Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh (st)

2Một số động từ sau đây thường không dùng với thì tiếp diễn  Be : Ex: I am a student now..  Những động từ chỉ về giác quan: see, hear, feel, look trông có vẻ, smell, taste, recognize.

LESSON 1 : TENSES ( Các thì )

1 SIMPLE PRESENT: (HTĐ)

Affir : S+V1 /Vs, es Ex : Water boils at 100o c

Neg: S+ do/ does + not+ V1 Ex : Tom doesn’t feel hungry

Inter: Do/ does+ S + V1 …? Ex : How often do you go to school?

*(Be):am, is, are not ; (have):has/ have not +got = do / does + not + have

Diễn tả :  Tình cảm, cảm giác, nhận thức ở hđộng

 Thói quen, phong tục, tập quán

 Chân lí, sự thật hiển nhiên

Với : EVERY (day, year…), ALWAYS , OFTEN, USUALLY, SOMETIME, SELDOM, RARELY, NEVER,

Notes : Qui tắc thêm es đối với động từ có S số ít :

- Các động từ tận cùng là : o, sh, ch, x, s, và z

- Các động từ tận cùng là y mà đứng trước y là một phụ âm ta đổi y  i + es ( She studies, Tom tries, He plays ).

2 PRESENT CONTINUOUS ( HTTD)

S + am/ is/ are + Ving Ex: We are studying English now

S + am/ is/ are + not + Ving Ex: She isn’t writing when he comes

Am/ Is/ Are + S + Ving ? Ex: What are you doing while I am doing?

Diễn tả :  Hđộng đang xảy ra ở Htại vào lúc nói viết

 2 hđộng đang kéo dài // ở Htại (while: trong khi)

 1 hđộng đang kéo dài ở Htại thì có 1 hđộng ngắn đột ngột xảy ra(S+ V1/ Vs, es)Với : AT PRESENT , AT THE MOMENT , NOW , RIGHT NOW, JUST NOW, !,…

3 PRESENT PERFECT: (HTHT)

Diễn tả:  Hđộng Qk ko rõ tg

 Hđộng vừa mới xảy ra

 Hđộng bắt đầu trong Qk, vẫn còn tiếp tục ở Htại & có thể tiếp tục ở Tlai

S + has/ have + V3ed Ex: I’ve just opened the door

Ex: We have studied English for many years

S + has/ have + not + V3ed Ex: Jack hasn’t come recently

Has/ Have + S + V3ed? Ex: How long have you studied English?

Với: BEFORE, ALREADY, RECENTLY= LATELY, EVER, NEVER, YET , JUST, TWICE, SEVERAL TIMES, SINCE + mốc TG, FOR + khoảng TG, UP TO NOW=UP TILL NOW=SO FAR…

4 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: (HTHTTD)

S + has/ have + been + Ving Ex: We have been studying English for many years

S + has/ have + not + been + Ving

Has/ Have + S + been + Ving?

Diễn tả: - Hđộng bắt đầu trong Qkhứ, tiếp tục ở Htại & có thể đến Tlai

( nhấn mạnh tính liên tục) - since + mốc TG ; for + khoảng TG.

5 SIMPLE PAST (QKĐ)

S + V2ed Ex: I saw him yesterday

S + did + not + V1 Ex: She didn’t come last week

Did + S + V1 ? Ex: Did Mr Lee phone an hour ago?

*(Be) : was / were → wasn’t, weren’t

Diễn tả: - Hđộng đã xảy ra & chấm dứt hoàn toàn trong Qk ( xác định rõ TG)

Với: - YESTERDAY, AGO ,LAST (night, week, year…)

6 PAST CONTINUOUS (QKTD)

S + was/ were + Ving Ex: We were watching TV at 7 pm yesterday

S + was/ were + not + Ving Ex:I was writing while my father was reading

Was / were + S + Ving ? Ex: She was sleeping as the telephone rang

Diễn tả:  Hđộng xảy ra ở 1 giờ / khoảng giờ Qk xác định ( at 7pm, from 6 to 7, …)

 2 hđộng diễn ra // ở Qk (while: trong khi)

 1 hđộng Qk đang kéo dài thì 1 hđ ngắn đngột xảy ra (S + V2ed)

Với: AT THAT TIME, AT THAT MOMENT…

7 PAST PERFECT (QKTD)

S + had + V3ed Ex: Last night I went to bed after I dad done my homework

S + had + not + V3ed

Had + S + V3ed ?

