trương hán siêu cuộc đời sự nghiệp thơ văn

'' Tu Thang Phu, hieu Don Tau, ngUdi lang Phiic Thanh, huyen Yen Ninh, Id TrUdng Yen, nay la Ninh Binh, dng tilfng la mot mon khach trong phu de Tran HUng Dao, ve sau dugc Tran Hung Dao

TRUONG HAN SIEU

TRUfdMG HAM SI£U CUOC Ddi - SL/ NGHIEP - THd VAN

(LA DANG BAT BIEN SOAN)

r^'L

O

HOI VAN HOC NGHE THUAT NINH BINH - 2000

' -h > Ldi GICll THIEU ! nd

- BAN LiNH VAN HOA

Giao sU: NGUYEN HUE CHI Trudng ban Van hoc co va can dai VIEN VAN HOC VIET NAM

Khong d dau tren manh dat Viet Nam nay co

dugc mot thang canh uu my nhu niii Non Nudc d

Ninh Binh Mot hon niii khong ghe gdm ve tam

cao va tam dd sg, ngugc lai cd the ndi la nho be

niJa Mgt hdn niii cung khong co gi ggi la giau san

vat, CO cay va muong thu, ma nhieu lam chi la vai

mUai gdc cd thu giai dang bam sau vao da, va thap

thoang difdi tang cay la bong dang cua mot vai loai

chim The nhung, nai day lai luu gii? mot thuf sdn

vat cd the ndi la vo gia, va luu giijf vdi so' lugng

vUgt troi hon bat ky mot hon mii nao: ay la nhiing

bai tha, bai vSn dugc khac len vach da ke tit the ky

XIII cho den tan nuTa dau the ky XX (Neu khao sat

them trong cac thu tich thi tif the ky XI cQng tiing

cd vSn bia khac d day nhUng thdi gian da lam cho

mai mgt) Mgt tang thU thien nhien dgc dao ton

tai trong sudt bay the ky! Ndi mgt each hinh tUgng

han thi lich sU dat nUdc vo tinh hay huTu y da danh

cho hdn Non Nudc cai vi the mot bo h g p t u y e n

thd v a n do so ma tufng trang s a c h cQiig la titng

vach niii cao thap khac nhau, ngvfdi in s a c h la vo

sd thg da vo danh cac thdi dai, chia nhau miet

mai khac chCif len da, va ngUdi s c a n s a c h la hang

loat danh si cU phach ndi tiep ddi nay qua ddi khac trong suo't 700 nam Ve mat nay, niii Non Nudc co the sanh vdi niii Thai San cua Trung Qudc, nai khac rat nhieu tha van cua danh nhan danh si Trung Hoa, da dugc UNESCO xep vao danh muc

nhiJng di san diifng vao hang the gidi nn^<^ aaivi

''''-' Van de gin giQ", ton tao va phat huy gia tri cua

di tfch van hda Non Nudc sao cho tuang xufng vdi y nghia lich suf cua nd, la viec can danh dong cac gidi quan chufc van hda va chinh quyen trung uang cung nhu dia phuang, de sdm cd mgt sU quan tam dung dan NhUng dieu toi muon lUu y ban dpc khi nhac den cai Uu the' cd mgt khdng hai cua di tich van hda nay la mgt hinh anh khac - mgt nhan vat lich suf ndi len nhU mot ta'm phdng dang sau di chi ay, mgt con ngUdi ma tam vdc lam cho di chi nhU cang long lay them Chinh con ngUdi dd da khai sinh ra cai ten Due Thuy cho hdn Non Nudc xinh dep nam tren khiic quanh cua con sdng chay qua thi xa Ninh Binh, het nhu mgt con chim canh tra dang lao thang

xud'ng giCia ddng nUdc Ciing chinh con ngUdi do da '

"dat but" viet len "bo hgp tuyen vi dai bang da" "' nhiJng trang viet dau tien: bai D u e thiiy s d n L i n h ' Te' t h a p k y bat hu cua dng khdng nhOfng nhieu -

ngudi trong chung ta da doc de'n thuoc long, ma

cdn dugc chiem ngudng tan mat neu co dip ghe

tham Non Nudc Con ngUdi dd la Truang Han Sieu ^

(? - 1354), mgt trong nhiJng gvtang mat sang chdi '•

cua thdi dai Ly - Tran - -•• •

* * ' J ! ;i ' , / • '

Truong Han Sieu trUdc het la mgt nha van hoa ''

Tu Thang Phu, hieu Don Tau, ngUdi lang Phiic

Thanh, huyen Yen Ninh, Id TrUdng Yen, nay la

Ninh Binh, dng tilfng la mot mon khach trong phu

de Tran HUng Dao, ve sau dugc Tran Hung Dao

tien cilf vdi trieu dinh, nhung mai den 1308 mdi

duac vao trieu nhan chufc Hgc si Vien han lam TCr

day, vdi kien thufc uyen bac, ong da dam nhiem

nhieu phan viec he trong lien quan den hoc van

cua ca mgt thdi dai Vdi tU each Hgc si Vien ban

lam, dng la ngUdi thay mat vua soan thao van

chuang chieu cao ban bd cho toan dan, va van tiif

trao ddi ngoai giao giu'a Viet Nam va cac nUdc Vdi

tu each iigudi che dinh bg H i n h ihxi, dng la ngudi

dat nen tang cho mgt trieu dinh van hanh theo

luat phap Vdi tU each ngUdi soan bd H o a n g trieu

dai d i e n , dng la ngUdi gdp phan xay dUiig nhijfng

nghi thufc dien che nham dUa cac hinh thiifc boat dgng cua trieu dinh nha Tran vao ne nep quy cu, phan anh tU the mgt trieu dai van minh Khong chi cd the! TrUang Han Sieu cdn dugc cuf di tran nham nhieu nam d nhiirng viing Lang Giang, Hoa Chau hoac cd liic dugc cuf lam mot cdng viec te nhi, mang chiifc nang tdn giao, nhu chiifc Giam tU chiia Quynh Lam O bat ky cUang vi nao, sU hieu biet sau sac sach vd, sU am tUdng cac mat cua ddi sd'ng cgng vdi kinh nghiem sd'ng lao luyen, deu da giiip dng thUc thi tdt phan sU Ong qua da thoat ra khdi cai vd thu lai thdng thudng de mang tam mot nha van hda, la ngudi biet bien van hda thanh hoat dong thue t i l n

