* Thì Simple Present được dùng để chỉ một hành động diễn ra trong thời gian nói chung, không nhất thiết phải là thời gian ở hiện tại.. 2 Thì Present Continuous còn được dùng để chỉ hành
Trang 1VERB
Động từ được dùng để làm hành động cho chủ từ Để phân biệt các loại động từ (kinds of verbs), chúng
ta hãy quan sát sơ đồ dưới đây:
Auxiliary verb : (do, have, be) Special verb :
Modal verb : (must, can, may, might, could, should …) Verb :
Regular verb : (open, close, clean, remember…) Ordinary verb :
Irregular verb : (run, write, speak, drive…)
Động từ tiếng Anh có hai loại: động từ đặc biệt (special verb) và động từ thường (ordinary verb).
(1) Động từ đặc biệt gồm có:
* Động từ trợ (auxiliary verb) : be (dùng để chia các thì tiếp diễn, thể thụ động), have (dùng để chia các thì hoàn thành), do (dùng để chia các thể phủ định và nghi vấn).
- He is working hard this month (thì hiện tại tiếp diễn)
- The house was built five years ago (thể thụ động)
- He has learned English for two years (thì hiện tại hoàn thành)
- Do you like tea ? (thể nghi vấn) - She does not like coffee (thể phủ định)
* Động từ khiếm khuyết (modal verb) : cần phải có động theo sau.
- We must study hard - He can play the piano.
Đặc điểm chung của các động từ đặc biệt là khi đổi sang thể phủ định ta chỉ cần thêm NOT vào sau các động từ đó và khi đổi sang thể nghi vấn ta đưa các động từ đó ra đầu câu.
- He is not working hard this month - Is he working hard this month ?
- He has not found his book - Have you seen her yet ?
(2) Động từ thường gồm có :
* Động từ có qui tắc (regular verb) : là động từ khi thành lập thì quá khứ đơn (simple past) hay quá khứ phân từ (past paticiple) ta chỉ cần thêm –ED vào sau động từ đó.
- I opened the door this morning (simple past )- I have opened the door (past participle)
* Động từ bất qui tắc (irregular verb) : là động từ có hình thức quá khứ (xem cột 2 của bảng động từ bất qui tắc) và quá khứ phân từ (xem cột 3) riêng.
- He went to the cinema last night (simple past ) - He has gone out (past participle) Động từ thường có chung đặc điểm là khi đổi sang thể phủ định và nghi vấn ta phải dùng động từ trợ “to do” Ta thêm NOT vào sau các động từ trợ ở thể phủ định và đưa động từ trợ ra đầu câu nếu ở thể nghi vấn.
- He did not go to the pub last night - Did he go to the cinema last night ?
- She does not know the answer - Does he understand the lesson ?
* Động từ “to do” vừa là động từ thường vừa là động từ trợ.
- He does his homework (động từ thường) - He does not understand the lesson (động từ trợ) Lesson 1 THE USE OF TENSES
Thì biểu thị thời gian và trạng thái của hành động được diễn đạt bằng động từ Có 12 thì ở dạng chủ động của động từ tiếng Anh Để hiểu được hình thái của các thì, ta có thể nghiên cứu cách chia động từ TO WORK trong bảng dưới đây :
Trang 2Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect continuous Present
- I (You / We / They) work
- He (She / It) works
- I am working
- He (She / It) is working
- You (We / They) are working
- I (You / We / They) have worked
- He (She / It) has worked
- I (You / We / They)havebeen working
- He ( She / It) has been working Past - I (You / He /
- I (You / He / She /
It / We / They) had been working Future - I (We) shall
work
- You (He / She / it / They) will work
- I (We) shall be working
- You (He / She / It / They) will be working
- I (We) shall have worked
- You (He / She / it / They) will have worked
- I (We) shall have been working
- You (He / She / It / They) will have been working
VÀ THÌ PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Tiếng Anh có hai thì hiện tại mà đa số các em học sinh hay lẫn lộn cách sử dụng Đó là thì hiện tại đơn (Simple Present) và thì hiện tại tiếp diễn (Present Continuous).
* Thì Simple Present được dùng để chỉ một hành động diễn ra trong thời gian nói chung, không nhất thiết phải là thời gian ở hiện tại Thời gian nói chung là thời gian mà sự việc diễn ra mỗi ngày (every day), mỗi tuần (every week), mỗi tháng (every month), mỗi năm (every year), mỗi mùa (every spring / summer / autumn / winter)…
- He goes to school every day - Mrs Brown travels every summer.
* Thì Present Continuous được dùng để chỉ một hành động đang xảy ra (a current activity) hay một sự việc chúng ta đang làm bây giờ (now/ at present/ at this moment), hôm nay (today), tuần này (this week), năm nay (this year)…
- We are learning English now - Mary is playing the piano at the moment.
Hãy so sánh : - I work in a bakery every day - I’m working in a bakery this week.
* CHÚ Ý :
(1) + Thì Simple Present thường được dùng với các động từ chỉ tri giác (verbs of perception) như : feel, see, hear… và các động từ chỉ trạng thái như : know, understand, mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need, want, remember, recognize, believe…
+ Ngoài ra chúng ta còn dùng thì Simple Present với động từ : be, appear, belong, have to…
+ Thì Simple Present còn được dùng với các trạng từ chỉ tần suất lập đi lập lại (adverbs of frequency) như : always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, generally, rarely, never…
- That child needs care - This book belongs to me - He never comes late + Chúng ta cũng dùng thì Simple Present để chỉ một chân lý hay một sự thật hiển nhiên (a general truth).
- The sun rises in the east - Nothing is more precious than independence and freedom.
(2) Thì Present Continuous còn được dùng để chỉ hành động ở một tương lai gần (a near future action) và thường đi với các trạng từ chỉ tương lai như : tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, next summer…
Exercise I : Put the verbs in brackets in the present simple or the present continuous tense.
1/ I (have) _ coffee for breakfast every day 2/ My brother (work) _ in a shoe store this summer.3/ The student (look) _ up that new word now 4/ She (go) to school every day
5/ We (do) this exercise at the moment 6/ Miss Helen (read) _ a newspaper now.7/ It (rain) very much in the summer It (rain) _ now
8/ Bad students never (work) hard
9/ He generally (sing) in English, but today he (sing) in Spanish
10/ We seldom (eat) before 6.30
11/ She sometimes (buy) _ vegetables at his market 12/ Be quiet The baby (sleep)
13/ We always (do) _ our exercises carefully
Trang 314/ Look A man (run) _ after the train He (want) _ to catch it.
15/ It (be) very cold now 16/ John (travel) to England tomorrow
17/ I (need) _ some money for my textbooks 18/ Tom (like) to go to the museums
19/ Mary (love) ice-cream
20/ My mother (cook) some food in the kitchen at present She always (cook) in the mornings
21/ I often (leave) _the city at weekends 22/ The guests (watch) the TV programmes now
23/ I (see) you (wear) _your best clothes 24/ The sun (set) _ in the west
25/ My friend (study) _ English for an hour every night
26/ Listen I (hear) someone knocking at the front door
27/ I (do) _ an exercise on the present tense at the moment and I (think) that I (know) _how to use it now
28/ Honesty (be) the best policy 29/ The earth (goes) round the sun
30/ Two and two (make) four
* 2 SO SÁNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT VÀ THÌ SIMPLE PAST
* Thì Present perfect (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành) được dùng để chỉ một quá khứ không rõ thời điểm còn liên lạc với hiện tại.
* Thì Simple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) được dùng để chỉ một quá khứ có thời điểm rõ rệt cắt đứt với hiện tại + CHÚ Ý :
(1) Thì Present Perfect thường đi với những từ như : up to now, up to the present, so far (cho tới nay), not
… yet (vẫn chưa), for, since, ever (đã từng), never, several times (nhiều lần), just (vừa), recently (vừa mới), lately (mới đây)
- Have you ever seen a tiger ? - The train has not arrived yet.
- We have lived here for 6 years - The bell has just rung.
(2) * Thì Simple Past thường đi với những tiếng chỉ thời gian quá khứ xác định như : yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last summer, ago.
- We came here a month ago - He went to the cinema yesterday.