Diễn tả: - Hđộng xảy ra trước 1 mốc TG ở Qk hoặc trước 1 hđ Qk

Với : ( trước: S+ had +V 3 ed ; sau: S + V 2 )

8 SIMPLE FUTURE (TLĐ)

S + will / shall + V1 Ex: I’ll buy it tomorrow

S + will / shall + not + V1

Will / Shall + S + V1?

*Note: will not =won’t ; shall not =shan’t

Diễn tả:  Hđ sẽ xảy ra trong tlai

 Lời yêu cầu (Will you + V1…? ); Đề nghị ( Shall I / we + V1 …?)

Với: TOMORROW, SOON, NEXT (week, month,…)

1) Near future: (Tlai gần) S + am/ is / are + going to + V 1 : sẽ, sắp sửa, dự định…

Ex: I’m going to buy it tomorrow

2)Một số động từ sau đây thường không dùng với thì tiếp diễn

 Be : Ex: I am a student now

 Những động từ chỉ về giác quan: see, hear, feel, look (trông có vẻ), smell, taste, recognize.

 Những động từ chỉ về cảm xúc: like, dislike love, hate, want wish, desire, refuse, forgive.

 Những động từ chỉ về lí trí: understand, know, think, realize, suppose, believe, remember, forget,

mind, expect, recollect

 Những động từ chỉ sự bắt đầu, tiếp tục, kết thúc: begin, continue, finish…

A COMMON PREPOSITION:

I Prep Of Place:

1 IN: ở trong ( 1 nơi/ vùng/ khu vực/ quốc gia/ thành phố/ …)

Ex: in the room/ Asia/ Britain/ London/ …

in bed/ newspaper/ magazines/ the world/…

2 ON: ở trên

Ex: on the table/ the board/ the floor/ …

on TV/ the radio/ telephone/ the way/ the street/ horse back/ …

3 AT : ở tại (địa điểm nhỏ)

Ex: at the desk/ the station/ the airport/ 72 Pham Ngu Lao street….

at home/ school/ work…

4 FROM : từ (nơi xuất phát) Ex: Mr Mac Donald is from Scotland

5 TO: đến (đích) Ex: Elizabeth went to the store.

6 BETWEEN : ở giữa (2 người / vật) Ex: Mai is sitting between Nam and Nga.

7 AMONG: ở giữa , trong số Ex : The letter is somewhere among these papers.

II Prep Of Time

2 ON : holiday

weekend Monday

15, OctoberOctober 15th 1977 Monday morningChristmas day time : đúng lúc

fire : đang cháy

3 AT: 7 o’clock

nightmidnightnoon(the) weekendChristmasthe end ofthe moment

4 SINCE (+ mốc TG): kể từ … Ex: He has studied English since 1900

5 FOR (+ 1 khoảng TG) : được… Ex: _ for 17 years

6 FROM: từ

7 TO : đến Ex: I lived in village from 1977 to 1992

III Some Other Prep :

1 By : bằng ,bởi Ex: They can enrich the soil by using fertilizers.

* by bus/ car/ train/ plane/ …

2 On foot: đi bộ

3 For : cho , vì, để (chỉ mục đích) Ex: What would you like for breakfast?

Ex: Some people read for pleasure.

4 With : với , bằng Ex: He went with her.

Ex: I can write better with my own pen.

5 About : về Ex: What do you think about her?

6 Of : của Ex: The window of the living room.

B PREPOSITIONS FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES:

1 Adj + TO : acceptable, accustomed, agreeable, contrary, harmful, important,

kind, likely, lucky, open, pleasant, similar, familiar, helpful, (but: it’s very kind of you.)