Dieu can nhac lai la khdi diem hgc van cua mot ngudi nhu Truang Han Sieu khien ta cd the ngac nhien Mgt chan "thU nhi" dUdi trUdng Tran Hung Dao, han chac viec hgc hanh ciia dng khdng phai tuan theo nhu'ng trinh tU bai ban nhU d nha trudng Cung khong cd cai hgc vi Tien si nao dugc danh cho con ngudi dd Nhufng day la mdt mdi trUdng

ma sU ren diia, mai xat kien thufc chac chan la mgt yeu cau dat ra gay gat, d day su thuc hgc dugc

de cao va cai hgc phii phiem bi loai bd - mdi trUdng

hgc di vdi hanh trong mgi hoat dong chuan hi cho cdng cuoc giijf nUdc vl dai cua vi Qudc cong tiet che Chinh vi vay, dieu khdng kem ky la la uy tin hgc van ciia Truang Han Sieu da trd thanh gan nhu tuyet ddi, chi mgt thdi gian sau khi ong budc vao trieu dinh Cac viia Tran deu kinh ne khong ggi thang ten ong va deu nha't loat ton xUng ong bang thay Sau khi dng mat, vua Tran Du Tong truy phong dng chufc Thai phd va vua Tran Nghe Tdng cho phu thd dng d Van Mieu (Khong hieu vi

ly do nao den nay chiing ta van chua dUa TrUang Han Sieu vao danh sach tudng niem d Van mieu Qiidc tuf giam nhu cac vua Tran thud trUdc nhi? Cd

pi d do dng thieu cai hgc vi "dng Nghe" hay khong?)

Tham chi D a i V i e t siif k y t o a n thxi cdn danh gia

dng cd hgc van vdng chac ban Hoang giap Nguyin Trung Ngan vd'n ciing la mot ngUdi ndi tieng tai danh liic duang thdi Dieu do chufng to nha Tran trgng thUc hgc den the nao va ban than TrUang Han Sieu cung da vUgt minh ghe gdm nhu the nao Nhung noi den nhan each van hda ciia mot danh

n h a n con phai noi den mot phuang dien khong the thieu dugc: sU ufng xuf van hda trong cugc song hang

ngay ciia hg 0 Truang Han Sieu, hanh vi ufng xuf

ndi bat nhat in dam vao suf sach la quan diem cua ong ddi vdi Phat giao va thai do ciia dng trUdc tao

vat thien nhien La mdt nha nho, Truang Han Sieu co' nhien khdng chap nhan Phat giao Ong van dung Nho giao nhU mot lgi khi de phe phan cai thuf "ta thuye't" nam ngoai Khdng Manh Tuy nhien, dng khong khang khang cdng kich Phat giao vdi thai do cd chap Ong chi ndi de'n "nhijfiig ke giao boat trong dam sU sai" "bd mat cai ban y

"khd khong" ciia dao Phat ma chi cham lo chiem nhiing nai da't tot, canh dep, tu giat vang nam ngpc cho ch6 d cua chiing rUc rd, to diem cho mdn do ciia chung long lay nhU voi rong" (Khai N g h i e m tiX bi ky) Phe phan nhU vay thi nao phai chi in

do nha Phat mdi la dd^i tugng cua dng Ndi di ig

ra, TrUang Han Sieu da dat ra mdt van de chung la thanh lpc cac gia tri tinh than, xua't phat tir lgi ich thuc tien ChSng the' ma tCr budi dau thien vi Nho giao va bai xich Phat giao, dan 4^n qua tiing trai, dng lai nhan thufc ra chd diifng quan trpng ciia dao Phat trong ddi sdng tam linh m6i con ngudi:

Dai lenh denh trudc khdc nay,

Thdn nhdn mdi biet truac ngdy ldm to

H' '!>,,:, (Qyp Y^^^y g^j^ rYram Van Giap dich)

Khong deo bam lay he tu tudng ciia minh nhU mpt thii" chu nghia dpc ton va coi do la "khuon vang thudc ngpc" bat kha xam pham, trai lai biet nhin no trong tinh than thUc sU cau thi, va tiep

nhan ca cai khac vdi nd, do la each ufng xuf van hoa

cua mdt nha tu tudng ldn

V§ thai dp cua Truang Han Sieu trUdc thien

nhien, neu ndi rang dng la ngUdi bie't men yeu,

tran trpng canh vat cua da't nUdc thi cung khdng

CO gi sai nhung hinh nhu vSn chua du O dng, gan

nhu cd mpt sU khao khat thudng true mudn tim

hieu thien nhien, nhan biet nhiing tri thufc ve ngoai

gidi Chinh dng tCrng thira nhan sudt mpt ddi tiTng

trai, dau chan mmh da in tren khap mpi neo song

ho Nhung vUgt' 'ii tren y thich cua mpt du khach,

ong cdn bie't chi' ii nghiem ra til trong thien nhien

nhin ngam thoa the thien nhien khong it van de

cd y nghia nhan sinh, vii tru; cam nhan dugc md^i

quan he giila thien nhien va con ngUdi nhu la mpt

sU bd sung, tiep ndi, qua lai giufa cai hufu ban va

cai vd ban, cai bie'n ddi va cai trudng tdn 0 day,

dng da cd tam dufng cao tot cua mpt tU each kep:

mdt triet nhan va mdt thi nhan /a/v^u

Nhieu nam qua, da't nUdc ta dang dufng trudc

tinh trang mpt sd vung bi tan pha moi sinh mpt

each can kiet, hang van bee ta riTng co nguy ca

bien thanh ddi trpc Ngay de'n nhUng danh lam

thang canh, lang iiip, dinh chua quy gia chiing ta

cung da tCrng ham hd dap pha di khong biet bao

nhieu, co le chi vi chiing ta mudn xac nhan rang

chi cd chiing ta sd'ng giila thdi dai nay mdi la iigudi nam dugc chan ly, mdi bie't each dinh doat van menh tuang lai cung nhu qua khuf Thai do pham tuc cua chiing ta rd rang la mdt bieu hien thieu tri thufc, thieu van hda nghiem trgng Gia thuf chiing

ta bdt "me mudi" de nang minh len mgt chiit, bie't gan cai chu the vdi cai khach the, gan xUa vdi nay, gan bilu ban vdi vd cung, ta se thay ngay chinh cai

ta dang lam cung chi la r a t tuang ddi, va ta se biet quy trgng nhufng gia tri cua tU nhien, ciia tien nhan, ciia lich suf de lai Cach ufng xuf van hda cua Truang Han Sieu chinh la d tam nhin triet nhan

ay Phai ndi, tam nhin triet nhan ay da giiip ong

va cac the he sau dng "sang tao" n j n h o n niii thd Non Nudc, mgt di tich van hda van cdn n^ay man hien dien vdi con chau '

Cuoi Cling, phai ndi den tU each nha tha ciia Truang Han Sieu, mpt bac thay ve van chuang ngon ngU, vdi nhiing ang tha van ma hau the dpc khong biet chan, n h u b a i tha D u e Thiiy sdn, bai ky thap Linh Te, nhat la bai phii song Bach Dang 0 khoang each 700 nam, mpt tac gia nao day chi cdn lai vdi ngay nay dugc mgt bai tha, ang van thdi ma khong rai rung da phai dugc coi la tac gia danh tie'ng The ma rieng Truang Han Sieu v i n cdn lai 2 bai van, 1 bai phu, mpt chiim tha 4 bai va 1 bai tha

1.0

ddc lap, trong dd 2 bai van v^n cdn khac viing chai

tren da - mgt hien tugng that khdng binh thUdng

Cd the khang dinh dugc, vdi sd lugng cdn lai dd,

dng la mdt trong so nha van hang dau, nha van vdi

nhieu the loai sang tac da dang, trong sd cac nha

van Ly - Tran Dac biet B a c h D^ng giang phii

khai quat chien cdng chd'ng quan Nguyen cua Tran

Hung Dao da dugc lich suf thira nhan la mpt ang

van kiet xuat, ve mpt phuang dien nao dd cung

ICrng danh nhU chinh cai chien cdng ma nd phan

anh

Van trong tam thiifc dung hgp triet nhan - thi

nhan, TrUang Han Sieu da don nen vao trong bai

van Cling mdt luc ca hai am hudng tril tinh va triet

ly Cam xiic trCl tinh dang len cao nhat la liic nha

tha ndi den cai d g n g ciia cuoc chien - mdt cai

ddng cd kha nang la "trdi chao dat chuyen":

Duang khi dy, y Thuyen be muon dgi led quat phdp phdi;

Hung hd sdu qudn I gido guam sdng choi

Trdn ddnh I dilgc thua chica phdn,

Chien luy I Bdc Nam chdng ddi

Anh nhdt nguyet chil I phdi md,

Bdu trdi ddt chil I sdp hogi • -^>f

.,: • "^'.ncA iH (Dong Chau - Bui Van Nguyen dich)

Nhitog bai van cdn dUa lai mpt thong diep nghe

It

thuat khac, mdt cam hufng gan nhu ddi cUc vdi cam

hufng dpng d tren Dd la cam hufng tinh, nd lam

hien rd len d cUc ben kia cai thai dp ung dung binh tinh cua ngUdi dang lam chu tinh the, dang quye't tam xoay chuyen cuoc cd trong tay minh -mpt vi Qudc cdng tiet che dang "chu tinh" tren tU the cua ngUdi chien thang:

Kia trgn Bgch Ddng md dgi thdng,

Bai Dgi vuang coi the gidc nhdn

(Nhu tren)

TCr trong chieu sau, ta thay, hai pham tru "dpng"

va "tinh" ke't hgp lai, vCra ddi lap lai vCra thdng nhat vdi nhau, la mau chdt da nang cam hufng nghe thuat len thanh cam hufng triet ly ciia bai phu sdng Bach Dang, lam cho nd trudng ton vdi thdi gian Bang lugng thdng tin da nghia, nhufng an nguf

phong phii dgng lai phia sau ngdn tiT, Bach Dang

g i a n g phii da ggi len dugc nhieu tieng ndi cung

mdt liic trong nhan thufc tham my cua ngudi dpc

Su ddn nen nghe thuat cua biit phap Truang Han Sieu thuc da dat den mdt mufc cao

Trd len la mdt vai nhan xet sa lugc ve ban linh van hda Truang Han Sieu Ong xufng dang dugc xep vao hang danh nhan tdn vinh d Van mieu Qudc

td giam nhu nha Tran da tCrng "liet hang" xUa kia, cung xufng dang dugc dUng tugng ldn tren hdn Non

12

Nudc cua da't Ninh Binh, vi nhU da ndi, trUdc mpi

tu each nao khac, dng la ngUdi con Uu tu ciia Ninh Binh Mdt toan tap tha van tren mii Non Nudc can dugc SUu tap bien soan that cdng phu va sdm dugc

ra mat, va mdt hay vai ba chuyen khao ve TrUang Han Sieu khdng cdn la chuyen ndi cho vui ma dang trd t h a n h nhu cau cua ddi sdng van hda hien dai Trong tinh hinh dd, tdi vui mCrng gidi thieu cudn sach nid dau TRLfONG HAN SIEU - CUOC DC^I -

