đồ án tính toán động cơ đốt trong

Nhằm giúp sinh viên biết cách tính toán các thông số, giúp sinh viên học lý thuyết tốt và nắm vững các công thức tính toán cũng như kiểm nghiệm bền, đảm bảo cho một chiếc xe vận hành và hoạt động tốt.

1g1 1t1r1ò1n1 1b1á1n1 1k1í1n1h1 1R1 1t1¡-o1 1v1Û-i1 1t1r1å-c1

1N1H1¬-N1 1X1É1T1 1C1æ-A1 1G1I1Á1O1 1V1I1Ê1N1 1H1¯ Ú-N1G1 1D1ª-N1 1

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Ó-1t1h1Ë- 1n1à1y1 1b1i1Ã-u1 1d1i1Å-n1 1q1u1a1n1 1h1Ç- 1v1 1=1 1f1(1±)1 1

1N1H1¬-N1 1X1É1T1 1C1æ-A1 1G1I1Á1O1 1V1I1Ê1N1 1P1H1¢-N1

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Í-a1 1 Ù- 1 Ù-c1 1c1ñ-c1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2t2h2Ë- 2n2à2y2 2b2i2Ã-u2 2d2i2Å-n2 2q2u2a2n2 2h2Ç- 2v2 2=2 2f2(2±)2 2

2 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222L2Ü-I2 2N2Ó2I2 2

¦-U2 2T2r2o2n2g2 2t2h2Ý-i2 2 ¡-i2 2 ¥-t2 2n2° Û-c2 2 a2n2g2 2t2r2ê2n2

2c2o2n2 2 ° Ý-n2g2 2C2N2H2 2 2H2 H2,2 2t2ë-n2g2 2b2° Û-c2 2p2h2á2t22t2r2i2Ã-n2 2 ¥-t2 2n2° Û-c2.2 2T2r2o2n2g2 2x2u2 2t2h2¿- 2c2ç-a2 2t2h2Ý-i2

2 ¡-i2 2k2h2o2a2 2h2Í-c2 2k2ù- 2t2h2u2-t2 2c2ç-a2 2t2h2¿- 2g2i2Û-i22n2g2à2y2 2m2Ù-t2 2p2h2á2t2 2t2r2i2Ã-n2 2c2a2o2.2 2 Ã- 2h2ò2a22c2h2u2n2g2 2v2Û-i2 2s2ñ- 2p2h2á2t2 2t2r2i2Ã-n2 2 ó2 2 ¥-t2 2n2° Û-c22t2a2 2 ã2 2c2ó2 2c2h2ç- 2t2r2° ¡ n2g2 2p2h2á2t2 2t2r2i2Ã-n2 2m2Ù-t2 2s2Ñ-2n2g2à2n2h2 2c2ô2n2g2 2n2g2h2i2Ç-p2 2m2i i2 2n2h2Í-n2,2 2t2r2o2n2g2 2ó2 2c2ó2 2n2g2à2n2h2 2C2¡ 2K2h2í2 2 2 Ù-n2g2 2L2ñ-c2.2 2 Ã- 2t2h2° c22h2i2Ç-n2 2 ° ã-c2 2c2h2ç- 2t2r2° ¡ n2g2 2 ó2 2 ò2i2 2h2Ï-i2 2 ¥-t2 2n2° Û-c22c2§-n2 2p2h2£-i2 2c2ó2 2m2Ù-t2 2 Ù-i2 2n2g2i 2c2á2n2 2b2Ù- 2c2ô2n2g22n2h2â2n2 2k2ù- 2t2h2u2-t2 2c2ó2 2t2r2ì2n2h2 2 Ù- 2v2à2 2t2a2y22n2g2h2Á- 2c2a2o2 2

2 2H2i2Ã-u2 2r2õ2 2 i2Á-u2 2 ó2 2t2r2° Ý-n2g2 2H2S2P2K2T2 2V2i2n2h2 2k2h2ô2n2g2 2n2g2ë-n2g2 2p2h2á2t2 2t2r2i2Ã-n22v2à2 2n2â2n2g2 2c2a2o2 2c2h2¥-t2 2l2° ã-n2g2 2 à2o2 2t2¡-o2 2 Ù-i2 2n2g2i2c2á2n2 2b2Ù-,2 2c2ô2n2g2 2n2h2â2n2 2c2ó2 2t2a2y2 2n2g2h2Á- 2v2à22t2r2ì2n2h2 2 Ù- 2c2a2o2 2m2à2 2c2ò2n2 2 à2o2 2t2¡-o2 2v2Û-i2 2s2Ñ- 2l2°ã-n2g2 2 ô2n2g2 2 £-o2 2 á2p2 2é-n2g2 2n2h2u2 2c2§-u2 2n2g2u2Ó-n22n2h2â2n2 2l2ñ-c2 2c2h2o2 2 ¥-t2 2n2° Û-c2.2