2 Adj + IN : interested, rich, successful

3 Adj + OF : afraid, ahead, aware, capable,confident, full, tired, sure, proud

4 Adj + FOR : available, difficult, late, perfect, useful, famous, responsible, sorry (S.O)

5 Adj + FROM : absent, different, safe, far

6 Adj + AT : clever, present, quick, skilful, good, bad, (angry at something/ with someone)

7 Adj + WITH : acquainted, crowed, friendly, popular, busy, bored, pleased, fed up

8 Adj + ABOUT : confused, sad, serious, worried, sorry (S.T)

C VERB + NOUN ( PHRASE) + PREPOSITION:

1 catch sight of : trông thấy

2 give place to : nhường chỗ cho

3 give way to : nhượng bộ ,tránh đường cho

4 keep pace with : theo kịp, sánh bước

5 lose sight of : mất hút, không thấy

6 lose touch with : mất liên lạc với

7 lose track of : mất dấu vết của

8 make allowance for: chiếu cố đặc biệt

9 make fun of : chế nhạo

10.make a fuss over/ about

: cuống quýt về việc gì

11 make room for : dọn chỗ cho

12 make use of : sử dụng

13 pay attention to : chú ý đến

14 put a stop to : làm dừng lại

15 put an end to : chấm dứt

16 set fire to : châm lửa, đốt

17 take account of : chú ý đến

18 take advantage of : lợi dụng

19 take care of : chăm sóc

20 take note of : chú ý đến

21 take notice of : chú ý tới

D GO + PREPOSITION:

1 after: đuổi theo 7 down: giảm giá ≠ up: tăng giá

2 ahead: được tiến hành 8 on: tiếp tục

3 along: tiến triển 9 off: nổ

4 away: ra đi, rời khỏi nơi nào 10 out: tắt

5 back: trở về 11 over: xem xét kỹ

6 by: trôi qua( thời gian)

E CÁC TRƯỜNG HỢP KHÁC

1 belong to : thuộc về

2 on the contrary : ngược lại

3 on the whole : nói chung

4 be up to = depend on : tuỳ thuộc vào

5 listen to : lắng nghe

6 suffer from : bị, chịu

7 free from : giải phóng khỏi

8 write …to : viết … cho…

9 wait for : chờ

10 ask …for : hỏi xin

11 look at : nhìn

12 look after : chăm sóc

13 look up : tra từ điển

14 look out : nhìn ra ngoài

15 look for : tìm kiếm

16 laugh at : cười nhạo

17 good at : giỏi về cái gì

18 good for : tốt cho cái gì

19 prevent… from : ngăn … không cho

20 be in bed : nằm trên giường

21 regard … as : xem như

22 be divided into : được chia thành

23 take part in : tham gia vào

LESSON 3: WORD FORM

3) prep + n : làm O cho prep

4) be (là) + n : làm C ( C : complement: bổ ngữ)

- this, that, these, those

- some, any, many, … + n

- my, your, Tom’s, …

II Adjective (adj.):

1) adj + n

2) adv + adj

3) be (thì, là ), look có vẻ), feel, become, taste (có mùi), smell ( có vị), get, grow,remain,

stay, turn, seem, appear, sound, … + adj

Ex: That young girl is very beautiful

III Adverb (adv):

1) S + Vi + adv Ex: They arrived safely

2) S + Vt + O + adv Ex: She did the housework disappointedly

3) S + Vaux + adv + V main Ex: He can surely do it

4) adv + adj Ex: He is reasonably right

5) adv + adv Ex: Jack runs very quickly

6) S + V + adv Ex: We have bought it at that store recently

( or: adv + S + V + … ) (or: Recently we have bought it at that store.)