SU NGHIEP - THO VAN cua nha giao L a D a n g Bait vdi ban dpc

Hd Noi, ngdy 14 thdng 8 ndm 1999

13

©yd© © i l

J ' v ' i

Truang Han Sieu (? - 1354) tU la Thang Phu,

hieu Don Tau (dng gia trdn ddi), ngUdi lang Phuc

Thanh, huyen Yen Ninh, phu TrUdng Yen, sau la

thdn Phuc Am, xa Ninh Thanh, ngay nay thudc thi

xa Ninh Binh, tinh Ninh Binh

Ong cd tai, thdng minh, hpe gioi Tuang truyen,

khi Tran Hung Dao lui quan ve Id TrUdng Yen da

lay dng vao lam mdn khach trong dinh Ong tham

gia cudc khang chien chd'ng quan Nguyen - Mdng

lan thuf hai (nam 1285) Neu thdi gian dd 15 tudi, \

thi nam sinh ciia dng vao khoang 1270 (cudi ddi ^ vua Tran Thanh Tdng (1258 - 1278)) ^'^-^* f- \ Q Tham gia cudc khang chien chdng quan Nguyen vj

- Mdng lan thuf 2 (1285) va lan thuf 3 (1287 - 1288) r ^ vdi cUang vi la "thu nhi" - nhU chufc thu ky rieng' "j cua Tran Hung Dao, dng soan thao cac dao sacj i;; chuyen den nhu'ng doan quan / - ' Sau cudc khang chien chd'ng quan Nguyen - Mdng •; '-

thang lgi (nam 1288), Qud'c cdng tie't che Hung Dad f'^

dai vUOng da tien cuf dng vao trieu dinh (trUdc nam—— Tran Hung Dao mat (1300))

TCr nam dd de'n nam 1308 (khoang tren 8 nam),

cd the la mgt van than, trieu dinh chua thay dugc

tai nang cua dng, nen chUa bd dung, dng da ve que

nghi mdt thdi gian

De'n nam 1308, vua Tran Anh Tdng (1293 -1314)

2-THS - ift

cho dng giCr chufc Han lam hpe si Ong chinh thufc lam quan van trong trieu, soan thao chieu, cao de ban bd va cac van tCr ngoai giao cua trieu dinh Den ddi vua Tran Minh Tdng (1314 -1329), nam

1326, dng giCr chufc Hanh Khien (1)

Mudi ba nam sau, nam 1339, ddi vua Tran Hien Tdng (1329 - 1341), dng lam Mdn ha hdu ty lang trung

Sang trieu vua Tran Du Tdng (1341 - 1369), dng giu chufc Ta ty lang trung, kiem kinh luge suf Lang Giang (Lang San) Den nam 1345, dng lam Ta gian nghi dai phu (chufc quan chuyen viec can gian nha vua) Sau nam sau, nam 1351, dng dugc thang chufc Tham tri chinh sU (2) Cd the dng giiT chdc

I /

(1) Quan Hdnh Khien: "Hdn Viet til dien" - Tdp I - Ddo Duy Anh - In lgi ldn thd 3 - 1996 - NXB thdnh phd' H6 Chi Minh - trang 347 co ghi: "Quan Hdnh Khien: Chile quan ldn

CO til dai Trdn, nhu chiic Thugng Thil ddi nay"

(2) Tham tri chinh sU: "Tha Vdn Ly Trdn" Tdp II Quyen thugng - NXB KHXH - Hd Ngi - 1989 - Trang 755 cd ghi: "Dai Hdn ggi Thugng thu Id Trung ddi, vi d trong cdm sdnh nen ggi Id Ddi sdnh Den dai Duang, Thugng thU sdnh ggi Id Trung ddi, mon hg sdnh ggi Id Ddng ddi, Trung sdnh ggi Id Tdy ddi Ddi sdnh ndi chung chi nai ldm vi^c cila cdc quan to ddi xUa Truang Hdn Sieu ldm tdi chile Tham tri chinh su cung tuang duang vai chdc Thugng thu hay Trung thu sdnh" • •^ii:.) L riuj\ nt,'i i i\i!v Kf'\i friftji n9(.i

-^^ an I

nay trong mdt thdi gian, rdi xin ve que nghi, lam

nha d ben nui Due Thuy

Thang 9 nam 1353, quan Chiem Thanh vao cUdp

Hda Chau (vung ThCra Thien - Hue ngay nay), khi

dd la bien gidi phia Nam cua dat nudc, quan quan

danh duoi chung rat khd khan Vua Tran Du Tdng

ben sai dng dem cac quan Than sach di tran giQ"

Hda Chau, mac dii tudi da ngoai 80, each kinh dd

khoang 700 cay sd' Ong d day 14 thang De'n thang

11 (am lich) nam Giap Ngg (1354), khi bien thuy

yen dn, dng xin trieu dinh trd ve, vua y cho, nhung

cbUa ve tdi kinh sU thi mat Thi hai dng dugc dUa

ve an tang d que nha Vua Tran Du Tdng truy tang

dng chufc Thai bao

Chin nam sau, nam 1363, nha vua lai truy tang

dng chiifc Thai phd , , , ' , ; , T

Chin nam sau nufa, ddi vua Tran Nghe Tdng (1370

- 1372), nam 1372, vua ban tang cho dng tdng tu d

Van Mieu (Ha Ndi), sanh ngang vdi Chu Van An

va cac bac tien nho xua't chiing (Ddi Tran chi cd

Truang Han Sieu va Chu Van An (1292 - 1370)

dugc thd d v a n Mieu) • jr.\-a i\i XiXi

N a m M i n h M e n h thuf 4 (1823) TrUang H a n Sieu

dugc p h u t h d d m i e u "Lich D a i D e Vuang" (Mieu

chi thd de vuang cac ddi, trong dd cd phu thd nhdng bac khai qud'c cdng than cd cdng vdi nUdc) Mieu "Lich Dai De Vuang" d dia phan xa Duang Xuan (cu), nay thudc dia ban xa Thuy Xuan, nam

ve phia tay nam, each trung tam t h a n h phd Hue khoang 5 km

'Thud thieu thdi", cd the la thdi gian trUdc khi

dng di theo Tran Hung Dao lam mdn khach, hoac thdi ky trUdc khi vao trieu lam quan, khoang tren