2K2h2i2 2 a2n2g2 2c2ò2n2 2l2à2 2m2Ù-t2 2s2i2n2h2 2v2i2ê2n22t2r2o2n2g2 2t2r2° Ý-n2g2 2c2h2ú2n2g2 2e2m2 2 ° ã-c2 2p2h2â2n2

2c2ô2n2g2 2t2h2ñ-c2 2h2i2Ç-n2 2 Ó- 2á2n2 2 T2í2n2h2 2t2o2á2n2 2 2k2¿-t2 2c2¥-u2 2 Ù-n2g2 2c2¡ 2 Ñ-t2 2t2r2o2n2g2 2 2 â2y2 2l2à2 2m2Ù-t2 2

i2Á-u2 2k2i2Ç-n2 2r2¥-t2 2t2Ñ-t2 2c2h2o2 2c2h2ú2n2g2 2e2m2 2c2ó2 2c2¡Í-a2 2 Ù- 2 Ù-c2 2c2ñ-c2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2

22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3t3h3Ë- 3n3à3y3 3b3i3Ã-u3 3d3i3Å-n3 3q3u3a3n3 3h3Ç- 3v3 3=3 3f3(3±)3 33h3Ù-i3 3x3â3u3 3c3h3u3×-i3 3k3i3¿-n3 3t3h3é-ch3g3,3 3b3° Û-c3v3à3o33t3h3ñ-c3 3t3¿- 3s3£-n3 3x3u3¥-t3,3 3l3à3m3 3q3u3e3n3 3v3Û-i3 3c3ô3n3g33v3i3Ç-c3 3t3í3n3h3 3t3o3á3n3 3t3h3i3¿-t3 3k3¿- 3ô3 3t3ô3.3

3T3r3o3n3g3 3q3u3á3 3t3r3 n3h3 3t3í3n3h3 3t3o3á3n3 3c3h3ú3n3g33e3m3 3 ã3 3 ° ã-c3 3s3ñ- 3q3u3a3n3 3t3â3ñ- 3g3i3ú3p3 3 á- 3n3h3i3Ç-t33t3ì3n3h3 3c3ç-a3 3g3i3á3o3 3v3i3ê3n3 3h3° Û-n3g3 3d3«-n3 3v3à3 3c3á3c33t3h3§-y3 3c3ô3 3g3i3á3o3 3t3r3o3n3g3 3 Ù-v3-y3 3n3h3Ã- 3t3r3á3n3h33n3h3ï-n3g3 3h3¡-n3 3c3h3¿-,3 3t3h3i3¿-u3 3s3ó3t3 3t3r3o3n3g3 3q3u3á33t3r3ì3n3h3 3t3í3n3h3 3t3o3á3n3.3

3 Ã- 3h3o3à3n3 3t3h3à3n3h3 3t3Ñ-t3,3 3k3h3¯-c3 3p3h3å-c3 3 ° ã-c33n3h3ï-n3g3 3h3¡-n3 3c3h3¿- 3v3à3 3t3h3i3¿-u3 3s3ó3t3 3 ó3 3c3h3ú3n3g33e3m3 3r3¥-t3 3m3o3n3g3 3 ° ã-c3 3s3ñ- 3 ó3n3g3 3g3ó3p3 3ý3 3k3i3¿-n3,33s3ñ- 3g3i3ú3p3 3 á- 3c3ç-a3 3c3á3c3 3t3h3§-y3 3c3ô3 3g3i3á3o3 3v3à33c3á3c3 3b3¡-n3 3 Ã- 3s3a3u3 3n3à3y3 3r3a3 3t3r3° Ý-n3g3 3b3¯-t3 3t3a3y33v3à3o3 3c3ô3n3g3 3v3i3Ç-c3,3 3t3r3o3n3g3 3q3u3á3 3t3r3ì3n3h3 3c3ô3n3g33t3á3c3 3c3h3ú3n3g3 3e3m3 3h3o3à3n3 3t3h3à3n3h3 3c3ô3n3g3 3v3i3Ç-c33m3Ù-t3 3c3á3c3h3 3t3Ñ-t3 3n3h3¥-t3.3 3 3 3