* Thì Simple Past còn được dùng để chỉ một chuỗi các hành động kế tiếp xảy ra trong quá khứ.
- He closed all the windows, locked the doors and then went out.
Exercise II : Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the simple past tense.
1/ We (never watch) _that TV programme 2/ We (wacth) _ a good programme on TV last night
3/ He (read) that novel many times before 4/ He (read) that novel again during my last vacation
5/ I (have) a little trouble with my car last week 6/ However, I (have) no trouble with my car since then.7/ I (not see) John for a long time I (see) him 3 weeks ago
8/ The school bell (ring) We must go now
9/ I (meet) Mary last night She (become) a very big girl
10/ He is very thirsty He (not drink) since this morning 11/ It is very hot Summer (come) .12/ They (study) at this school for 7 years now 13/ They (begin) to study at this school 7 years ago
14/ Since when (you know) _ her ? 15/ How long ago (he start) to learn French ?
16/ She (lose) her handbag on the train yesterday morning
17/ My mother (be) in hospital for a long time and she cannot go home yet
18/ His dog (just run) out of the garden 19/ Mr Brown (travel) by air several times in the past.20/ He (travel) _ to Mexico by air last summer
+ Thì Present Perfect Continuous (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) được dùng để chỉ sự tiếp diễn của một hành động (the continuity of an action) cho tới hiện tại.
- I have been waiting for two hours, but she has not come yet - He has been living here since 1975.
- We have been working in the garden all morning.
Trang 4+ Thì Present Perfect Continuous còn được dùng với các động từ như : lie, wait, sit, stand, study, learn, live, rest, stay…
- They have been learning English since 1995 - The chair has been lying in the store window for ages.
Exercise III : Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the present perfect continuous tense.
1/ I (try) to learn French for years, but I (not succeed) yet
2/ She (read) _ all the works of Dickens.How many (you read) _ ?
3/ I (wait) here nearly half an hour for my girlfriend; do you think she (forget) to come ?
4/ Mary (rest) in the garden all day because she (be) ill
5/ Although John (study) at the University for 5 years, he (not get) his degree yet
6/ Jack (go) to Switzerland for a holiday He (never, be) there
7/ We (live) here for the last six months, and (just, decide) to move
8/ That book ( lie) on the table for weeks You (not read) _ it yet ?
9/ He (not be) _ here since Christmas; I wonder where he (live) since then
10/ He (lose) his books He (look) for them all afternoon, but they (not turn up) _ yet.11/ She (work) _ so hard this week that she (not have) _ time to go to the cinema
12/ Your hair is wet (You swim) for a long time ?
13/ Bill is still a bad driver although he (drive) cars for six years
14/ You look very tired (You work) very hard ?
15/ The phone (ring) for 2 minutes, but I (not answer) it yet
Exercise IV : Put the verbs in brackets in the present tenses.
1/ I (be) sorry I (forget) that fellow’s name already
2/ Jack (look) forward to his vacation next June
3/ I (have) no trouble with my english lessons up to now
4/ Mr and Mrs Brown (be) _ in New York for 2 months
5/ Michael (work) 38 hours a week 6/ At present, that author (write) _ a novel
7/ George (do) good work in this class so far 8/ The weather( generally, get) hot in July 9/ You must wake her up She (sleep) soundly for 10 hours
10/ Listen! I (think) someone (knock) at the front door
11/ How long (you learn) English?
12/ That student (know) all the new words very well now
13/ Alice (lose) _ her Vienamese-English dictionary 14/ Fred (just, graduate) _ from Oxford University.15/ The earth (circle) the sun once every 365 days
16/ That grandfather clock (stand) there for as long as I can remember
17/ That brown briefcase (belong) to Dr.Rice
18/ Jim (work) on his report this year 19/ Robert (wait) for you since noon
20/ That museum (stand) _ here for ceturies 21/ The sun (get) very hot during the afternoon.22/ Tom (buy) _ a new car next week 23/ The boys and girls (go) home after thislesson
24/ Davis (play) football every afternoon
25/ Up to the present, we (write) almost every lesson in this book
* 4 SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE PAST
VÀ THÌ PAST CONTINUOUS
+ Thì Simple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) được dùng để chỉ một hành động ngắn (thình lình) xảy ra trong quá khứ.
- I met him in the street yesterday.
+ Thì Past Continuous (Quá Khứ Tiếp Diễn) được dùng để chỉ một hành động kéo dài trong quá khứ tương ứng với một hành động khác cũng trong quá khứ.
- I met him while he was crossing the street - She was going home when she saw an accident + Thì Past Continuous còn diễn tả một hành động kéo dài tại điểm thời gian xác định ở quá khứ hoặc hai hành động liên tiếp song song với nhau.
- My father was watching TV at 8 o’clock last night - I was doing my homework while my father was watching TV.
Exercise V : Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past continuous tense.
1/ He (sit) _ in a bar when I (see) him 2/ When I (go) out, the sun (shine) _
3/ The light (go) out while I (have) tea 4/ When it (rain) , she(carry) _ an umbrella
Trang 55/ We (walk) to the station when it (begin) to rain.
6/ He (teach) English for 2 months when he (live) in Germany and (work) as a journalist
7/ The house (burn) fast, so we (break) the window to get out
8/ He (eat) three sandwiches while you (talk) to him
9/ The servant (drop) two cups while she (wash up) _ last night; neither of them (break)
10/ While I (write) _ a letter, the telephone (ring) _; as he (go) _ to answer it, he (hear) _ a knock on thedoor; the telephone (still, ring) _while he (walk) _ to the door, but just as he (open) _ it, it (stop) _
* 5 SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE PAST
VÀ THÌ PAST PERFECT
+ Thì Past Perfect (Quá Khứ Hoàn Thành) dùng để chỉ một hành động xảy ra trước một hành động khác cũng trong quá khứ (past action).
- When he had finished his work, he went home. - By the time I arrived at the station, the train had gone.
+ Thì Past Perfect còn diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trước một điểm thời gian xác định ở quá khứ.
- By 10 o’clock last night, I had gone to bed.
Exercise VI : Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect tense.
1/ They (go) home after they (finish) their work
2/ He (do) _ nothing before he (see) _ me
3/ He (thank) me for what I (do) for him
4/ I (be) sorry that I (hurt) him
5/ After they (go) , I (sit) down and (rest)
6/ When I (arrive), the dinner (already, begin)
7/ My friend (not see) me for many years when I (meet) last week
8/ He (learn) English before he (leave) for England
9/ In England, he soon (remember) all he (learn)
10/ They (tell) him they (not meet) him before
11/ He (ask) why we (come) so early
12/ She (say) that she (already, see) _ Dr Rice
13/ By the time Bill (get) there, the meeting (start)
14/ When we (arrive) at our place, we (find) that a burglar (break) in
15/ Almost everybody (leave) _ for home by the time we (arrive)
* 6 SO SÁNH THÌ PAST PERFECT VÀ THÌ
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
+ Thì Past Perfect Continuous (Quá Khứ Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) dùng để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục của hành động trước khi một hành động quá khứ khác xảy ra Hãy so sánh :
- She had been studying English before she came here for classes (Hành động had been studying xảy ra liên tục cho tới khi hành động came for classes xảy ra).
- She had studied English before she came for classes (Hành động had studied chấm dứt trước hành động came for classes)
Và hãy so sánh :
- It had been raining when I got up this morning (Mưa đã dứt khi tôi thức dậy.)
- It was raining when I got up this morning (Mưa vẫn còn khi tôi thức dậy.)
Exercise VII : Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect continuous tense.
1/ I (ask) _ him what he (do)
2/ Tom (be) _ tired He (run) for an hour
3/ Although he (go) to the doctor for 6 months, he (not, feel) any better
4/ The telephone (ring) for 5 minutes before it (be) answered
5/ They (tell) me you (live) in London before the war
6/ The poor man (wait) for 6 hours before he (be) brought into the room
7/ By noon that day, we (drive) for 5 hours
8/ The robber who (watch) him running to the tree (sit) _ down under its branches and (begin) to attack him.9/ I (ask) _ her what she (do) _ since she (arrive) in England
10/ She (tell) me that she (study) English literature
Trang 6* 7 SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE FUTURE VÀ THÌ FUTURE CONTINUOUS
+ Thì Simple Future (Tương Lai Đơn) diễn tả một hành động sẽ xảy ra (có hoặc không có thời gian xác định
ở tương lai); còn thì Future Continuous (Tương Lai Tiếp Diễn) diễn tả một hành động liên tiến tại điểm thời gian xác định ở tương lai.