8 nam, tuf trUdc nam 1300 de'n nam 1308

Phan Huy Chu (1782 - 1840) trong sach "Lich

trieu hien chuang logi chi" lai cho chung ta biSt

them: "Ldng Phuc Am nai dng (Truang Hdn Sieu)

d cdch ldng An Ddng mgt con song Ong thich phong canh dep cua nUdc non Due Thuy nen ldm nhd

d day, co bdi tha khdc vdo dd, ai dgc cdng ua

20

thich" (1) "Ong Id ngUdi uang budng Vdn chuang chinh su deu gioi" (2)

Chum tha 4 bai "Vinh hoa ciic" cua TrUang Han

Sieu, giup chiing ta hieu them ve cudc ddi dng: da trdng cue tren mii Due Thiiy Tuang truyen, day la mdt loai hoa mau vang, canh nhd xiu, lay pha vdi tra la mdt vi thudc, cd mui rat tham, udng vao se

chufa cho mat sang them, gpi la "Scrn kim ciic" Bai tha "Due Thuy san" cdn cho chung ta biet:

TrUang Han Sieu da ngdi cau ca tren nhu'ng tang

da ben chan nui Due Thiiy:

"Hdy tim lgi tdng dd ngoi cdu khi trUdc"

Neu nhiing dan chufng tren de chung tdi mudn

bd sung them ve cudc ddi TrUang Han Sieu

Tuang truyen, TrUang Han Sieu da xay "Nghenh

phong cdc" (Lau ddn gid) d tren dinh mii de binh

tha, ddn gid, dgi trang, ngam canh mdng ma cua trdi may nUdc vdi tinh nUdc non

(1) (2): "Lich trieu hien chuang logi chi" NXB KHXH Tdp 1 - Hd Ndi - trang 227

-21

H ii©»jiitp

1- TRUONG HAN SIEU - NHA QUAN SU

Ndi de'n tai nang quan sU cua TrUang Han Sieu khdng the so sanh vdi Tran Hung Dao dugc NhUng

md dau su nghiep cua dng lai la mdt van than tham gia chien tranh Du mdi chi la mdt "thu nhi"

- mdn khach cua Tran Hung Dao - dng da di theo Trail Hung Dao trong hai cudc khang chien chd'ng quan Nguyen - Mdng tCr nam 1285 de'n 1288 (khoang

4 nam) Tran Hung Dao va quan dan ta thdi ay lap dugc nhieu chien cdng ldn, danh tan quan Nguyen

- Mdng xam lugc 'lUdc ta Dd la mdt ky tich Thang lgi ay, cd mdt p l a n cdng lao ddng gdp cua.Truang Han Sieu Do vay, khi da't nUdc hda binh, Tran Hung Dao tie'n cuf dng vao trieu dinh Chinh cudc chien tranh giuf nUdc vi dai cua dan tdc ta da khang dinh dugc phan nao tai nang quan sU cua TrUang Han Sieu Va cuijg that vd tinh, den liic gan ket thuc cudc ddi, Trtrang Han Sieu lai chdng td tai nang quan sU cua minh nipt lan nufa Thang 9 nam

1353, TrUang Han Sieu dugc vua Tran Du Tdng cuf vao Hda Chau danh dudi quan Chiem Thanh Vai trd quan sU cua dng tai day nhu mdt chinh khach -NgUdi cd tai mUu lugc, uy tin cao, dam den nai khd khan, khi cd mat la mgi viec deu dn thda Sau nay,

Vu Pham Khai da danh gia: "Tien sinh de'n, bien

25

thuy yen on Tien sinh di, bd cdi, ky cUang thanh

2 -TRUONG HAN SIEU - NHA CHfNH TR!

Cdng nghiep ldn cua TrUang Han Sieu la boat

ddng chinh tri Ong la mgt nha nho chan chinh

nen r a t ham hd phd vua, giup nudc

Ong di theo Tran Hung Dao tham gia hai cudc khang chien chd'ng quan Nguyen - Mdng cung la boat ddng chinh tri TCr nam 1308, chinh thdc lam quan van trong trieu, den khi TrUang Han Sieu mat (1354) la 46 nam 46 nam d trong trieu, cudc ddi hoan Id khi thang, luc giang va cung cd thdi gian ve que, dng vSn sd'ng cUang trUc, bet long vi nUdc, vi dan, cd cdng xay dUng trieu dinh nha Tran viing manh Ong da trd thanh mdt cdt tru hpe van cua trieu dinh, ma sau nay suf than Ngd Si Lien nhan dinh: "TrUang Han Sieu la dng quan van hpe, vUgt ban mgi ngUdi" Rd rang la uy tin cua dng trong trieu dinh r a t cao "Dai Viet suf ky toan thu" cho bie't, nha vua chi gpi dng la "thay" chuf khdng ggi ten Mdt dng quan dugc nhu the qua la hiem cd! Dd cung la deu dac biet d TrUang Han Sieu Gan nhu ca cudc ddi dng chi lam quan va lam quan d 5 ddi vua: Tran Nhan Tdng, Tran Anh Tdng, Tran Minh Tdng, Tran Hien Tdng, Tran Du Tdng Ong da cd cdng lao phat hien va ddng gdp d nhieu linh vUc iihu: quan sU, chinh tri, van hda,