IV Verb (v) : V đứng sau S

Các hình thức ≠ của V còn được dùng ở nhiều vị trí khác

Participle: Present participle ( V ing)

Past participle ( V3 ed)1) Used in Continuous tenses ( Ving)2) Used in Perfect tenses & Passive voice (V3 ed)3) Used as Adj: Ving  Active meaning

V3 ed  Passive meaningEx: a/ The match excites the fans

The match is exciting

The fans are excited

b/ The children have seen an interesting film

The children are interested in the film

B FORMATION OF N, ADJ, V:

I V + suffix  n : V + -tion, ation : conservation, preservation, prevention

-ment : development-er : fertilizer-ing : poisoning, dirtying

- age : drainage

II n + suffix  adj :

- ful : harmful, useful, delightful, successful,hopeful, helpful, peaceful

- less : childless, odourless, speechless, restless, careless, harmless, treeless

- ly : manly, brotherly, worldly, hourly, yearly, daily.

n + - like : childlike, godlike, lifelike, statesmanlike = adj

- y : dusty, snowy, rainy, sandy, dirty, healthy.

- ish : foolish, selfish, childish

- al : magical, agricultural, industrial, natural.

III OUT + Vi  Vt (tốt hơn, nhanh hơn, lâu hơn) :

outnumber, outgrow, outlive, outrun, outweigh

IV UNDER + n / V  n / V( thấp hơn, bên dưới, kém hơn) :

undergrowth, undercharge

V OVER + n/ Adj /V  n/ Adj / V ( quá giới hạn, vượt, quá nhiều)

overcoat, overanxious, overact.

C WORD FORM CHARTS:

1 satisfy (v)

satisfied( past Part)satisfying (pres part)satisfactory (adj) satisfactorily (adv)satisfaction (n)

2 disappoint(v)

disappointed(past Part)disappointing(pres part)disappointedly(adv)disappointment(n)

3 tolerate(v)

tolerated( past Part)tolerant(adj)

tolerable(adj)tolerably(adv)tolerance(n)

4 important (adj)

importance(n)

5 difficult(adj)

difficulty(n)

13 reason(v)

reasonable(adj)reasonably(adv)reason(n)

14 absorb(v)

absorbed(past Part)absorbent(adj) / (n)absorptive(adj)absorption(n)

15 deafen(v)

deaf(adj) / (n)deafness(n)

16 militarize(v)

militaristic(adj)military(adj) / (n)militarily(adv)militarism(n)

LESSON 4 : ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME

( Mệnh Đề Trạng Từ Chỉ Thời Gian)

I PRESENT TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:

Ex: 1/ a We always take our umbrellas when it rains.

b We are singing as she comes.

2/ a I usually read a newspaper while I am waiting for the bus.

b I’m writing while they are talking.

3./ He goes home after he has finished his work.

4/ a She has played the piano since she was five.

b I’ve felt much better since I’ve been here.

5/ a She greets me as soon as she sees me.

b He continues his journey as soon as he has finished his meal.

2 S+ V1 / s / es

S + AM / IS / ARE + Ving(đang…)

WHILE =AS S + AM / IS / ARE + Ving(đang…)

3 S+ V1 / s / es AFTER S + HAS / HAVE + V3 ed

4 S + HAS / HAVE + V3 ed SINCE S + V2 ed

II PAST TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:

EX: 1/ a I sat near the window whenever I took a bus

b It was raining hard when I got there

2/ a I met him while I was walking down the street

b I was writing while he was reading

3/ He smoked after he had finished his meal

4/ He had finished his meal before he smoked

5/ a He left as soon as I told him

b He left as soon as he had finished his work

Main Clause (Mđề chính) Adverbial Clauses of Time (Mđề Trạng từ chỉ TG)

1 S + V2

S + WAS / WERE + Ving (đang…)

WHEN = AS WHENEVER

S + V2

2 S + V2

S + WAS / WERE + Ving (đang…)

WHILE =AS S + WAS / WERE + Ving (đang…)

S + HAD + V3ED →Hoàn tất

II FUTURE TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:

EX: 1/ a We’ ll go when we want

b I’m goint to wait until you have finished your homework

2/ We will have finished the work by the time you get back tomorrow

Note: Không dùng thì Tlai trong Mđề Trạng từ chỉ TG→ Dùng các thì Htại thay thế

( Dựng & Trả Lời Câu Hỏi)

Yes - No Inter form? Yes, SNo, S pron + Vpreceding Q.

pron + Vpreceding Q. + NOT

Or Inter form + A or B? Affir form + A/B

Wh Wh + Inter form? Affir form

Ex: 1 Uncle Ho / die / 1969?