- He will go to the stadium next Sunday - We will / shall have the final test Hãy so sánh :
- I will eat breakfast at 6 o’clock tomorrow (Vào lúc 6 giờ sáng mai, tôi sẽ bắt đầu dùng bữa điểm tâm.)
- I will be eating breakfast at 6 o’clock tomorrow (Vào lúc 6 giờ sáng mai, tôi sẽ đang dùng bữa điểm tâm.)
+ Trong các mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ thời gian (adverb clause of time) hay mệnh đề điều kiện (adverb clause of condition), thì Simple Present được dùng để thay thế cho thì Simple Future.
- I shall not go until I see him - If he comes tomorrow, he will do it.+ Chú ý : WILL còn được dùng cho tất cả các ngôi.
Exercise VIII : Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present or the simple future tense.
1/ We (go) out when the rain (stop) _.2/ I (stay) _ here until he (answer) me.3/ Wait until I (catch) you 4/ I (be) _ ready before you (count) _ ten
5/ John must eat his breakfast before he (go) _ out 6/ Miss Helen (help) you as soon as she (finish) _ thatletter 7/ He (tell) you when you (get) there
8/ She (not come) until you (be) _ ready 9/ He (tell) _ you when you (ask) _ him.10/ I (come) _ and (see) _you before I (leave) _ for England
* 8 SO SÁNH THÌ FUTURE PERFECT VÀ THÌ
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
+ Thì Future Perfect (Tương Lai Hoàn Thành) được dùng để chỉ một hành động sẽ hoàn thành trước một hành động khác trong tương lai hay một điểm thời gian ở tương lai.
- The taxi will have arrived by the time you finish dressing.- By next Christmas, he will have lived in Dalat for 5 years.
+ Để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục của hành động, chúng ta dùng thì Future Perfect Continuous (Tương Lai Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn).
- By the time you receive this letter, we shall have been travelling through Russia.
- By next June, they will have been working in this factory for 12 years.
Exercise IX : Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present, simple future, present perfect or future perfect tense.
1/ I’ll wait until he (write) his next novel
2/ When you (come) _ back, he (already buy) a new house
3/ Don’t come until I (finish) _ lunch
4/ I (hope) _ it (stop) raining by 5 o’clock this afternoon
5/ The river (not begin) _ to rise until some rain (fall)
6/ I (stay) here until you (finish) _ your work
7/ By next month, I (leave) _ for India
8/ He (finish) _ his work before you (leave)
9/ Before you (go) , they (leave) the country
10/ The meeting (finish) _ by the time we (get) _ there
Exercise X : Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present, simple future, future continuous or future perfect tense.
1/ We (send) you a telegram as soon as we (arrive) _ in London
2/ When George (come) this afternoon, he (bring) his friends
3/ I (speak) _ to you about that matter after the meeting tonight
4/ By the time you (receive) this letter, we (cross) the Atlantic Ocean
5/ By this time next week, you (meet) my boyfriend, Ali
6/ I (wait) for you right here when you (come) out of the building
7/ She (wait) for you at 5 o’clock this afternoon
8/ I (give) it back as soon as he (want) it
9/ I (not move) from here until you (get) back
10/ They (not come) home until they (see) everything
Trang 7Exercise XI : Supply the correct tense.
1/ They (just decide) that they (undertake) _ the job
2/ We (go) _ to the theatre last night
3/ He usually (write) in green ink
4/ She (play) the piano when our guests (arrive) last night
5/ We (do) an English exercise at the moment
6/ She (just come) in and (see) you in 5 minutes
7/ I (come) as soon as my work is finished (You be) ready ?
8/ Where (you go) for your holiday last year ?
9/ I (not leave) _ Paris since we (go) _ to Dieppe three years ago
10/ My mother (come) to stay with us next weekend
11/ We (meet) only yesterday and (already decide) to get married
12/ I (never see) snow
13/ Violets (bloom) in spring
14/ We (not live) _ in England for the last two months
15/ I (lose) _ my keys; I cannot remember where I last (see) _ them
16/ He (not arrive) when I (write) my last letter to you
17/ Whenever you (go) _ to town nowadays, you (spend) _ a lot of money
18/ I (never forget) what you (just tell) me
19/ They (prepare) the Christmas dinner today
20/ When I last (stay) in Cairo, I (ride) to the Pyramids on a camel that my friend (borrow) _ the day before.21/ I (finish) _ the book before my next birthday
22/ “Hello! (You make) a cake ?
23/ He (walk) very quickly when I (meet) him yesterday
24/ We (meet) you tomorrow after you (finish) your work
25/ Yesterday I (buy) a new watch as my old one (be) stolen
Exercise XII : Supply the correct tense.
1/ He said he (be) sorry he (give) me so much trouble
2/ I am sorry that I (not know) you (leave) _ your pipe when you (come) to see me last Thursday.3/ He (be) so good to me when I was a boy that to this day I (not forget) his kindness, and I hope that I(never forget)
4/ He (sleep) and (not understand) what you (say) to him He (wake) _ if you (speak) _ louder5/ Some animals (not eat) _ during the winter and only (come) out in spring
6/ After leaving school he (study) _ French in Paris for two years and then (move) _ to America, where he now (live) He (visit) England once or twice and (know) English well; but (not have) _ yet the opportunity ofvisiting European countries 7/ I (know) him for a very long time
8/ When my friend Tom grows a beard, even his closest friends (not recognize) him
9/ When I (meet) him in the street, he (go) to the pictures
10/ I (study) _ English for six years now
11/ I expect he (leave) for France as soon as he (get) a visa
12/ He (visit) his friend yesterday and (find) _ that he (be) out
13/ They (sell) _ all the dresses before we (get) there
14/ After she (work) at the hospital for two years, she (decide) to give up the job
15/ He will come at once because I (tell) him by phone that you (need) him urgently I’m sure he(find) his way easily although he (never visit) this house before
16/ By the time you get back, I (finish) _ all my correspondence and then I (can help) you with yours.17/ In a few minutes’ time, when the clock (strike) six, I (wait) here for an hour
18/ He (know) her a long time before he finally (get) _ married to her
19/ I hope it (not rain) when the bride (leave) the church
20/ I (tell) a lie if I said that I (like) you
21/ They (intend) _ to go there next week; but now they (find) _ they (not have) enough money.22/ When he grew old he often (think) of all the things he (do) _ when he (be) young.23/ When we (go) _ to see them last night, they (play) cards; they (say) they (play) since six o’clock.24/ This is the second time you (break) a cup; you (break) one yesterday My last servant (neverbreak) anything, and you (break) _ nearly half the things in the house
25/ I always (tell) _ you to comb your hair, but you never (do) _ what I (say) _
EXERCISE XIII : Use the correct tense of the verbs in brackets.
1/ Mrs Reed (turn) _ on the radio in her car while she (drive) _ home yesterday She (listen) _ to some music when she suddenly (hear) _ a siren She (look) in her mirror and
Trang 8(see) _ an ambulance behind her She immediately (pull) her car to the side of the road and (wait) _ for the ambulance (pass) _.