27

phap che, du lich, ngoai giao, van hpe, va mdt so linh vUc lai la ngUdi khdi ngudn, de xUdng, cd vi tri dau tien nhu cdt mdc Dd la dieu dac biet thuf hai trong hoat ddng chinh tri cua TrUang Han Sieu Chiing ta deu bie't, trong che dp phong kien, nhu'ng ngudi cd ddng gdp ldn, khi mat, thudng dugc nha vua truy tang cac chufc cao ban de ghi nhan cdng lao NhUiig cd le, khdng may ai nhu TrUang Han Sieu, dugc truy tang den 3 lan, keo dai trong 18 nam, tCr nam 1354 de'n nam 1372.- Do cung la dieu dac biet thuf ba d TrUang Han Sieu Rat tiec la suf sach xUa khdng ghi day du nhu'ng cdng trang, viec lam cu the cua TrUang Han Sieu Nhung chi bang nhufng dieu chung ta bie't ve dng, phan tich ly giai nhU tren, cung du minh chufng dng la mdt trong nhdng nha chinh tri tai nang d giai doan Thinh Tran Ong chinh la ngUdi van vo song toan

/irU' ;i <5nri o;^ td-j suv Biiu ,•

!•'if i.: hup lii? >jfiii jpurfj jiKup gno idM

.u id-' fu;ll u,-'i)]'-:'T o tyid ')i>h iioh kl i^nC

IK! r v i : i , : ; , (vHi {ffo ^ f f O r t i h f()UO BO "Ucii

lii.l iiO HRil' ,^noT iiJiH afiiT ^gooT dniM

' ftM yiK'L iiv n&fd fsii ndo d:> ub gn* Kod ut.7 n.t dauio lia anufj isdn

28

3- TRUONG HAN SIEU - NHA VAN HOA

Truong Han Sieu la mdt nha nho, tdn thd Khong Tuf, mud'n tu dudng nhiing dufc tinh td't cho minh va tri nhan (chinh tri) de phuc vu trieu dinh nha Tran

O thdi Tran, Nho hpe da bat dau thang Phat hpe Truong Han Sieu phat huy nhdng yeu td' tich cUc cua Nho giao, thuc sU la mdt nha Nho chan chinh Nhung khi thay Phat giao cung cd nhieu yeu td tich cUc, thuang cam chung sinh, khdng phan biet chiing sinh, de ra mpi ngudi phai sd'ng trong sach, tCr bi, tranh xa nhdng dam me, dng cung tin theo dao Phat Dd la tCr thdi gian vua Tran giang tU, cuf dng de'n chua Quynh Lam (Ddng Trieu, Quang Ninh) coi chua vdi cUang vi nhu phu trach cai quan chua (Chua thdi ay cd tinh chat Nha nUdc, trieu dinh quan) The la con ngUdi dng da cd ca Phat giao Bai tha "Due Thiiy son" da the hien sU can bang giila tu tudng Nho giao va Phat giao trong con ngUdi Truang Han Sieu:

"Phil the nhu kim biet

Truang Han Sieu cdn tim vao Dao giao Dao giao chu trUang khdng nen tien len, ma trd lai ldi sdng nguyen thuy Do vay, dng da t r a n trd mai trUdc hanh vi "quy khil" cua Dao Tiem - mdt ngUdi ndi tieng ve thi tai va khi tiet ddi Tan (Trung Qudc) lam quan d huyen Banh Trach, vi khdng chiu quy luy quan tren da treo an tCr quan ve d an tuf hdi cdn tre:

"Triing duang thdi tiet kim trieu thi

Cd qudc hodng hoa khai vi khai'?

Khudc lie cdm ton tien nhdt nhd

Ky hoi tao thii phii quy lai"

30

tri tu tudng van hda cua TrUang Han Sieu la d dd,

de gdp phan hinh thanh mdt nha van hda

Ong lam Hgc si Vien ban lam, tham gia cac hoat ddng chinh sU cua trieu dinh, di vao Hda Chau dep yen quan Chiem Thanh, deu the hien mdt ban linh van hda cao ca

„ Dieu dac biet la nam 1341, dng da cung Nguydn Trung Ngan (1) bien soan bd "Hoang trieu dai dien" (Sach dien le), lam ca sd cho phep tac, le nghi, dua cac nghi thufc cua trieu dinh nha Tran vao ne nep, quy cu, mang sac thai van hda - Mdt cud'n sach dien le dau tien cua dan tpc TrUdc TrUang Han Sieu, nha nUdc phong kien Viet Nam chua cd bd sdch dd Ciing tCr day, cac boat ddng ve dien Id cua trieu dinh da thanh the che, mang tinh chat van ban phap quy

Ndi de'n v a n h d a la ndi den nhieu linh vUc trong cudc sdng O linh vUc nao, TrUang Han Sieu cung

cd nhufng ddng gdp dang ke

Que huang TrUang Han Sieu cd ngpn niii Due Thuy diifng lang le soi minh ben bd nga ba sdng Day, sdng Van Ong da cd cdng ldn, rat sdm, phat

(1) Nguyin Trung Ngq.n (1289 - 1370) Id ngudi tinh Hitng Yin, dS Hodng Gidp ndm 16 tuSi (1304)

3 *

hien va ca nggi, lam cho nd trd thanh bat tuf:

^ - "SSc niii c o n x a n h ngat

''^•- '" Lau roi, ngv^di v S n di!

