CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN TRONG TIẾNG ANH

Ngữ pháp luôn chiếm một vị trí quan trọng trong dạy và học ngoại ngữ nói chung và tiếng Anh nói riêng. Ngữ pháp thường được hiểu là một hệ thống qui tắc nhất định để biến các đơn vị ngôn ngữ thành các đơn vị giao tiếp. Qui tắc ngữ pháp quyết định thứ tự của các từ trong câu qua đó quyết định nội dung giao tiếp. Nói một cách khác, ngữ pháp mô tả câú trúc của một ngôn ngữ và cách thức các đơn vị từ vựng được kết hợp để tạo nên các câu. Ngữ pháp giúp người học phán đoán chính xác hơn những thông tin khi nghe. Dựa vào kiến thức ngữ pháp, người học có thể “lấp đầy” những chỗ trống không nghe được. Điều này đặc biệt quan trọng do đặc điểm lược bỏ những từ không mang thông tin trong khi nói của người bản ngữ. Trong nhiều trường hợp, những hiểu biết về ngữ pháp có thể bù đắp cho việc không nắm được nghĩa của từ mới trong một số văn bản khi đọc. Vai trò của ngữ pháp đối với kỹ năng nói và viết là quá rõ ràng. Ngữ pháp là một phương tiện giúp người học có thể chủ động nói và viết bằng tiếng Anh thông qua việc áp dụng các qui tắc ngữ pháp phù hợp với tình huống giao tiếp để truyền tải thông tin. Có thể nói việc nắm vững kiến thức ngữ pháp sẽ giúp người học tự tin khi sử dụng tiếng Anh, góp phần giúp nâng cao hiệu quả học tiếng Anh và thu được kết quả tốt ở các kì thi tiếng Anh. Điều này hoàn toàn đúng khi kiến thức ngữ pháp chiếm tỉ lệ không nhỏ trong các bài thi tiếng Anh. Chuyên đề câu điều kiện là một mảng kiến thức quan trọng trong hệ thống ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh. Với mong muốn giúp các em học sinh trong đội tuyển Tiếng Anh nắm vững mảng kiến thức này, tôi mạnh dạn viết chuyên đề này để các bạn đồng nghiệp và các em học sinh có thể vận dụng giải bài tập cũng như đạt được những kết quả mong muốn trong các kì thi học sinh giỏi cấp Huyện và cấp Tỉnh.

PHÒNG GIÁO DỤC – ĐÀO TẠO YÊN LẠC

TRƯỜNG THCS YÊN LẠC

CHUYÊN ĐỀ: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Họ và tên: Đỗ Thị Việt Hưng Chức vụ: giáo viên Đơn vị công tác: Trường THCS Yên Lạc

Đối tượng bồi dưỡng: học sinh giỏi lớp 8, 9

Số tiết bồi dưỡng: 12 tiết

Phần A: Lời giới thiệu:

Ngữ pháp luôn chiếm một vị trí quan trọng trong dạy và học ngoại ngữ nói chung và tiếng Anh nói riêng Ngữ pháp thường được hiểu là một hệ thống qui tắc nhất định để biến các đơn vị ngôn ngữ thành các đơn vị giao tiếp Qui tắc ngữ pháp quyết định thứ tự của các từ trong câu qua đó quyết định nội dung giao tiếp Nói một cách khác, ngữ pháp mô tả câú trúc của một ngôn ngữ và cách thức các đơn vị từ vựng được kết hợp để tạo nên các câu Ngữ pháp giúp người học phán đoán chính xác hơn những thông tin khi nghe Dựa vào kiến thức ngữ pháp, người học có thể “lấp đầy” những chỗ trống không nghe được Điều này đặc biệt quan trọng do đặc điểm lược bỏ những từ không mang thông tin trong khi nói của người bản ngữ Trong nhiều trường hợp, những hiểu biết về ngữ pháp có thể bù đắp cho việc không nắm được nghĩa của từ mới trong một số văn bản khi đọc Vai trò củangữ pháp đối với kỹ năng nói và viết là quá rõ ràng Ngữ pháp là một

phương tiện giúp người học có thể chủ động nói và viết bằng tiếng Anh thông qua việc áp dụng các qui tắc ngữ pháp phù hợp với tình huống giao tiếp để truyền tải thông tin Có thể nói việc nắm vững kiến thức ngữ pháp sẽ giúp người học tự tin khi sử dụng tiếng Anh, góp phần giúp nâng cao hiệu quả học tiếng Anh và thu được kết quả tốt ở các kì thi tiếng Anh Điều này hoàn toàn đúng khi kiến thức ngữ pháp chiếm tỉ lệ không nhỏ trong các bài thi tiếng Anh