2/ My mother (call) _ me around 5 o’clock My husband (come) _ home a little after that When he(come) home, I (talk) _ to my mother on the phone
3/ Next month I (have) _ a week’s vacation I (plan) to take a trip First I (go) _ to Madison, Wisconsin to visit
my brother After I (leave) _ Madion, I (go) Chicago to see a friend who (study) _ at a university there.She (live) in Chicago for three years, so she (know) _ her way around the city She (promise) _
to take me to many interesting places I (never, be) _ in Chicago, so I (look) _ forward to going there.4/ Yesterday John (eat) breakfast at 8:00 He (already, eat) _ breakfast when he (leave) for class at8:45 He (always, eat) _ breakfast before he (go) _ to class I (usually, not eat) _ breakfastbefore I (go) _ to class But I (usually, get) _ hungry about midmorning Tomorrow before I (go) _ to class, I (eat) _ breakfast
5/ Last year, I (go) mountain climbing for the first time It was exciting and terrifying at the same time We(move) _slowly and carefully, and it (take) _ three days to get to the top When we climbed ontothe summit, we (find) _ another group of climbers They (arrive) _ several hours ahead of us They(have) _ dinner and listening to Beethoven We (laugh) and they (invite) _ us to jointhem The climb (be) _, to say the least, an unforgettable experience
6/ The weather (be) _ terrible lately It (rain) _ off and on for two days, and the temperature (drop) _ at least twenty degrees It (be) _ in the low 40s right now Just three days ago, the sun (shine) _ and the weather was pleasant The weather certainly (change) _ quickly here I never know what
to expect Who knows ? When I (wake) _ up tomorrow morning, maybe it (snow) _
7/ A taxi driver (drive) along a street when he suddenly (black out) _ and lost control of hisvehicle The taxi (plunge) _ into a nearby river A hawker, who (see) the accident, rushed fromhis coffee stall and (dive) _ into the water He (have) _ to swim twenty five metres before he couldget to the taxi The taxi driver (try) to wind down the window The hawker reached into the taxi for thesafety-belt After he (release) the safety-belt, he pulled the driver out through the partially open window At thehospital, the driver (say) that the black out might (cause) by his high blood pressurecondition
8/ Marie Curie, the Polish-born chemist, was a courageous and determined woman She (leave) _ her home forParis to pursue her interest in science Living in poverty, she still (manage) _ to graduate at the top of her class.She (meet) _ Pierre Curie shortly after graduation and (marry) _ him a year later
Together, Pierre and Marie (form) _ the most famous husband-and-wife partnership in science history They(discover) _ the radioactive elements, Polonium and Radium They (award) _ the Nobel Prize forPhysics in 1903
Lesson 2 CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN
(Conditional Sentence)
Một câu điều kiện có hai mệnh đề : mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện (tức mệnh đề phụ) còn được gọi là mệnh đề có if (If-clause) và mệnh đề chỉ kết quả còn được gọi là mệnh đề chính (main clause).
- If he works harder, he will succeed in his examination.
(if-clause) (main clause) Chúng ta cũng có thể đặt mệnh đề chính ở đầu câu :
- He will succeed in his examination if he works harder.
Trong tiếng Anh có 3 loại câu điều kiện chính :
* Type I : ĐIỀU KIỆN CÓ THỂ XẢY RA ĐƯỢC (probable condition)
1/ Ý nghĩa : Loại điều kiện này dùng để diễn tả một sự việc có thể xảy ra hoặc không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai; nhưng chúng ta có nhiều hy vọng nó xảy ra.
2/ Thì của động từ :
If- clause Main clause
Simple present Simple future (shall / will + verb)
- If the rain stops, we shall go for a walk.
- He will come if you call him.
* Ngoài ra chúng ta còn có thể dùng các khiếm khuyết động từ như : CAN, MUST, MAY … để thay cho shall hoặc will ở mệnh đề chính.
- If you ask me, I can help you - You must study harder if you want to pass the coming exam.
Trang 9* Mệnh đề chính có thể là một mệnh lệnh hoặc thỉnh cầu :
- Come to me if you need help - If you have time, perfect your English.
* Tpe II : ĐIỀU KIỆN KHÔNG CÓ THẬT Ở HIỆN TẠI (Present- unreal Con)
1/ Ý nghĩa : Loại điều kiện này diễn tả một điều kiện khó có thể xảy ra hay một sự việc không thực hiện được ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
- If I had a lot of free time, I would go swimming.(= I haven’t got free time, so I won’t go swimming)
- If Tom were here, he would know the answer (= Tom isn’t here, so he doesn’t know the answer.)
- I would call him if I knew his number (= I don’t know his number, so I won’t call him)
* Quá khứ giả định là hình thức quá khứ đơn của các động từ ngoại trừ động từ “to be” chỉ có một hình thức WERE cho tất cả các ngôi.
* COULD, MIGHT… có thể được dùng để thay thế cho should hay would.
- If John worked hard, he could pass his exam.
* Type III : ĐIỀU KIỆN KHÔNG CÓ THẬT Ở QUÁ KHỨ (Past-unreal Condition)
1/ Ý nghĩa : Loại điều kiện này dùng để diễn tả một điều kiện hoàn toàn không thực hiện được hoặc không xảy ra trong quá khứ.
2/ Thì của động từ :
Past perfect
Perfect Conditional(Should/ would have + past participle)
- If he had had a lot of money, he would have bought a bigger house.
- I would have taken you to the movie if you had come to see me yesterday.
* “If” có thể được lược bỏ đi nếu có sự đảo ngữ (thường được dùng trong hình thức nhấn mạnh).
- Were I rich, I would help you (= If I were rich, I would help you.)
- Had he known the truth, he would have been very angry (= If he had known the truth, he would have been very angry)
* Ngoài liên từ “if” ra, câu điều kiện còn được bắt đầu bằng các liên từ khác như : suppose, supposing that (giả sử như), on the condition that (với điều kiện là), as long as, so long as, provided that (miễn là), in case (trong trường hợp) , even if ( ngay cho là)
- As long as you return the book by Saturday, I will lend it to you with pleasure.
* Hai tiếng có nghĩa phủ định : unless (trừ phi), but for (nếu không)
- He won’t come unless you call him (= He won’t come if you don’t call him.)
- But for the storm, he would have arrived much earlier.
EXERCISE I : Rewrite the sentences , using conditional clauses.
1/ I (do) if I (have) time.
- I will do it if I have time (type 1)
- I would do it if I had time (type 2)
- I would have done it if I had had time (type 3)
2/ If she (not try), she (not succeed).
Trang 105/ If I (be) ill, I (stay) at home.
EXERCISE II: Put the verbs in brackets in correct tenses.
1/ If I (have) a typewriter, I could type it myself.
2/ If I had known that you were in hospital , I (visit) you.
3/ You could make much progress if you (attend) class regularly.
4/ If I (know) his telephone number, I would give it to you.
5/ If you (arrive) ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat.
6/ If he (study) harder, he can pass an exam.
7/ She may be late if she (not hurry) .
8/ Tell him to ring me if you (see) him.
9/ If you (speak) more slowly,he might have understood you.
10/ What (you do) if you got fat ?
Exercise III : Supply the correct verb tense.
1/ If you are kind to me, I (be) _ good to you.
2/ He (come) _ if you waited.
3/ If you (ring) _ the bell, the servant would come.
4/ If I had known that the baby was hungry, I (feed) _ him.
5/ If it (not, rain) _ a lot, the rice crop wouln’t grow.
6/ If today (be) _ Sunday, we wouldn’t have to work.
7/ If she had had your address, she (write) _ to you.
8/ We lost the match If you (play) _ for us, we (win) _.
9/ So long as you return the book by Saturday, I (lend) _ it to you with pleasure 10/ They would not be paid unless they (do) _ their work well.
11/ Provided he (not, be) _ interrupted, he can finish the work on time.
Trang 1112/ If it (be) _ convenient, let’s meet at three o’clock.
13/ If I became very rich, I (build ) _ a hospital for the poor.
14/ If he (give) _ up smoking, as his doctor orders, he will be soon well again.
15/ He (not, have) _ an accident if he had not been driving so fast.
16/ If she (write) _ more carefully, she might not have made too many mistakes.
17/ You would have to stay in bed unless your health (improve) _.
18/ Did she have more practice, she (speak) _ English better.
19/ Had I known that she was sick, I (visit) _ her.
20/ Supposing World War III (happen) , human civilization (be) _ destroyed.
EXERCISE IV : Put “if” or “unless” into these spaces.
1/ we hurry, we’ll miss the bus.
2/ Will you phone me you come to England ?
3/ you see Jane, ask her to contact me.
4/ You’ll never pass your exam you don’t work harder.
5/ Liverpool won’t win they begin playing better.
6/ you forget our address, you can find it in the phone book.
7/ You won’t pass your driving test you drive more carefully.
8/ He’ll be ill he doesn’t stop worrying so much.
9/ We’ll go to the beach tomorrow it’s raining.
10/ We’ll never get there on time the train leaves soon.
EXERCISE V : Use “if” in place of “unless”
1/ We won’t go out unless it stops raining.