' " Long s o n g i n bdng t h a p ,

' ' '^' Tang t h a m cila thoi che"

(Nui Due Thuy) Ong cdn la ngUdi dau tien cho khac bai tha "Due Thiiy san" vao nui Due Thuy, khai sinh ra truyen thd'ng khac tha vao niii, la mdt net van hda dpc dao cua dan tpc TrUdc dng, chUa cd ai khac tho vao mii Sau dng, cac nha vua, nhiing tao nhan mac khach ndi tie'ng da khac tha vao nui

Nam 1343, Quy Mui, nien hieu Thieu Phong thil

3, (trieu vua Tran Du Tdng), khi dang giii chufc Ta

ty lang trung, Ta gian nghi dai phu, TrUang Han

Sieu viet bai "Due thuy san Linh Te thdp ky" (Bai

ky thap Linh Te d nui Due Thuy) Bai ky dugc khac ben sudn nui ve phia tay phai ldi di len nui Trong bai ky nay, TrUang Han Sieu da ndi len tinh than bao ve cac di tich lich suf, tdn tao nhu'ng cdng trinh kien true nghe thuat cua dan tdc

Khi treo len dinh nui Due Thuy, tha'y thap Linh

Te dd vd, TrUang Han Sieu da "bdt gidc bdi ngili

32

than thd" (\), va suy tudng ludn sU hung vong cua

dat trdi: "Sao su hung vong thdnh bgi mdi trdi hai

trdm mdy milai ndm md dd trd thdnh ddu vet cu?

Roi ddy se mai mgt cd U? Hay lgi co ngiidi xdy

dilng lgi ? Til co vu tru dd co nui ndy" (2)

Truang Han Sieu viet tiep: "Than oi, mai sau

mdy trdm ndm nda, chdc Idt cdnh tugng bien doi,

neu lgi co ke buong ldi than thd nhu ta, le ndo

khong cd vdi ngudi nhu sU Tri Nhu xdy dung lgi?

Viec dy khdng dodn trudc ditgc!" (3) Dd la mdt

niem tin vao con ngUdi va cung la ldi nhan nhu

cua dng cho the he sau, phai biet gin giuf gia tri

van hda cua dan tpc, dCrng de mat mat tan phai

Cai "tdi" suy tUdng ay la ta'm long cua dng nhd tiec

budn vi nhu'ng cai gi quy bau thieng lieng cua dat

trdi va con ngUdi dang bi thdi gian va luat hUng

phe cua cudc ddi lam phai dan, md dan, tan lui

dan theo nam thang Ong that la cao ca, da nhin

xa thay rdng! Vi vay, dng ca nggi sU Tri Nhu la

ngudi cd cdng ldn chu tri ddng ra xay dUng lai

thap Linh Te Viec lam cua sU Tri Nhu la tdn thd

dao Phat, nhung cung mang y nghia bao tdn nhufng

di tich, kien true nghe thuat cua dan tdc: "Nghi

den viec nhd sit ldn chdn mdy, xep titng hdn dd, til

mot tdc den mgt thitdc, tit mgt thudc den mgt

- (1), (2), (3), : Trich trong bdi "Due Thiiy san Linh Te

thap ky ^^^^ ^ j ^ ^ t ?« '"•>0'(' ftfcV" irtn <\c \ "DOf^ ^Mw J^Js\iv

3- T H S ? ?

nhdn, mgt budc tien them mdt hudc, mgt tdng cao them mgt tdng; tdi luc thdp cao sitng sitng, the chgm trdi xanh, to them ve dep ciia non song, tranh cong xdy dung cung tgo hoa, thi bgn sU sdi tdm thudng ddu cd the sdnh dugc!" (1)

Khdng nhu'ng the, TrUang Han Sieu cdn cd y thufc da'u tranh chdng lai nhu'ng tha hda trong con ngudi Ong da kich kich liet bpn sU sai lgi dung dao Phat de an chai ddng dai:

"Bgn do thdm, do vdng tu tap d ddy, khdng cay

md dn, khong det md mac" (Van bia chiia Khai

Nghiem)

Dieu dd cd y nghia dng da'u tranh cho sU lanh manh cua dao Phat, ciing la bao ve ban sac van hda truyen thd'ng Viet Nam, gan gid'ng nhU nhflng quan diem ve van hda cua chiing ta ngay nay (2) Ong da di tien phong cd t a m nhin van hda rat

sdm, mang "tdm ddng cao tot cua mgt tucdch kep:

mgt triet nhdn vd mgt thi nhdn", "Cdch Ung xii vdn hoa cua TrUang Hdn Sieu chinh la d tdm nhin triet nhdn dy" (3)

(1), : Trich trong bdi "Due Thiiy san Linh Te thdp ky" (2): Dgc "Tap chi Todn cdnh" sd 101, thdng 12 ndm 1998, bdi "Truang Hdn Sieu - Ngudi co tdm nhin vdn hoa ddng khdm phuc" ciia Ld Ddng Bdt

(3): Nguyin Hu§ Chi - "Nhd vdn Truang Hdn Sieu til gdc nhin vdn hoa" - Tap chi "Vdn hgc" s6' 4 ndm 1994

4 - TRUONG HAN SIEU - NGUOl DAT NEN

, TANG CHO CHE DO PHONG KIEN VIET

NAM VAN HANH THEO PHAP LUAT

Che do phong kien tap quyen d Viet Nam bat

dau cd tCr ddi vua Dinh Tien Hoang (968) NhUng

nha Dinh chUa cd luat phap Nhflng ke pham tdi

deu dugc xuf theo y cua nha vua va rat da man

"Nhd vua dgt vgc ddu ldn d nai sdn, nudi cgp trong

cdi vd hg lenh rdng:

- Co ai phgm phdp se hi ndu, hogc cho cgp xe

thdy" (1)