- Did Uncle Ho die in 1969?  Yes, he did

2 Faraday / writer or scientist?

- Was Faraday a writer or a scientist?  He / Faraday was a scientist

3 When / Tom / go / school?

- When does Tom often go to school?

 He/Tom often goes to school in the morning

Notes:

1 When “Wh” is the Subject or Modifies the Subject

→ Affir form is used in the Q

Ex: a/ Who can swim?

Main Clause (Mđề chính) Adverbial Clauses of Time (Mđề Trạng từ chỉ TG)

1 S + WILL / SHALL + V1

OR: S + AM / IS / ARE GOING TO + V1

WHEN =AS

AS SOON AS UNTILL = TILL

S + V1 / s / es

S + HAS / HAVE + V3ed→Hoàn tất

2 S + WILL / SHALL + HAVE + V3 ed

→Hoàn tất

BY THE TIME BEFORE S+ V1 / s / es

 Nam can swim.

b/ How many students are absent today?

 Two students are absent today

2 Tag Question:

Ex: The weather is nice , isn’t it ?  Yes, it is

3 Commands:

V 1…( Hãy…): List/ Mention/ Name/ Give… → They are / It is …

Ex: Name some English scientists

 They / Some E scientists are Newton, Faraday, …

LESSON 6: ACTIVE or PASSIVE VOICE

( Chủ Động và Thụ Động Cách)

A: S + V + OP: S + BE + V3 ed + by O

(chia thì theo động từ của câu Active)

(A : Active P : Passive)

Ex: 1/ A: Tom eats apples every day

P: Apples are eaten by Tom every day

2/ A: They saw him in the shop

P: He was seen in the shop ( by them )

V1 / Vs/es

V2 ed

Am/ is /areWas / were

Must + be

Be going to

Be able toHave toOught toUsed to

V: SAY KNOW THINK

BELIEVE REPORT RUMOUR TELL CLAIM PROVE

CONSIDER…

Ex : A : They say that they has been ill

P : He is said to have been ill (or : It is said that he has been ill.)

*CLEFT SENTENCES:

1

S1 + VA (PRESENT)+ that + S2 + VB (PRESENT)

 IT + IS + V3 (A) + that + S2 + VB (PRESENT)

 S2 + IS/ ARE + V3 (A) + TO + inf ( of V B)

A: S + V + OI + OD

P: S + BE + V3 ed + OD + by + O

OR:( S + BE + V3ED + for/ to + OI + by + O)

- People say that prevention is better than cure

 It’s said that prevention is better than cure

Prevention is said to be better than cure

- People say that he is a good student

 It’s said that he is a good student

 He is said to be a good student

2

S1 + VA ( PRESENT)+ that + S2 + VB ( PAST)

 IT + IS + V3 (A) + that + S2 + VB (PAST)

 S2 + IS/ ARE + V3 (A) + to have +V 3 (B)

Ex:

- They say that three men were arrested after the murder

 It’s said that three men were arrested after the murder

 Three men are said to have been arrested after the murder

3

S1 + VA ( PAST)+ that + S2 + VB ( PAST)

 IT + WAS + V3 (A) + that + S2 + VB (PAST)

 S2 + WAS/ WERE + V3 (A) + to have +V 3 (B)

Ex:

-Everybody believed that he had died of AIDS

 It’s was believed that he had died of AIDS

 He was believed to have died of AIDS

LESSON 7: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

( Câu Điều Kiện)

Types and Use

(Loại và Cách dùng )

If Clause ( Mđề IF) Main Clause ( Mđề chính)

could might

could might

Ex: 1 If it is fine, we will go

2 I’d fly everywhere if I were a bird

3 If you had met the president yesterday, what would you have done?

 Sentence Transformation:

A/ UNLESS = IF … NOT

If + Neg form = Unless + Affir form

am /is/ are not

Ex: If you didn’t study hard, you’d get bad marks

= Unless you studied hard, you’d get bad marks.