2/ I will call the police unless you give back my bicycle.
3/ You wouldn’t be able to do this exercise unless your English were good.
4/ Unless we had enough rain, we couldn’t grow rice.
5/ The fishermen couldn’t have caught a lot of fish unless they had had good nets.
6/ I wouldn’t buy it unless I could afford it.
7/ I would refuse to go unless they paid my expenses.
8/ I don’t agree with his economic policy I wouldn’t vote for him unless he changed it.
9/ He wouldn’t have written unless he had heard news.
10/ You might not have a terrible toothache unless you went to the dentist regularly.
EXERCISE VI : The following sentences are first, second or third conditional Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate form.
1/ We wanted to go out yesterday but the weather was terrible If it (be) … had been … a nice day, we (go) … would have gone … for a picnic.
2/ Why don’t you explain everything to him ? If you (not tell) him the truth, I’m sure you (regret) _
it one day.
3/ Mary was here not long ago If you (come round) _ earlier, you (see) her.
4/ Apparently, the ferry company are planning to close the port in this town If that (happen) _, the town (lose) a great deal of money.
5/ I (help) you with it if I (have) _ more time but I’m afraid I haven’t got any spare time at all at the moment.
6/ The government is expecting to win the next election, but if it (lose) _, the Prime Minister (resign) _ from politics.
7/ I am so glad that you took me to your friend’s party If we (not go) _ there, I (never meet) _ Kate Winset.
8/ It’s ridiculous that trains are so expensive If fares (be) _ cheaper, I’m sure more people (use) _ the train and leave their cars at home.
9/ If she (get) that job she’s applied for, she (be) _ delighted And I think she’s got a good chance
of getting it.
Trang 1210/ Fortunately the explosion took place at night when the streets were empty It (be) _ a disaster if it (happen) _ in the middle of the day.
11/ The talks between the two leaders keep breaking down If they (break down) _ again, it is possible that there (be) _ a war between the two countries.
12/ If Alison (know) _ anything about car mechanics, I’m sure she (help) _ us fix the car, but I think she knows even less than we do.
13/ They’ve been married for twenty years now but I don’t think she (marry) _ him if she (know) _ what a selfish man he was.
14/ Children spend too much time watching television and playing computer games I’m sure they (be) _ happier if they (spend) _ more time playing outside.
15/ James has everything he wants but he’s always moaning I’m sure that if I (have) _ so much money,
I (not moan) _ all the time.
EXERCISE VII : Rewrite the following sentences using If clauses.
Model :
a/ My brother will have enough money He will buy a bicycle.
→ If my brother has enough money, he will buy a bicycle.
b/ She can’t speak English She won’t apply for the job.
→ If she could speak English she would apply for the job.
c/ He wasn’t here He didn’t have a lot of fun.
→ If he had been here, he would have had a lot of fun.
1/.She can’t be employed because she doesn’t have a college degree.
2/ I don’t have enough money I can’t go on a long holiday this year.
3/ He is very slow, so we won’t give his such an important task.
4/ I’ll have to work this Sunday, so I shan’t join your picnic.
5/ He works overtime to get more money because he has to pay father’s debt.
6/ City life isn’t enjoyable because everything is very expensive.
7/ There are industrial factories inside the city, that’s why pollution can’t be reduced.
8/ Everything on the earth grows well because the sun always shines.
9/ There is a grammar error in this English composition, that’s why it can’t get a full mark.
10/ I don’t have a typewriter I can’t type it myself.
11/ I’ll buy a new hat I’ll give it to you.
12/ You’ll ask the teacher He’ll explain the lesson to you.
13/ Mary doesn’t see the sight She can’t tell you about that.
14/ I don’t know his address I can’t give it to you.
15/ He didn’t look a lot better because he didn’t shave more often.
16/ She was ill She didn’t go to work.
17/ It was raining all morning We didn’t go out.
18/ He was tired He made a mistake.
19/ Peter didn’t write to me I didn’t write to him.
20/ You didn’t ask Alice She didn’t tell you the truth.
(THE PASSIVE VOICE)
* Thể chủ động (active voice) là cách đặt câu mà chủ từ đóng vai trò chủ động.
- Mr Brown wrote the report yesterday - He has already finished his homework.
* Thể thụ động (passive voice) là cách đặt câu mà chủ từ đóng vai trò bị động.
- That house was built 100 years ago - Those windows are painted blue.
Passive sentence : S + be + past participle
1/ Hãy quan sát ví dụ sau :
* Active : Tom broke the chair yesterday.
Trang 13S V O
* Passive : The chair was broken by Tom yesterday.
2/ Ghi nhớ: Cách đổi một câu từ active sang passive :
* Lấy túc từ (O) trong câu chủ động xuống làm chủ từ (S) trong câu thụ động.
* Nhận xét xem động từ chia trong câu chủ động ở thì nào, ta chia TO BE ở thì đó rồi viết động từ chính ở dạng quá khứ phân từ (p.p).
* Lấy chủ từ (S) trong câu chủ động xuống làm doer trong câu thụ động, nhớ viết BY ngay đằng trước.
* Trạng từ giữ nguyên không đổi và thường đặt cuối câu (nếu là trạng từ chỉ thời gian).
3/ Một vài ví dụ khác :
+ (a) simple present : [Subject+ am / is / are + P.P ]
- Mr.Green teaches history History is taught by Mr.Green
+ (b) present perfect : [ S + has / have + been + p.p ]
- He has just done his homework. His homework has just been done by him
+ (c) present continuous : [ S + am / is / are / + being + p.p]
- She is cleaning the windows. The windows are being cleaned by her
+ (d) simple past : [ S + was / were + p.p]
- The boss sacked ten workers. Ten workers were sacked by the boss
+ (e) past perfect : [ S + had been + p.p]
- Mary had written the letter. The letter had been written by Mary
+ (f) Past continuous : [ S + was / were + being + p.p]
- The police were questioning Tom Tom was being questioned by the police
+ (g) simple future: [ S + will / shall + be + p.p]
- John will deliver the letter. The letter will be delivered by John
+ (h) Modal verbs : [ S + must / can / may … + be + p.p]
- He must do it right now. It must be done by him right now
+ (i) special structures : [ S + is / are going to + be + p.p]
- The engineers are going to build the bridge. The bridge is going to be built by the engineers.
(… còn áp dụng với các cấu trúc khác như : have to, had to, used to, ought to …)
+ (j) 2 objects :
- They gave me a present yesterday. I was given a present yesterday(by them).
A present was given to me yesterday(by them).(Nếu sau BY là them / people / someone / somebody…ta có thể bỏ đi)
+ (k) perception verb with bare infinitive : [ S + be – p.p + to inf ]
- I never hear him shout at his children. He is never heard to shout at his children.
+ (l) perception verb with present partciple : [ S + be – p.p + V-ing ]
- I saw the boy coming into the room. The boy was seen coming into the room.
+ (m) With ‘make’ : [ S + be – made + to inf ]
- They made me do it. I was made to do it.
+ (n) With ‘let’ : [ S + be – let + bare inf ]
- They let him do it. He was let do it.
+ (o) With ‘begin or start’: [ S + begin / start + to be + p.p ]
- They began to build the house in 1980. The house began to be built in 1980.
+ (p) With “say, report, rumour…’:
- People say that prevention is better than cure. It is said that prevention is better than cure.
Prevention is said to be better than cure (…cách đổi này được áp dụng cho các động từ như: SAY, REPORT, THINK, BELIEVE, RUMOUR…)
+ (q) câu mệnh lệnh : [ Let + O + be – p.p ]
- Open the door, please. Let the door be opened, please.
EXERCISE I : Supply the correct tense and voice.
1/ Everyone (shock) … was shocked … by the news yesterday.
Trang 142/ Almost everyone (enjoy)… enjoyed … the lecture last night.
3/ English (speak) _ all over the world.
4/ A terrible accident (happen) _ right here at 6 o’clock last night 5/ Mr Smith (teach) _ at this university since 1985.
6/ Not much (say) _ about the matter since last week.
7/ He (borrow) _ the money from her two weeks ago.
8/ A new textbook (publish) _ by that company next year.
9/ Everything (go) _ well so far There (be) _ no trouble yet 10/ Who the book (write) _ by ?