3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3V3i3n3h3,3n3g3à3y3 32383 3t3h3á3n3g3 30333 3n3 m323031353

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 33S3i3n3h3 3v3i3ê3n3 3t3h3ñ-c3 3h3i3Ç-n3:3

3

3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3Nn3 3A3n3h3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Í-a3 3 Ù- 3 Ù-c3 3c3ñ-c3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4t4h4Ë- 4n4à4y4 4b4i4Ã-u4 4d4i4Å-n4 4q4u4a4n4 4h4Ç- 4v4 4=4 4f4(4±)4 4

4P4H4¦-N4 4I4 4:4T4Í4N4H4 4T4O4Á4N4 4C4H4U4 4T4R4Ì4N4H4

4C4Ô4N4G4 4T4Á4C4

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4T4R4O4N4G4 4 4 Ø-N4G4 4C4 4 Ð-T4 4T4R4O4N4G4

4I4 4.4 4T4r4ì4n4h4 4t4ñ- 4t4í4n4h4 4t4o4á4ni4Ç-u4 4b4a4n4 4 §-u4 4:4

4 g4 4c4¡ :4I4 4F4A4 4W45404 4 Ù-n4g4 4c4¡ 4d4i4e4s4e4l4 4144h4à4n4g4 4k4h4ô4n4g4 4tÓ-n4g4 4c4h4á4y4 4 4h4ì4n4h4 4c4§-u44t4r4ê4n4 4 4

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 414-4 4C4ô4n4g4 4s4u4¥-t4 44¡ 4N4e4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

4 4N 4l4ñ-c4)4=4 48424.40464 4 4k4W4

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 424-4 4S4Ñ- 4v4ò4n4g4 4q4u4a4y4 4c4ç-4÷-u4 4n4 4 4 4 4 4 4n44=424240404(4v4g4/4p4h4)4

4 4 4 4-n4g4 4k4í4n4h4 4x4i4 4l4a4n4h4 4D4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4D4 4=41424044(4m4m4)4

4 4 4 4 4 44t4r4ì4n4h4 4p4i4t4o4n4 4S4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4S4 44=4144454 4(4m4m4)4

4D4u4n4g4 4t4í4c4h4 4c4ô:4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4V4h4 4 4=4 444e4q4 4\4s4\4d444e4q4 4\4l4(4\4o4\4a44,444)4)444 4E4M4B4E4D44E4q4u4a4t4i4o4n4.4D4S 414.464349414 4(4l4)44 4E4M4B4E4D44E4q4u4a44 4 44 44

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 464-4 4S4Ñ- 4x4i4 4l4a4n4h4 4i4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4i4 4=4 444

4 4 4- 4s4Ñ- 4n4é4n4 4µ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4µ4=4 41484.474

4 4 4 4 4 44ñ- 4l4à4m4 4v4i4Ç-c4 44h4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 424)44 4S4u4¥-t4 4t4i4ê4u4 4h4a4o4 4n4h4i4ê4n4 4l4i4Ç 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 444E4M4B4E4D4 4E4q4u4a4t4i4o4n4.4D4S4M4T444 4 44g e

4(414-434-444-44 4=41484344(4g4/4m4l4.4h4)4

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 41404-4 4G4ó4c4 4m4ß- 4s4Û-m4 4v4à4 4 ó4n4g4 4m4u4Ù-n44c4ç-a4 4x4u4p4á4p4 4n4¡-p4 4±14;4±24 4±14=484(4 Ù-)4;4±24 4= 4 4 4 4 41414-44G4ó4c4 4m4ß- 4s4Û-m4 4v4à4 4 ó4n4g4 4m4u4Ù-n4 4c4ç-a£-i444E4M4B4E4D4 4E4q4u4a4t4i4o4n4.4D4S4M4T444 4 44  1 , 2

44;444E4M4B4E4D4 4E4q4u4a4t4i4o4n4.4D4S4M44(4 Ù-)4;444E4M4B4E4D44D4S4M4T444 4 44 2

5t5h5Ë- 5n5à5y5 5b5i5Ã-u5 5d5i5Å-n5 5q5u5a5n5 5h5Ç- 5v5 5=5 5f5(5±)5 5Û-c5 5k5h5i5 5n5¡-p5 5v5à5o5 5 ô5n5g5 5c5¡ 5(5v5Û-i5 5 ô5n5g5 5c5¡ 55k5h5ôp5Ù- 5m5ô5i5 5t5r5° Ý-n5g5 5 ° ã-c5 5c5h5Í-n5i5Ç-t5 5 Ù- 5b5ì5n5h55q5u5â5n5 5c5ç-a5 5c5£- 5n5 m55 5 5 5V5ì5 5 â5y5 5l5à5 h5ôn5ên5g5 5:5¡-i5