Chuyên đề câu điều kiện là một mảng kiến thức quan trọng trong hệ thống ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh Với mong muốn giúp các em học sinh trong độituyển Tiếng Anh nắm vững mảng kiến thức này, tôi mạnh dạn viết chuyên đề này để các bạn đồng nghiệp và các em học sinh có thể vận dụng giải bài tập cũng như đạt được những kết quả mong muốn trong các kì thi học sinh giỏi cấp Huyện và cấp Tỉnh

If+S+ present simple, S+present simple

Eg: If the customers come in, just smile and say “hello

1.2 Use: This type of sentence is used to express the truth or something that is always true

2 Conditional sentences type 1:

Note: The meaning here is present or future

2.3 Variation of the main clause:

+ If clause + main clause: may/ might (possbility)

Example: If the fog gets thicker, the train may/ might arrive later than

usual

+ If clause + main clause: can/ may (permission)

Eg: If you finish your work, you may/can leave at once.

+ If clause + main clause: must/ should (advice, request, command)

Eg: If she wants to lose weight, she must/ should eat less bread and

sugar

+ If clause + main clause: Bare infinitive (request, command)

Eg: If you know the result, phone me at once.

3 Conditional sentences type 2:

Eg: (Today is not Sunday.We won’t go to the beach.)

=> If today were Sunday, we would go to the beach.

+ When we don’t expect the action in the if clauses to take place

Eg: If a burglar came into my room at night I would scream

3.3 Variations of the main clause:

+ We can use “might/ could or should” instead of “would”

Eg: If you tried again, you would succeed (certain result)

=> If you tried again you might succeed (possible result)

Eg: If pigs had wings, they could fly (ability)

4 Conditional sentences type 3:

4.1 Form:

+ If clauses( Past perfect)+ main clauses: (would have done)

4.2 Use: It is used to imply that the supposition is contrary to the fact in the past time.

4.3 Variations of main clause: We can use “could or might” instead of

If+ S+had+P 2 , S+would/could/should/might+bare-infinitive

Eg: -If it had not snowed last night, the road would not be slippery now

-If John had followed my advice, he wouldn’t be in such a difficult situationnow

6 Inversion in conditional sentences:

6.1 Inversion in conditional sentence type 1:

Form : Should + S + V(inf), S + Will +V(inf)

Eg: If he has free time, he’ll play tennis => Should he have free time, he’ll play tennis

6.2 Inversion in conditional sentence type 2:

Form: Were + S + to + V(inf), S + Would + V

Eg: If I learnt Russian, I would read a Russian book => Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book

6.3 Inversion in conditional sentences type 3:

Form: Had + S + P 2 , S + Would have + P 2

Eg: If he had trained hard, he would have won the match => Had he

trained hard, he would have won the match

7 Conditional expressions:

7.1 Even if = even though (thậm chí)

Eg1: You must go tomorrow if you are ready

Eg2: You must go tomorrow even if / even though you aren’t ready

7.2 Whether…or = if ….or(cho dù……hay không)

Eg: You must go tomorrow whether/ you are ready or not 7.3 Unless(trừ phi, trừ khi,trừ trường hợp) = If ….not.

Eg: You’ll be late unless you start at once

=> You’ll be late if you don’t start at once

7.4 But for (Negative expressions )( nếu không vì)

Eg: If it hadn’t rained, we would have had a nice holiday

= But for the rain, we would have …

7.5 Otherwise = or else( nếu không thì sẽ)

Eg: We must be back before midnight, otherwise/ or else we’ll be

locked out

= If we are not be back by midnight, we’ll be locked out

7.6 Provided Miễn là …

(that)

Providing / Với điều kiện là ….