11/ Think carefully I’m sure you (remember) _ his name.
12/ The report (examine) _ now.
EXERCISE II : Turn into the passive voice.
1/ He is running his own restaurant.
2/ The secretary opens the mails every morning.
3/ The teacher doesn’t allow me to take the seat by the window.
4/ Tom’s absence worried his mother.
5/ They are building a new school in this town.
6/ You should finish the report right now.
7/ We shall discuss the matter in the afternoon.
8/ Are you going to post this letter ?
9/ He has to pay the bills before the fifth of the month.
10/ No one has opened that box for the past hundred years.
11/ The boy screamed while the dentist was pulling out one of his teeth 12/ The enemy used to attack the bay.
13/ The fire has destroyed many houses.
14/ The children are carrying the chairs into the house.
15/ They awarded him the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1946.
16/ We saw him leave the office at 6 o’clock this morning.
17/ My parents didn’t let me go to school this morning because I was ill 18/ You ought to water these plants once a week.
19/ People saw her driving a car near the bridge.
20/ They said that he was the richest man in the town.
21/ Scientists began to carry out researches on AIDS in 1981.
22/ The boy knew that they were praising him.
23/ Everybody believed that he had died of lung cancer.
24/ They hadn’t built the bridge when we first came here.
25/ I can assure you that I will arrange everything in time.
EXERCISE III : Change to the active voice.
1/ Progress in science is being made day after day.
2/ The palace was designed by a French architect.
3/ The road in front of my house has been paved.
4/ You can see that the dishes haven’t been washed.
5/ Our salaries will not be increased this year.
6/ Wasn’t that theatre built two years ago ?
7/ The problem may be discussed again.
8/ My brother has been offered a well-paid job.
9/ It is reported that the war started again in South America.
10/ I was told that I was going to be appointed manager of this company EXERCISE IV : Rewrite the following sentences.
1/ People don’t learn a foreign language in a short time.
Trang 152/ Did anyone ask any questions about me ?
3/ Henry wrote that book years ago, didn’t he ?
4/ I wasn’t introduced to any of the guests.
5/ What sort of research are they doing in the laborotary ?
6/ You should place matches out of reach of children.
7/ People say that inflation is getting out of control.
8/ We’ll have finished all the work by the weekend.
9/ I heard her singing very beautifully.
10/ Scientists started discovering the universe thousands of years ago.
11/ Nothing can be gained without effort.
12/ The robbers forced the bank manager to hand over the money.
13/ They let us go.
14/ The police stopped Tom on the highway and made him show his I.D card 15/ Write your address on the back of the cheque.
16/ Where did your child find the keys ?
17/ Some people think he is a dangerous criminal.
18/ They will have to sign these documents.
19/ The workers are going to pull down that old building.
20/ No one told me the truth.
EXERCISE V : More exercises on Passive voice.
1 Yes - No questions :
a Do they teach English here ?
b Will you invite her to your wedding party ?
c Did the teacher give some exercises ?
d Is she going to write poem ?
e Have they changed the window of the laboratory ?
f Is she making big cakes for the party ?
g Has Tom finished the work ?
h Are the police making inquires about the thief.
i Must we finish the test before ten ?
j Will buses bring the children home ?
2 Wh - questions :
a Why didn’t they help him ?
b How many games has the team played ?
c Where do people speak English ?
d Who are they keeping in the kitchen ?
e How can they open this safe ?
f What books are people reading this year ?
g How did the police find the lost man ?
h Who looked after the children for you ?
i How long have they waited for the doctor ?
j What time can the boys hand in their papers ?
3 Sentences with two Objects :
a The teacher gave each of us two exercise books.
b Someone will tell him that news.
c They had sent enough money to these poor boys.
d They have given the women in most countries in the world the right to vote.
e They paid me a lot of money to do the job.
4 Sentences with verb of reporting :
a People believe that 13 is an unlucky number.
b They rumoured that man was still living.
Trang 16c They declared that she won the competition.
d They know that English is an international language.
e People think that Jack London’s life and writings represent the American love of adventure.
f They say that John is the brightest student in class.
g They reported that the President had suffered a heart attack.
h They think that he has died a natural death.
i They reported that the troops were coming.
j People believed that the earth stood still.
5 Sentences with verbs “Continue and Begin” :
a We’ll continue to use this computer.
b They began to plant rubber trees in big plantations.
c People can continue to enjoy natural resources.
d People will continue to drink Coca - Cola in the 21 st century.
e American people begin to love football.
6 Sentences with Phrasal verbs :
a They gave up the research after three hours.
b Someone should look into the matter.
c Don’t speak until someone speaks to you.
d A neighbour is looking after the children.
e Your story brings back pleasant memories.
7 Sentences with verbs of Perception :
a I have heard her sing this song several times.
b People saw him steal your car.
c The teacher is watching them work.
d He won’t let you do that silly thing again.
e People don’t make the children work hard.
f They made him work all day.
g The detective saw the woman putting the jewelry in her bag.
h The terrorists made the hostages lie down.
i Police advise drivers to use an alternative route.
j She helps me to do all these difficult exercises.
8 Sentences of order :
a Open your book.
b Take off your hat.
c Don’t do that silly thing again.
d Let’s tell them about it.
e Don’t let the other see you.
9 Sentences with Advise, Beg, Order, Urge, Agree, Decide, ” :
a She advised me to sell that house.
b They begged us to help them.
c He orders us to clean the floor.
d He recommends me to do the job.
e She urges him to visit her parents as soon as possible.
10 Some special sentences :
a It is dangerous for us to take the short cut.
b You need to have your hair cut.
c Smoke filled the room.
d You must see it to believe it.
e He wants someone to take some photographs.
f He likes people to call him “Sir”.
Trang 17g It’s your duty to do this work.
h We enjoy writing letters.
i Nobody has slept in this room for long time.
j You ordered me about and I was tired of it.
LESSON4 : MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ
(RELATIVE CLAUSES)
Mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề được bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ (relative pronouns) như : who, whom, which, whose, that.
- The man who met me at the airport gave me the money.
Trong câu trên, mệnh đề “who met me at the airport” là mệnh đề quan hệ trong đó “who” là đại từ quan hệ được dùng để thay thế tiền vị từ (antecedent) “the man” và mệnh đề còn lại “The man gave me the money” là mệnh đề chính.
1/ Hãy xem các ví dụ :
- The man gave me the money He met me at the airport The man who met me at the airport gave me the money.
- This is the man We saw him at the party yesreday. This is the man whom we saw at the party yesterday.
- The pencil belongs to me It is in your pocket. The pencil which is in your pocket belongs
to me.
- The car is very expensive He bought it. The car which he bought is very expensive.
- There is the man His wallet was stolen There is the man whose wallet was stolen.
- The tree should be cut down The branches of the tree are dead. The tree whose branches are dead should be cut down.
2/ Cách dùng đại từ quan hệ:
Chủ từ (subject) Túc từ (object) Sở hữu (possessive) For people
For things, animals
(chỉ vật, thú vật) Which / that which / that whose
Thông thường ta có thể dùng that để thay thế cho who, whom hoặc which.
- The man that met me at the airport gave me the money.
- This is the man that we saw at the party yesterday.
- The pencil that is in your pocket belongs to me.
- The car that he bought is very expensive.
3/ Phân loại : Ta cần phân biệt mệnh đề quan hệ làm hai loại : mệnh đề xác định (defining relative clause) và mệnh đề không xác định (non-defining relative clause) :
(*) Defining clause:(hoặc Restrictive clause)
- The man who met me at the airport gave me the money.
Ta gọi mệnh đề who met me at the airport là mệnh đề quan hệ xác định vì nó rất cần thiết để định nghĩa hoặc giải thích cho tiền vị từ the man Nếu không có nó, từ the man sẽ rất mơ hồ và ta không biết người đàn ông đó là ai.
- The book (which / that) you lent me is very interesting.
- The man (whom / that) you met yesterday is coming to my house for dinner.
(*) Non-defining clause : (hoặc Non-restrictive clause)
- Shakespeare, who wrote “Romeo and Juliet”, died in 1616.