Sang nha Tien Le, vua Le Ngga Trieu (Le Long

Dinh) (1006 - 1009) "Ua chem giet Co ngitdi phgm

tgi sdp phdi hdnh hinh thi vua hdt lay co tranh

qudn vdo ngitdi roi ddt Lgi sai ten he la Le Thu

Tdrn cdm con dao ciln nhut md sd vdo ngudi phgm

tgi de cho ldu chet" (2) ,A «:s I'V

Nhflng binh dn nhfl the rat ddc ac, khdng theo

mgt luat phdp nao

Tiep Nha Ly, nhflng hinh an tren cua nha Dinh

va nha Tien Le da dugc bai bd, nhUng nha vua

cdn tu minh giai quyet nhflng vu to tung va nguc

*" - (1), (2): Trang 91, 105 sdch 'Dai V'lH sii lugc" - NXB

thdnh ph6 H6 Chi Minh -1993 , ,

3^

tu Luat phap cua Nha Ly dugc quy dinh lai, nam

1042, dudi trieu vua Ly Thai Tdng (1028 - 1054) ban hanh bd "Hinh thu", nhung chUa bien soan day

du

De'n nha Tran, dudi trieu vua Tran Du Tdng, Truang Han Sieu va Nguydn Trung Ngan da bien soan bd "Hinh thu" nam 1341

Truang Han Sieu la mdt cdt tru hpe van cua trieu dinh, ma sach "Dai Viet suf ky toan thu" con coi dng la cd hpe va'n vflng chac ban Hoang Giap Nguyin Trung Ngan, da ddng tac gia bien soan cud'n sach luat mdi d Viet Nam

'•NgUdi cd cdng dd la Truang Han Sieu, khang dinh dng la ngUdi dat nen tang cho che dp phong kien Viet Nam van hanh theo phap luat (1)

Chinh vi the, sach "Lich suf Viet Nam", tap I, co ghi:

"Hogt dgng phdp che ciia Nhd nitdc ciing dugc tdng citdng Sau nhieu ldn sita doi vd bd sunc, nha Trdn bien sogn mgt bg lugt mdi ggi ld"Hinh thii"" (2) 'Jfi Job iki M l ydn ak rfnixi jittndVi

.ohn qkffq

- (1): Dgc bdo "Phdp ludt" Sd 18, ra ngdy 10-2-1998, bdi

"Truang Hdn Sieu - Ngudi ddt nen tdng cho che do phong kien Viet Nam van hdnh theo phdp ludt" cua Ld Ddng Bdt

; '' - (2): "Lich sd ViSt Nam" - Tdp 1 - NXB KHXH - Hd Ngi

1971 V.J nn pi^q

r-36

5 - TRUONG HAN SIEU - NGUOl CO TAM NHIN DU UCH S O M NHAT VIET NAM

Duang thdi, TrUang Han Sieu la ngudi di nhieu

nai, thich tieu dao nhU mdt Ifl khach "Que ta nhieu

cdnh dep, thud thieu thdi dgo chai in ddu chdn hdu khdp" (1) Da'u chan ay cung tflng dat len da't Lang

San khi kinh luge suf Lang Giang d phia Bac, lai cdn vao Hda Chau (Thfla Thien - Hue ngay nay) de tra'n

an bd cdi phia Nam, khi dd quan ngoai bang thudng den quay pha Cung chinh vi the, dng biet nhieu mien dat cua dan tdc va tU nhan la ngUdi 'Tihach" trong "Bach Dang giang phu" (Bai phu sdng Bach Dang) dugc viet vao khoang trUdc nam 1340 (2), cd cai thu du lich, thich tU do, phdng khoang giao cam vdi thien nhien va canh dep: ,j n->rf

'jij^, "Khach: co k e :

Giiofng b u d n giong gid chdi vdi i Lifdft be chdi t r a n g mai miet

Sdfm go t h u y e n chijf N g u y e n Tifdng Chieu l a n t h a m chijT Vii H u y e t

•Hi H Ciifu Giang, Ngii Hd, tv \^\,y oui :::r:nip

ii ! s Tam Ngo, Bach Viet", m.J UOL'^J;; ic -.a

(1): Trong bdi :Duc Thuy scm Linh te thdp ky"

(2) Khodng sau 50 ndm Trdn Hung Dao chien thdng d trdn Bach Ddng ndm Mdu Ty (1288)

37

Day la nhflng dia danh quen thudc day thi hflng van chflong trong sach vd Trung Qud'c, each xa bang ngan dam lam sao TrUang Han Sieu cd the den dugc? Nhac den chung, chi la each phd dien quen thudc cd tinh chat udc le cua mdt thdi, giap tiep, dng ndi ve cai chi cua minh, hoan, thien dac diem thich du lich cua nhan vat "khach":

"Dam V a n M g n g chiifa v a i tram trong da

c u n g nhieu

Ma trang chi b o n phi^dng v a n con tha thiet"

Ong di nhieu, bie't rdng, vi "Di mgt ngay dang, hgc mdt sang khdn", vi hgc dugc d Tuf Trudng - ten chfl cua Tu Ma Thien, sfl gia Trung Qudc ndi tieng, ngudi tflng du lich r a t nhieu nai:

"Hgc Tuf TrxiUng chvl thu t i e u d i e u

Qua cijfa Dai Than, ngtfgfc b e n Dong Trieu, De'n s d n g B a c h D d n g b o n g b e n h

mai cheo"

Truang Han Sieu chinh la mdt Ifl khach, cd tam hdn lang du Ong da tim thay sir ddng dieu trong tam hdn cua Tfl Trudng: du lich khdng chi de ngam hoa, thudng trang, tha'y nhflng ve dep thien tao mdng ma, hung vi, ma dieu quan trpng ban la tim

ve cdi nguon, tim den nhflng nai cha dng da lap nen chien cdng hien bach de chiem ngudng, nggi

ca, tich luy vd'n sd'ng, giiip tam hdn, tU tudng minh them phong phii, lam dep cho ddi Vi the, dng da

38