Note: Nếu câu với Mđề IF Kđịnh, Mđề chính ở thể Pûđịnh , ta có thể chuyển sang

UNLESS = cách đổi Mđề chính thành thể Kđịnh

Ex: If you are lazy, you can’t be successful

= Unless you are lazy, you can be successful.

B/ CÁCH VIẾT CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN TỪ TÌNH HUỐNG

T HUỐNG CHO: 1.Có từ “OR” : viết đk loại 1

2 H.tại : loại 2

3.Q khưÙ : loại 3

4.Có từ “SO”: viết xuôi S + V SO S + V

 IF + S + V , S + V 5.Có từ “BECAUSE”: viết ngược

S + V because S +V

 IF + S + V , S + V

6 Phủ định viết khẳng định & ngược lại

Examples: 1 I am not clever, so I won’t be a doctor.

If I were clever, I would be a doctor

2 John was sick because he ate much cake.

If John hadn’t eaten much cake, he’d not have been sick

Trường hợp khác :

1.

S+ can /will+ V1 but S + must/ have to +V1

IF + S + V1/Vs,es , S + can/ will + V1 ( Đk 1)

Ex: I’ll let you borrow the book but you must promise to return it next week.

 If you promise to return the book next week, I’ll let you borrow it.

2

V 1 or S + will /can +V1

 S + will/ can + V1 unless you + V1

Ex: Work hard or you’ll fail the exam.

 You’ll fail the exam unless you work hard.

LESSON 8 : UNREAL WISHES

( Ước Muốn Không Thể Xảy Ra)

could + V1 : Tình huống Htại / Tlai , trái với khả năng

S + wish + (that) would / should + V1 : Tình huống Tlai

+ S + V2 / were; didn’t+ V1 / weren’t : Tình huống Htại

If only hadn’t + V3 : Tình huống Qkhứ

Ex: a) I wish I (can fly) could fly

b) We wish it (be) would be sunny soon

c) If only we (see) saw a UFO now

d) He wishes he (meet) had met her yesterday

 Sentence Transformation:

a

Note:

- Thêm S ( nếu thiếu)

- Kđịnh  Pđịnh ( và ngược lại)

- Htại  Qkhứ;

- Qkhứ  Qkhứ hoàn thành

Ex: I’m sorry that I didn’t come yesterday.

 I wish ( that) I had come yesterday.

Ex: Mr Taylor doesn’t like living in a small house.

 Mr Taylor wishes he didn’t live in a small house.

b

S+ be sorry What a pity + ( that) S + V

Ex: I’d like to have met her.

 I wish I had met her.

( Danh Động Từ & Động Từ Nguyên Mẫu)

A GERUND (V ing) : đóng vai trò V & N cùng một lúc

Vai trò:

1 S ( Ex: Learning English is easily.)

2 O - Sau prep (Ex: We are interested in studying English.)

- Sau một số V (Ex: I enjoy swimming.)

3 C (Ex: Conservation is the safeguarding and the preservation of natural

resources.)

Notes: The + Ving + of + n ( Ex: The reclaiming of land.)

B GERUND OR INFINITIVE :

I Các động từ được theo sau bằng động từ nguyên mẫu ( To+V1)

Theo qui luật thông thường, động từ nào đúng sau một động từ khác thì phải ở dạng nguyên mẫu (TO +V1)

Ex: a) I would like to speak to Mr Duran.

b) Mary asked John to help her.

c) My brother wants to become a pharmacist.

d) Every body is expecting her to come