Ta gọi mệnh đề who wrote “Romeo and Juliet” là mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định vì nó chỉ bổ túc thêm nghĩa cho tiền vị từ Shakespeare nên dù có bỏ đi mệnh đề này thì nghĩa của câu văn vẫn rõ ràng Mệnh đề quan
Trang 18hệ không xác định thường được ngăn cách bởi dấu phẩy (trước và sau mệnh đề) và không được dùng that để thay thế cho who, whom hay which.
- My brother Jack, who came here last night, is an engineer - Vietnam, which lies in Southeast Asia, is rich in coal.
- That house, which was built a few months ago, doesn’t look modern
Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định được dùng khi tiền vị từ là tiếng được xác định : thường là danh từ riêng chỉ người hay địa danh (Mr Brown, Vietnam…), hoặc danh từ đi với các tính từ chỉ định (this, that…) hay tính từ sở hữu (my, his, her, their…) hoặc do ta tự qui định lấy.
- A man, who said he knew my father, asked me for money.
4/ where, when và why trong mệnh đề quan hệ :
- That is the village in which I used to live.
That is the village where I used to live.
- Sunday is the day on which most people rest.
Sunday is the day when most people rest.
- There must be a reason for which you said that.
There must be a reason why you said that.
In (on / at) which - (place) where
On (in / at) which -(time ) when For which (reason) why
Where và when có thể được dùng để giới thiệu mệnh đề xác định và mệnh đề không xác định.
- We visited the town where I was born.(defining)
- I bought them at the supermarket, where I met Mrs.Brown.(non-defining)
- I saw the film last year, when I was in Paris.(non-defining)
- I think that was the time when I lost all my money.(defining)
Why thường được dùng trong mệnh đề xác định và thường theo sau a reason hay the reason.
- That is the reason why I didn’t come to the party yesterday.
Where, when và why được gọi là trạng từ quan hệ (relative adverbs)
EXERCISE I : Write who, that, which, or nothing to complete these sentences :
1/ Have you got the money _ I lent you yesterday ?
2/ Peter, _ I had seen earlier, wasn’t at the party.
3/ This is the machine _ cost half a million pounds.
4/ Mary, _ had been listening to the conversation, looked angry.
5/ Have you read the book _ I gave you ?
6/ The house, _ they bought three months ago, looks lovely.
7/ Mrs.Jackson, _ had been very ill, died yesterday.
8/ Is this the person _ stole your handbag ?
9/ The dog, _ had been very quiet, suddenly started barking.
10/ I didn’t receive the letters _ she sent me.
11/ My mother, _ hadn’t been expecting visitors, looked surprised.
12/ The old man, _ had been talking to them earlier, knew that they were in the building.
13/ The horse, _ had been injured by the flying stones, was very frightened.
14/ We didn’t like the secetary _ the agency sent.
15/ I didn’t find the money _ you said you’d left.
EXERCISE II : Join each pair of sentences using relative pronouns :
1/ This is the man I met him in Paris.
2/ I wanted the painting You bought it.
3/ This is the chair My parents gave it to me.
4/ She’s the woman She telephoned the police.
5/ He’s the person He wanted to buy your house.
Trang 196/ We threw out the computer It never worked properly.
7/ This is the lion It’s been ill recently.
8/ The man was badly injured He was driving the car.
9/ The children broke the window They live in the next street.
10/ That’s the woman I was telling you about her.
EXERCISE III : Combine these pairs of sentences using relative pronouns:
1/ There’s the lady Her dog was killed.
2/ That’s the man He’s going to buy the company.
3/ He’s the person His car was stolen.
4/ She’s the new doctor.The doctor’s coming to the hospital next week.
5/ She’s the journalist Her article was on the front page of The Times.
6/ They’re the people Their shop burned down last week.
7/ That’s the sales director He’s leaving in March.
8/ I’m the person You stayed in my flat.
9/ That’s the boy He’s just got a place at university.
10/ I’m the one My flat was broken into.
EXERCISE IV : Join each pair of sentences using relative pronouns :
1/ The man didn’t come back again I shouted at him.
2/ The television never worked again I dropped it.
3/ The machine was broken I hired it.
4/ The clothes were beautiful She bought some clothes.
5/ The wall fell down after three weeks They built the wall.
6/ The policeman wasn’t very helpful I asked him.
7/ I didn’t really like the car We bought it.
8/ I lost the money I borrowed it from John.
9/ I really liked the new teacher They sent the new teacher.
10/ I sacked a sales assistant I had a terrible argument with him.
EXERCISE V : Write where, when, or why to complete these sentences.
1/ We visited the school _ my father taught.
2/ I met her last month, _ she came to our house.
3/ We all looked at the place _ the fire had started.
4/ Did they tell you the reason _ they were late?
5/ The cat sat on the wall _ it had a good view of the birds.
6/ They arrived in the evening, at a time _ we were all out.
7/ I couldn’t understand the reason _ they were so rude.
8/ I met him in the cafeù _ he was working as a waiter.
9/ I listen to music late at night, _ the children have gone to bed.
10/ I bought them in August, _ I was in France.
EXERCISE VI : Join each pair of sentences using relative pronouns or adverbs.
1/ We need a room We can study in that room.
2/ Swimming makes people strong It is a good sport.
3/ This is Mrs.Jones Her son won the championship last year.
4/ The Smiths were given rooms in the hotel Their house had been destroyed in the explosion 5/ He invited her to eat out on a day It rained heavily on that day.
6/ The house was built in 1945 They are living in that house.
7/ The reason was that he didn’t want to make her worried He didn’t tell the truth for that reason 8/ The day was sunny She arrived on that day.
9/ I know the woman You bought the car from her son.
10/ Are you the man ? The man won the first prize.
Trang 20LESSON 5: CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT
REPORTED SPEECH
Có hai cách thuật lại lời một người khác noiù: cách trực tiếp và cách gián tiếp.
Trong câu trực tiếp (direct speech), ta nhắc lại nguyên văn lời người đã nói.
- He said : “I have lost my pen.”
Trong câu gián tiếp (indrect speech) hay câu tường thuật (reported speech), ta diễn tả tư tưởng trong câu người khác nói mà không cần lập lại nguyên văn câu nói của họ.
- He said that he had lost his pen.
A Câu phát biểu (statements in reported speech)
1/ Ví dụ :
- He said : “ I have lost my pen this morning.” He said that he had lost his pen that morning
- She said to him: “I will go with you tomorrow.” She told him that she would go with him the next day
2/ Ghi nhớ : muốn đổi một câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp, ta phải :
+ Giữ nguyên động từ giới thiệu said hoặc đổi said to thành told nếu có túc từ.
+ Bỏ dấu hai chấm (:) và ngoặc kép (“…”) rồi thêm liên từ that.
+ Thay đổi đại từ nhân xưng, tính từ sở hữu… theo qui tắc sau : Ngôi thứ 1 đổi thành ngôi thứ như chủ từ
ở mệnh đề chính Ngôi thứ 2 đổi thành ngôi thứ của túc từ Ngôi thứ 3 giữ nguyên không đổi.
+ Thay đổi thì của động từ trong câu trực tiếp bằng cách cho lùi về quá khứ một bậc Cụ thể như sau :
- simple present - simple past
- present continuous - past continuous
- present perfect - past perfect
- simple past - past perfect
- past continuous - past perfect continuous
- present perfect cont - past perfect continuous
- simple future - present conditional (should/would)
- past perfect - unchanged (không đổi)
- perfect conditional - unchanged
+ Thay đổi một số từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn.
- today / tonight - that day / that night
- tomorrow - the following day / the next day
- yesterday - the previous day / the day before
- next week / month… - the following week / month…
- last week /month… - the week before /the month before…
- the day before yesterday - two days before
- the day after tomorrow - in two days’ time
- tomorrow morning - the following morning
- last Tuesday - the Tuesday before
- this / these - that / those
- He said : “ I’ll come here to take this book.” He said that he would come there to take that
Trang 21- The lecturer said : “The earth moves round the sun.” The lecturer said that the earth moves round the
sun.
- The teacher said to them : “The Second World War ended in 1945.”
The teacher told them that the Second World War ended in 1945
* Khi câu động từ giới thiệu ở hiện tại đơn, thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp không đổi và các từ chỉ thời gian hoặc nơi chốn vẫn giữ nguyên.
- The doctor says to her : “You will have to stay here until tomorrow.”