5 ô5n5g5 5c5¡ 5,5t5í5n5h5 5n5 n5g5 5t5Ñ-c5 5 Ù- 55£5 5n5¡-p5 5,5t5i5¿-t55d5i5Ç-n55& 5V5ì5 5v5-y5 5c5§-n5 5x5eg5 5c5¡ 5 a5n5g5 5t5í5n5h5

5t5h5u5Ù-c5 5n5h5ó5m5 5n5à5o5 5 5 55t5h5£-i5 5P55e5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\

5a5c5(5 5 ,5 r5 )5)55:5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5Á5p5 5sh5£l5(5\5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5Á5p5 5s5u5¥-t5 5k5h5ít5h5Ã5p5h5¡-m5 5v5i5 5:5 5p55e5q5 5\ 5l5(5\5o5\5a5c5(5 5 ,5 r5)5)55=5 505,51515 5 5 5(5M5P5a5)55 5 5 5 5 555

5)5M5é-c5 5 Ù- 5s5¥-y5 5n5ó5n5g5 5c5ç-a5 5m5ô5i

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5M5é-c5 55g5 5ç- 5 5ß- 5b5ê5n5 5n5g5o5à5i5 5h5a5y55b5ê5n5 5t5r5o5n5g5 5x5y5 5l5a5n5h5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5V5ì5 5 â5y5 5l5à5 5 /5c55n5 5 5k5h5í5 5s5ó5t5 5(5k5h5í5

5t5h5£-i5)5 5T55e5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\5a5c5(5 5 ,5 r5 )5)55 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5N5h5i5Ç-t5 5 Ù- 5k5h5í5 5s5ó5t5 5c5(5 5,5r5)5)55 5t5h5u5Ù-c5 5v5à5o5 5c5h5ç-n5g5 5l5o5¡-i5 5 ô5n5g5 5c5¡ .5N5¿-u5 5q55t5r5ì5n5h5 5g55N5h5i5Ç-t5 5 Ù- 5T55e5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\5a5c5(5 5,5r5)5)555c5à5n5g5 5t5h5¥-p5

5

5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5Þ- 5 â5y5 5te5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\55=5 515,515

5 5 5 5 5 585 5)5H5Ç- 5s5Ñ- 5q5u5é5tá5y5 5»5e5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\5a5c5(5

5 ,5 25 )5)55 5:5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5V5ì5 5 â5y5 5l5à5 5 Ù-n5g5 5c5¡ 5k5h5ô5n5g5 5t5 n5g5

5á5p5 5n5ê5n5 5t5a5 5c5h5Í-n5 5 5»5e5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\5a5c5(5 5 ,5 25 )5)55

5=)5H5Ç- 5s5Ñ- 5n5¡-p5 5t5h5ê5m5 5»5e5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\5a5c5(5 5 ,5 15 )5)55 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5H5Ç- 5s5Ñ- 5n5¡e5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\5a5c5(5 5,515)5)55

5c5h5ç-5y5¿-u5 5v5à5o5 5p5h5a5 5p5h5Ñ-i5 5k5h5í5 5.5T5h5ô5nt5a5 5ã-i5

5d5å-n5g5 5n5h5i5Ç-t5 5t5¡-i5 5 i5Ã-m5 5z\5o5\5a5c55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5H5Ç-5s5Ñ- 5l5ã-i5 5d5å-n5g5 5n5h5i5Ç-t55z5 5¾5e5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\5a5c5(5

5,5z5)5)55 5p5h5å- 5t5h5u5Ù-c5 5v5à5o5 5c5h5u5 5t5r5ì5n5h5 5c5ô5n5g55t5á5c5 55¡ 5.5 5V5Û-i5 5 â5y5 5l5à5 5 /5c5 5 i5e5z5e5n5 5n5ê5n5 5t5a5Í-a5 5 Ù- 5 Ù-c5 5c5ñ-c5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

