata wa doko ni sunde imasu ka?
Where are you living?
iku + na = iku na - don't go!
Class II - 見てから頭が痛くなった。る・miru - to look
B EXAMPLES:
1 ここでタバコを吸うな！うな！
Koko de tabako o sū na.
Don't smoke here!
2 授業中は話をするな！は話しますね。をするな！
Jugyōchū wa hanashi o suru na.
Don't talk during the class
3 お酒をのんだら運転するな！をの活用んだら運にも天気がよかった。転するな！するな！
Osake o nondara unten suru na.
Don't drive after you drink!
C NOTES:
The addition of the yo particle actually softens this imperative
36. なくて - nakute: is not - and -, do not do
Verb inf negative (without nai) + nakute
i-Adj stem + ku nakute
na-Adj stem/Noun + de wa nakute/ja nakute
A INTRODUCTION:
"nakute" is the te-form of the negative "nai." It is often combined with the potential form of a verb It is used
in a structure like "verb inf negative + nakute + main clause" In that case, the "nakute" phrase indicates acause or reason for what is expressed in the main clause
B EXAMPLES:
1 最初めては英語が話しますね。せなくて困りました。りました。
Trang 36Saisho wa eigo ga hanasenakute komarimashita.
At first, I had trouble because I couldn't speak English
2 そんなにいやなら、もう学校から家までどれくらいかかりますか。に行くかなくていいです。
Sonna ni iyanara mō gakkō ni ikanakute iidesu.
You don't have to go to school if you hate it so much
3 うまく歌えなくてはずかしい思ういをした。
Umaku utaenakute hazukashii omoi o shita.
I couldn't sing well and was embarrassed
37. な形容詞の活用活用 - な - けいようし の活用 かつよう - na-keiyoushi no katsuyou:
na-adjectives conjugation
Plain Nonpast:
彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。は静か だろうかだ。(Kare wa shizuka da He is quiet.)
Plain Nonpast Negative
彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。は静か だろうかではない。(Kare wa shizuka de wa nai He is not quiet.)
彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。は静か だろうかじゃない。(Kare wa shizuka ja nai.)
*じゃ/ja is a contraction of では/de wa and is more colloquial than では/de wa
Plain Past:
彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。は静か だろうかだった。（Kare wa shizuka datta He was quiet.）
Plain Past Negative:
彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。は静か だろうかではなかった。(Kare wa shizuka de wa nakatta He was not quiet.)
Polite Nonpast:
彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。は静か だろうかです。(Kare wa shizuka desu He is quiet.)
Polite Nonpast Negative:
彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。は静か だろうかではないです。(Kare wa shizuka de wa nai desu He is not quiet.)
彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。は静か だろうかじゃないです。(Kare wa shizuka ja nai desu.)
彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。は静か だろうかではありません。(Kare wa shizuka de wa arimasen.)
彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。は静か だろうかじゃありません。(Kare wa shizuka ja arimasen.)
Polite Past:
彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。は静か だろうかでした。(Kare wa shizuka deshita He was quiet.)
Polite Past Negative:
彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。は静か だろうかではなかったです。(Kare wa shizuka de wa nakatta desu He was not quiet.)
彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。は静か だろうかじゃなかったです。(Kare wa shizuka ja nakatta desu.)
彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。は静か だろうかではありませんでした。(Kare wa shizuka dewa arimasen deshita.)
彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。は静か だろうかじゃありませんでした。(Kare wa shizuka ja arimasen deshita.)
Trang 37Marina no heya wa amari kirei de wa arimasen.
Marina's room is not so clean
サトシは、算数が得る意じゃない。
Satoshi wa, sansū ga tokui ja nai.
Satoshi is not good at math
父は、若いころ、とても頑固だった。は、若いだけです。いころ、とても頑固だった。だった。
Chichi wa, wakai koro, totemo ganko datta.
My father was very stubborn when he was young
私のは、学生まれた時からここに住んでいます。の活用ときは、勉強しています。熱心なだけです。ではなかったです。
Watashi wa, gakusei no toki wa, benkyō nesshin de wa nakatta desu.
I was not hardworking when I was a student
どうぞ素敵な夜をお過ごしください。な夜をお過ごしください。
Dōzo suteki na yoru o o-sugoshi kudasai.
Have a great night
新宿はとてもにぎやかな街です。はとてもにぎやかな街です。です。
Shinjuku wa totemo nigiyaka na machi desu.
Shinjuku is a rockin' town
38 - ni: に in; at; on; to
A INTRODUCTION:
"Ni" is a particle primarily used to indicate the spatial or temporal position or range of an action or existence.More specifically, "ni" is used in the following cases:
1) to indicate the time that a certain action occurs; "at"
2) to indicate the location that something exists at while performing an action; "in"
3) to indicate the aim, target or purpose; "to", "for"
4) to indicate destination of a movement or the recipient of a giving verb; "to"
5) to indicate cause; "due to"
6) to indicate the basis of a comparison (including that of fractions and percentages); "of", "as", "to"
7) to indicate the agent of a (passive) verb; "by"
8) to indicate that something meets a given set of criteria; "as"
9) to indicate the resultant state of some change; "into"
10) to indicate the manner in which something exists, or an action is conducted; "-ly"
11) in the form "~ni wa~ga", where ~ represents the same inflectable word in its predicative form, "ni"indicates conditional consent The action/state that is consented to falls before the "ni" particle, and is repeatedagain between the "wa" and "ga" particles The statement containing the condition follows the "ga" particle.12) in the form "Verb.masu-stem ni Verb", "ni" indicates that the degree of that verb is extremely high, andserves to emphasize the strength of that verb
Watashi wa, ima, Tōkyō ni sunde imasu.