Eg: I will agree to go provided( that) my expenses are paid

Eg: Providing (that) you have the money in your account, you may withdraw up to $100 a day

7.7 If only(giá mà,giá như)

* If only + present tense (express hope)

Eg: (We hope he will come in time.)

= If only he comes in time

* If only + past/ past perfect (express regret)

Eg:We are sorry (that) he smokes

≠ = If only he didn’t smokes

Eg: We are sorry (that) he told lies

= If only you had not told lies.

7.8 If it hadn’t been for …… = But for

Eg: But for the rain we would have had a nice holiday.

= If it hadn’t been for the rain, we would …

7.9 In case( phòng khi)

a Future

+ in case + present/ (should + V)

Present

b Past tense + in case + past tense

Eg1: I’ll make a cake in case someone drops in at the weekend

Eg2: I always keep candles in the house in case there is a power cut

Eg3: I kept candles in the house in case there was a power cut

Exercise 1: Put the verb in brackets into the correct form.

1 If the earth suddenly (stop) ………… spinning we all (fly) ………… off it

2 If you (smoke) …… in a non-smoking compartment the other passengers(object) ……

3 your parents ( not / be) ……… proud if they could see you now?

4 I’m broke, but I (have) ………… plenty of money now if I (not /

spend) ………… so much yesterday

5 If we (work) ………all right, we (finish) ………in time; but

we have no intention of doing it

6 If we (have) ……… a submarine now, we (use) …………it to investigate the seabed

7 Were he ten years younger, he (take) ……… part in the voyage around the world

8 Should you come late, they (not let) ……… you in

9 He might get rid of his cough if he (not smoke) ………so much

10.If someone (give) ……….you a boat what you (do) ……… ?11.Water (freeze) ……… if the temperature falls below zero

12.I (warn) ………… you if I had seen you last week

13.He always says hello if he (see) ………… you

14.What would you do if he (resign) ……… tomorrow?

15.I wouldn’t have been so upset if Judy (write) ……… to me

earlier

16.Shout if you (see) ………… anything unusually

17.The engine starts if you (turn) ……… this key

18.If he weren’t so bad-temperature, his wife (not leave) ……….him

so soon after the marriage

19.What (you / say) ……….if I offered you a job?

20.The children always (get) ………….frightened if they watch horror films21.If it (not be) _ for you, I would be late

22.I can’t help feeling sorry for the hungry children If only there (be)

peace in the world

23.Were I to become president, my first act (be) to help the poor

24.If he (listen) _ to his father’s advice, he would still be working here

25.If she hadn’t stayed up late last night, she (not / be) tired now

26.I feel as if my head (be) _ on fire now, doctor

27.He always talks as though he (address) at a public

meeting

28.It was our fault to keep you waiting so long We (inform) _ you in advance

29.Had I known her address, I (go) _ to visit her

30.He looked frightened as if he (see) _ a ghost

31.I wish I (see) her off at the airport yesterday

32.Tom wishes he (have) _ enough money to buy a new car now.33.Mary wishes she (become) _ an astronaut someday

34.I wish I (have) a day off to visit his parents He hasn’t seen them for ages

35.He wishes he (not/buy) that old car

Exercise 2: Complete each of the following sentences so that it means the same as the sentence before it.

1 She doesn’t live in London because she doesn’t know anyone there

 She’d ………

2 I can’t live in the country because I can’t find a job there

 I’d ………

 If the flats … ……… 14.I don’t know her e-mail address, so I can’t tell you

 If I ……….15.She works in the evening She has no time to play with her children

 If she ……….16.I don’t want them to be upset, so I’ve decided not to tell them what happened

 They ………

17.I am not tall enough to join the basketball team

 If I ………18.He doesn’t see the signal so he doesn’t stop his car

 If he ……….19.Peter gets bad marks because he doesn’t prepare his lessons well

 If Peter ………20.Mary doesn’t have enough money She can’t buy a new car

 If Mary ………21.Go right now or you’ll be late for the train

 If you……….22.He doesn’t apply for the job because he doesn’t have enough

qualifications

 If he ……….23.Hurry up, or we will be late for the exam.