The doctor tells her that she will have to stay here until tomorrow
B CÂU HỎI (Questions in reported speech)
1/ Ví dụ :
- She said to me : “Do you like swimming ?” She asked me if I liked swimming
- Tom said : “Has she finished her home work ?” Tom wanted to know if she had finished her homework
- He asked me : “Why did you come home so late last night?”
He asked me why I had come home so late the night before
- Mary said : “ What’s he doing now?” Mary wondered what he was doing then.
2/ Ghi nhớ :
+ Đổi said thành asked (có hoặc không túc từ theo sau), wondered hay wanted to know (không có túc từ) + Bỏ dấu hai chấm (:), dấu ngoặc kép (“…”) và dấu chấm hỏi (?) và giữ lại question-word (như what, where, how…) nếu là câu hỏi nội dung (Wh-questions) hoặc thêm if (hay whether) nếu câu hỏi có hay không (Yes-no questions).
C CÂU MỆNH LỆNH (Commands in reported speech)
1/ Ví dụ :
- The teacher said : “Go to the blackboard, John.” The teacher told John to go to the blackboard
- He said to them : “Don’t be late tomorrow.” He told them not to be late the next day.
2/ Ghi nhớ :
+ Đổi said hay said to thành told hay asked và buộc phải có túc từ theo sau.
+ Dùng to để thay thế cho dấu hai chấm và ngoặc kép khi là câu mệnh lệnh xác định và dùng not to khi là câu mệnh lệnh phủ định.
Tóm tắt Câu gián tiếp (reported speech)
Statements
(Câu phát biểu)
* S + said + (that) + clause
* S + told + O + (that) + clause Commands
(Câu mệnh lệnh)
* S + told + O + to infinitive
* S + told + O + not + to infinitive
Wh-questions
(Câu hỏi nội dung)
* S + asked + (O) + wh-… + clause
* S + wondered + wh-… + clause
* S + wanted to know + wh-… + clause
Yes-no questions
(Câu hỏi có không)
* S + asked + (O) + if / whether + clause
* S + wondered + if /whether + clause
* S + wanted to know + if / whether + clause EXERCISE I : Put into the reported speech :
1/ Tom said : “I want to buy a pocket calculator for my father.”
2/ She said : “I once spent a summer in this village.”
3/ The nurse said : “The patient in this room didn’t obey your orders, Doctor.”
4/ They said to me : “You taught us English last year.”
5/ Mr.Brown said : “Our trip cost us two thousand dollars.”
6/ He said to her : “ I can’t find my hat anywhere in this room.”
7/ My father said to them : “My secretary is going to finish this job.”
8/ They said : “We can’t meet you here either today or tomorrow.”
9/ My mother said : “I think it won’t rain tomorrow.”
10/ He said : “Your car has been stolen, John.”
Trang 2211/ They said : “The river is rising early this year.”
12/ He said : “I’ll expect her to come soon.”
13/ Our teacher said : “ World War II broke out in 1939.”
14/ The students said : “ We’ll be sitting for our next exam next Monday.”
15/ He said : “ I’m going to finish this work.”
EXERCISE II : Change to the reported speech:
1/ Mr Smith said : “Where are you going on your vacation this year ?”
2/ She said : “Did the mechanis finish repairing your car ?”
3/ She said : “Why has David been looking so miserable lately ?”
4/ I asked my friend : “Was anyone hurt in the car accident last month ?”
5/ She asked me : “How old are you now ?”
6/ He said to her : “Have you been to town today ?”
7/ John said : “How long does it take you to get to London, Mary ?”
8/ The policeman asked the little girl : “What’s your name ?”
9/ Mr Green said to his secretary : “Who did you talk to a few minutes ago ?”
10/ Paul said : “Can you swim, Mary ?”
11/ He said : “Where can I find her in this town ?”
12/ She asked her son : “Do you know which is the cup you used ?”
13/ Helen said : “What did you say, Jack ?”
14/ She said to him : “ Why didn’t you get up early this morning ?”
15/ He said : “Will it rain tonight ?”
EXERCISE III : Turn into the reported speech:
1/ The manager said : “ Come into my office, please.”
2/ The teacher said ro us : “Don’t make so much noise.”
3/ Mr.Green said : “Please come to our dinner tonight, Bill.”
4/ Susan said to Tom : “Don’t call me again at this late hour.”
5/ She said to the boy : “Show me what you have in your hand.”
6/ The policeman ordered : “Stay where you are and don’t touch anything.”
7/ The old lady said : “Will you please water these flowers for me.”
8/ She said : “Don’t leave your coat on this chair.”
9/ She said to him : “Don’t speak to me like that and behave yourself.”
10/ Peter said : “Would you mind lending me your dictionary till next Monday.”
EXERCISE IV : Rewrite the following sentences:
1/ The flight attendant said : “Don’t forget to fasten your seat belts.” The flight attendant reminded
2/ The policeman said to her : “Show me your driving licence.” The policeman ordered _
Trang 239/ He ordered us not to touch anything in that room. He said :
“
LESSON6: DANH ĐỘNG TỪ & ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU
( GERUNDS & INFINITIVES )
A DANH ĐỘNG TỪ : (Gerund)
Danh động từ có cấu trúc giống như hiện tại phân từ ( tức là động từ thêm ING) : talking, learning, cutting, lying…
Danh động từ, như tên gọi, là động từ dùng như danh từ Danh động từ chủ yếu đứng ở vị trí, và thực hiện chức năng, của một danh từ trong câu Nó thường được :
1/ Dùng làm chủ từ : (subject)
- Swimming is good for our health - Being friendly will bring you friends.
2/ Dùng làm túc từ cho động từ : (object of a verb)
- These boys like swimming - My brother practises speaking English every day 3/ Dùng làm bổ ngữ cho chủ từ : (subject complement)
- My hobby is swimming - Seeing is believing.
4/ Dùng làm túc từ cho giới từ : (object of a preposition)
- He is fond of swimming - She is interested in learning English.
5/ Dùng trong câu ngăn cấm ngắn (short prohibition) hoặc để thành lập danh từ kép (compound noun)
- No smoking - No talking, please - a swimming pool - a dining room - a washing machine 6/ Dùng sau tính từ sở hữu :
- Please forgive my coming late - His driving carelessly often causes accidents.
7/ Dùng sau một số động từ và một số cách diễn đạt nhất định như : admit, advise, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, finish, hate, keep, like, mind, practise, postpone, quit, risk, suggest, can’t help, can’t bear, can’t stand, be worth, be busy, it’s no use, there’s no…
- We enjoy listening to music - I can’t help laughing when she makes jokes.
B ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU : (Infinitive)
Động từ nguyên mẫu thường có giới từ to đứng trước (to do, to learn, to help, to advise…) và được dùng trong những trường hợp sau :
1/ Làm chủ từ (subject), túc từ (object) hoặc bổ ngữ (complement) trong câu :
- To conceal the truth from her was foolish - He wanted to become a spaceman.
2/ Làm tính từ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ :
- He was the first man to leave the room - English is an important language to master.
3/ Làm trạng từ diễn tả các nội dung sau :
* Mục đích của hành động.
- He went to the station to meet her - He bought a dictionary to study English.
* Kết quả, hậu quả (sau TOO +Adj / Adv)
- She is too tired to go for a walk - The box was too heavy for her to carry.
* Hiệu quả (sau Adj / Adv + ENOUGH)
- I’m strong enough to carry that heavy box - He isn’t rich enough to travel everywhere by taxi.
4/ Dùng sau một số động từ nhất định như : afford, agree, arrange, decide, demand, expect, fail, hope, intend, learn, manage, need, offer, plan, pretend, promise,refuse, threaten, want, wish, would like…
- They promised to come back soon - He can’t afford to take a taxi.
…và dùng sau một số động từ có túc từ (verb + obj + to inf) như : advise, allow, ask, beg, encourage, expect, forbid, force, help, invite, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remind, teach, tell, want, warn…
- They don’t allow us to smoke in the office - I taught myself to play the guitar.
+ Chú ý : Một số động từ có thể theo sau bởi danh động từ hoặc động từ nguyên mẫu nhưng có sự khác biệt về nghĩa trong câu.
(*) Remember + gerund : nhớ lại việc đã thực hiện.