I'm living in Tokyo now
Trang 38Kōbe e tabe ni ikou.
Let's go to Kobe to get something to eat
4 良いい大学に入りたい。りたい。
Ii daigaku ni hairitai.
I want to get into a good university
5 彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。女だろう。の活用誕生まれた時からここに住んでいます。日の活用祝いに小包を送った。いに小包を送った。を送った。った。
Kanojo no tanjōbi no iwai ni kozutsumi wo okutta.
I sent her a package for her birthday
6 あなたの活用筆跡は私のに似ている。は私のの活用に似ている。ている。
Anata no hisseki wa watashi no ni nite iru.
Your handwriting is similar to mine
7 先生まれた時からここに住んでいます。にほめられた。
Sensei ni homerareta.
I was praised by the teacher
8 誕生まれた時からここに住んでいます。日プレゼンじゃない。シャープペンだ。トに手は誰が好きですか。袋をもらった。をもらった。
Tanjōbi purezento ni tebukuro o moratta.
I received gloves as a birthday present
9 彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。女だろう。は婚約したら幸せになるでしょう。
Kanojo wa kon'yaku shitara shiawase ni naru deshou.
She'll be happy when she gets engaged
10 ブランじゃない。シャープペンだ。コが上下さいに動いている。
Buranko ga jōge ni ugoite iru.
The swing is moving up and down
11 行くくには行くくが、しばらく待つ → 待ってってくれ。
Iku ni wa iku ga, shibaraku matte kure.
I *am* going, but please, just give me a minute
12 私のは待つ → 待ってちに待つ → 待ってったが、ついにジョンじゃない。シャープペンだ。がやってきた。
Watashi wa machi ni matta ga, tsui ni Jon ga yatte kita.
I waited and waited, and at last John arrived
39. にする - ni suru: decide on, make it
Kyō wa nani ni shimasu ka?
What have you decided on? (= What will you have?)
B: 私のは焼けしてしまった。き肉と卵だけ使います。にします。
Watashi wa yakiniku ni shimasu.
I've decided on grilled meat (= I'll have grilled meat.)
Trang 39Konkai wa doko ni shimasu ka?
Where have you decided to go this time?(= Where do you want to go this time?)
Ojī-san wa yama e shibakari ni,obā-san wa kawa e sentaku ni ikimashita.
41 - ne: ね tag question (isn't it? right? eh?)
The particle ne is added to the end of the sentence
A INTRODUCTION:
"ne" is a sentence ending particle that acts as a tag question used to provoke a response from the listeningparty, usually confirmation of or agreement with the speakers statement, regarding a topic of mutualknowledge e.g:
1- これは美味しいですね。・しいですね。・Kore wa oishii desu ne - This is delicious, isn't it?
The speaker is attempting to confirm that fact that a shared dish has a favorable taste
The sentence ending particle ne is also in other ways The usages of ne are as follows:
1) to provoke a response out of the listening party when making a statement about mutually shared knowledge2) to confirm a statement
3) to add emphasis to a statement (this ne is actually nē)
4) to gain the listener's attention (ano ne, - And,)
B EXAMPLES:
1 Type 1
堂坂さんはお酒がとても好きですね。さんはお酒をのんだら運転するな！がとても好ききですね。
Dōsaka-san wa osake ga totemo suki desu ne
Mr Dōsaka-san really likes alcohol, doesn't he?
2 Type 1 and 2
A: 最近くはうるさいだろう。は雨で延期しました。ばかりですね。
Saikin wa ame bakari desu ne
Recently, it's done nothing but rain, right?
Trang 40Sō desu ne Hontō ni iya desu ne
That's right It's really terrible
3 Type 3
A:あの活用人はとても面白いですねえ。いですねえ。
Ano hito wa totemo omoshiroi desu nē
He was really interesting!
no is a particle used to indicate possession similar to the English possessive "'s"
Normally, in the structure A no B, B belongs to A, however, many nouns act like adjectives when followed by
no, as demonstrated in examples #2 and #3
No directly follows nouns and noun phrases
B EXAMPLES:
1 あなたの活用名前にはなんですか。
Anata no namae wa nan desuka?
What's your name?
2 明日から英語の活用テス形）トが始めるまります。
Asu kara eigo no tesuto ga hajimarimasu.
English tests start tomorrow (Lit Tests of English start tomorrow.)
3 彼の考えはあまりに非現実的だ。女だろう。は音楽の先生をしています。の活用先生まれた時からここに住んでいます。をしています。
Kanojo wa ongaku no sensei o shite imasu.
She is a music teacher (Lit She is a teacher of music.)