 If we ………24.They do not understand you because you do not often talk to them

 If you ………25.Because you speak English unnaturally, they do not understand you

A hadn't B hadn't been C wouldn't be D wasn't

2 If you had caught the bus, you _ late for work

A wouldn't have been B would have been

C wouldn’t be D would be

3 If I _, I would express my feelings

A were asked B would ask

C had been asked D asked

4 If _ as I told her, she would have succeeded

A she has done B she had done

5 Will you be angry if I _ your pocket dictionary?

A stole B have stolen C were to steal D steal

6 You made a mistake by telling her a lie It _ better if you _ to her

A would have been / hadn't lied B would be / didn't lie

C will be / don't lie D would be / hadn't lied

7 John would be taking a great risk if he _ his money in that business

A would invest B invested C had invested D invests

8 She wouldn't have given them all that money if we _ her to

A wouldn’t advise B won't advise

C hadn't advised D didn't advise

9 If the tree hadn't been so high, he _ it up to take his kite down

A could have climbed B climb

C is climbing D climbed

10 If the wall weren't so high, he _ it up to take his ball down

A climbed B could climb C is climbing D climb

11 If I _ her phone number, I _ her last night

A had known / could have phoned B knew / would have phoned

C know / can phone D knew / could phone

12 If he the truth, the police wouldn’t arrest him

13 If you press that button what _?

A would happen B would have happened

C will happen D happen

14 She says if she _ that the traffic lights were red she _

A had realized / would stop B realized / could have stopped

C has realized / stopped D had realized / would have stopped

15 I am very thin I think, if I _ smoking, I might get fat

A stop B had stopped C will stop D stopped

16 If I _ that yesterday, I _ them

A had discovered / would inform

B had discovered / would have informed

C had discovered / could inform

D discovered / can inform

17 If you _ to the course regularly, they a certificate last year

A go / gave B go / give

C had gone / would have given D went / would give

18 I think he is not at home If he _ in, he the phone

A was / answered B were / would answer

C were / would have answered D.had been / would have answered

19 If I in London now, I could visit British Museum

A were B had been C have been D would be

20 If Columbus _ money from Queen Isabella, he _ across the Atlantic

A do not receive / could not sail

B had not received / might not have sailed

C did not receive / might not have sailed

D would not receive / might not sail

21 If you didn't wear shabby clothes, you _ more good-looking

A will be B would be C would have beenD can be

22 If your hair _ grey now, what you ?

A went / would / do B goes / would /do

C had gone / would/do D had gone / would have / done

23 If you be someone, who you ?

A could / would / have been B could / would / be

C can / will / be D are able to / will / be

24 If I an Angel, I would try to make happy all the children

A am B have been C were D had been

25 John would be taking a great risk if he _ his money in that business

A would invest B invested C had invested D invests

26 It if nobody had reminded them

A would have be forgot B would have been forgot

C would have forget D would have been forget

27 The car if somebody takes it there

A will be repaired B would be repaired

C will been repaired D is repair

28 You to prison if you did that

A would be send B would have been sent

C would be sent D were sent

29 You would study Italian if it _ here

A was teaching B were taught

C would be taught D is taught

30 It _ if nobody reminded them

A was forgotten B would be forget

C would be forgot D would forgot

31 The magazine _ by more people if it had better articles

A would be reading B would read

C would be read D been read

32 The joke would not be funny if it _ into French

A were translated B is translated

C was be translated D translated

33 A doctor _ if somebody falls ill

A will be cold for B will be called for

C will call for D would be call for

34 Would she go if she _?

A were invited B was be invited

C have been invited D be invited

35 He _ the death penalty if he were found guilty

A would be given B would be gave

C would given D were given

36 Who would have won the World War II if the nuclear bomb _ by the Nazus first

A had be produced B had produced

C had been produced D would be produced

37 The room if it is not empty

A couldn’t be repainted B cannot be repainted

C could be repainted D can be repainted

38 He _ the death penalty if he had been found guilty

A would has given B would has been given

C would have given D would have been given

39 The cars _ if we had not done such a huge advertising campaign

A would not have been bought B would not have be bought

C would have been bought D would not had been bought