6t6h6Ë- 6n6à6y6 6b6i6Ã-u6 6d6i6Å-n6 6q6u6a6n6 6h6Ç- 6v6 6=6 6f6(6±)6 6

6c6h6Í-n6 6 6¾\6a6c6(6 6 ,6 z6 )6)66=606,67696

6 6 6 6 61616 6)6H6Ç- 6s6Ñ- 6l6ã-i6 6d6å-n6g6 6n6h6i6Ç-t6 6t6¡-i6 6

i6Ã-m6 6b6 6¾6e6q6 6\6l6(6\6o6\6a6c6(6 6 ,66 6 6 6ã-i6t6¡-i6 6 i6Ã-m6 6b6

6¾6e6q6 6\6l6(6\666 6t6ù6yo6 6l6o6¡-i6 6 Ù-n6g6 6c6¡ 6x6 n6g6 6h6a6y66l6à6 6 Ù-n6g6 6c6¡ 6 i66 6\6l6(6\6o6\6a6c6(6 6,6b6)6)66 6b6a6o6 l6Û-n66h6¡ n6 6¾6e6q6 6\6l6(6\6o6\6a6c6(6 6,6z6)66 6 6l¾6e6q6 6)6)66=606,696 6 6

6

6 6 6 6 61626 6)6H6Ç- 6s6Ñ- 6h6i6Ç-u66t6h6Ë- 6c6ô6n6g6 6Æ6e6q6 6\

6l6(6\)66 6:6

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6T6h6Ã- 6h6i6Ç-n6 6s6ñ- 66h6in6 n6g6 6t6á6c 6v6Û-i6

6c6h6u6 6t6r6ì6n6h6 6c6ô6n6g6 6t6á6c6 6t6h6ñ-c6 6t6¿- 6.6S6ñ- g6i6í-a66c6h6u6 6t6r6ì6n6h6 6t6h6ñ-c6 6t6¿- 6v6Û-i6 6ct6í6n6h6 6t6o6á6n6 6c6ç-a6 6Ù-n6g6 6c6¡h6¡ 6 66v6ìÑ6a6c6(6 6,6d6)6)66 6c6ç-a6 6 /6c6h6Ç- 6s6Ñ-

6l6Û-n6.6N6h6° n6g6 6 â6y6 6l6à6 6 /6c6 6x6 n6g6 6n6ê6n6 6t6a6 66\6l6(6\ 6o6\6a6c6(6 6 ,6 d6 )6)66 6=606,69676

6I6I6 66n6 6c6á6c6 6q6u6á6 6t6r6ì6n6h6 6c6ô6n6g6 6t6á6c6 66h6H6Ç- 6

6:6

6 6³6e6q6 6\6l6(6\6o6\6a6c6(6 6,6r6)6)66 6 ° ã-c6 6t6í6n6h6 6t6h6e6o66c6ô6n6g6 6t6h6é-c6 6:6

6³6e6q6 6\6l6(6\)66=o6n6l6606(6,6T66e6q6 6\6l6(6\6o6\6a6c6(6

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6,6a6)6)66)6)66)66e6q6 6 6 6\6o6(6\6a6\6a6c6\6v6s626(66e6q6 6\6l6(6\6l6(6(66e6q6 6\6s6\6d6o6n616(6\6f6(616,6m6)6)66)6)6)66,6 6)6)66)6)66)6)66

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6T6r6o6n6g6 6 ó6 6m6 6l6à6 6c6h6É- 6s6Ñ- 6g6i6ã6n6 6n6ß- 6a6 6b6i6¿-n6 6t6r6u6n6g6 6b6ì6n6h6 6c6ç-a6 6k6h6í6 6s6ó6t6 6m66=616,64656÷616,656

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6C6h6Í-n6 6 6m6 6 6=616,64656

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 66 6E6M6B6E6D6 6E6q6u6a6t6i6o6n6.6D6S6M6T646 6 66

1 1,45

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6 6 6 6 6 6 6

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7 7 7 7 7 7 7

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10 10 10 10 10 10 10

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12 12 12 12 12 12 12

1212 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

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13 13 13 13 13 13 13

1313 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

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14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 Ù-n14g1414c14¡ 14d14i14e14s14e14l14 14:14 14 14 14Q1414e14q14 14\14l14(14\14o14\14a14c14(14 14,14H14)14)141414e14q14 14\14l14(14\14o14\14a14c14(14*14,14 14)14)1414=14 14Q1414e14q14 14\14l14(14\14o14\14a14c14(14 14,14H14)14)1414 14=14414214514014014 1414e14q14 14\14b14\14b14c14\14(14(14\14a14\14a14c14\14v14s14014(14,14k14m14o14l14/

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14 14 14 14 14 14 14

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